RESEARCH ARTICLE TOP ECONOMICS UNIVERSITIES AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS IN VIETNAM: EVIDENCE FROM THE SSHPA DATASET - Full 10 điểm

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Research article Top economics universities and research institutions in Vietnam: evidence from the SSHPA dataset Quan-Hoang Vuong a, b , Anh-Tuan Bui c , Manh-Toan Ho b,d,* , Thanh-Hang Pham e , Thi-Hanh Vu f , Hung-Hiep Pham g , Anh-Duc Hoang h , Manh-Tung Ho b, d , Viet-Phuong La b,d a Centre Emile Bernheim, Universit e Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium b Centre for Interdisciplinary Social Research, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 100803, Viet Nam c Faculty of Business Administration, Foreign Trade University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam d A I for Social Data Lab, Vuong & Associates, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam e School of Business, RMIT Vietnam University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam f School of Economics and International Business, Foreign Trade University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam g Center for Research and Practice in Education, Phu Xuan University, Hue 530000, Viet Nam h EdLab Asia Educational Research and Development Centre, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Scienti fi c collaboration Scienti fi c publishing Economics discipline Vietnam Bayesian analysis A B S T R A C T Economic research is vital for creating more suitable policies to facilitate economic growth Employing a combination of descriptive and Bayesian analyses, this paper investigates the research landscape of the economics discipline in Vietnam, in particular, the leading af fi liations in the fi eld and how these institutions compare to each other in terms of productivity, the number of lead authors, new authors and publications'''' journal impact factor We also examine the differences in the authors'''' productivity based on their age and gender The dataset extracted from the SSHPA database includes 1,444 articles The fi ndings show that among top producers of economic research in Vietnam, seven are universities, leaving only one representative of research institutes These top producers account for 52% of research output among 178 institutes recorded in the database We also fi nd a correlation between a researcher''''s af fi liation, sex, and scienti fi c productivity in Vietnam''''s economic discipline Overall, publications by male researchers outnumber those by female ones in most of the top af fi liations The fi ndings also indicate that 40 – 44 is the age group with the highest scienti fi c productivity Researchers'''' collaboration, which is observed through co-authorship, is on the rise in all of the top eight economic research af fi liations However, the quality of current Vietnam''''s scienti fi c works in the discipline is questionable Therefore, it is suggested that in order to sustain scienti fi c productivity, economic researchers might need to balance the quantity and quality of their contributions 1 Introduction “ The curious task of economics is to demonstrate to men how little they really know about what they imagine they can design ” - Friedrich August von Hayek Economic development is crucial to enhance social living standards, reduce the poverty rate, and increase the position of a country on the world map, especially for emerging countries Vietnam, as an emerging economy, has witnessed strong growth in the economic sector In the last ten years, as of 2018, more than 45 million Vietnamese are out of poverty, leading to a sharp decrease of the poverty rate from more than 70% to below 6% (USD 3 2/day according to purchasing power parity) (World Bank, 2019) Accordingly, the country''''s GDP per capita increases by 2 5 times, reaching over USD 2,500 in 2018 The development of the national economy is forecasted to remain robust Along with economic development, economic research is vital for undertaking more suitable economic policies so as to boost a stable and non-in fl ationary growth and help cope with various risks under a dynamic and rapid integration of an economy (Fullani, 2007) Therefore, parallel with the country''''s economic advancement is the signi fi cant development of economic researchers in the Vietnamese social sciences community Recent fi ndings from Vuong et al (2020a, b, c, d) indicated * Corresponding author E-mail address: toan homanh@phenikaa-uni edu vn (M -T Ho) Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Heliyon journal homepage: www cell com/heliyon https://doi org/10 1016/j heliyon 2021 e06273 Received 4 November 2020; Received in revised form 25 December 2020; Accepted 9 February 2021 2405-8440/ © 2021 The Author(s) Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons org/licenses/by/4 0/) Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 that economics has been the leading discipline among various areas in Vietnamese Social Sciences for the 2008 – 2018 period In particular, within the 2011 – 2017 period, around 384 Social Sciences and Human- ities (SSH) projects were funded by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) Amongst these, around 24% of the projects belonged to the Economics discipline (95/384) (Nafosted, 2018) To further develop economic researches to support decision-making for policymakers as well as practitioners, it is important to understand the characteristics of those studies and their authors, including their af- fi liations, age groups, sex, authorship role, or collaboration pattern However, few studies focus on investigating such characteristics and their in fl uence on Vietnamese economic researchers'''' productivity Therefore, to better understand the research landscape of economics discipline in Vietnam, fi rst, we would like to investigate the leading players in this area, including both universities and research institutes, as these are the main contributors to the development of this research fi eld Then, we want to examine how these top af fi liations compare to each other in a number of aspects, including the number of lead and new authors as well as their publication''''s journal impact factor Finally, we want to indicate whether there is a relationship between economists'''' scienti fi c productivity and their sex or age within these top research producers To answer these questions, a Bayesian analysis is employed on a dataset of 178 af fi liations, and 1,444 articles count in three sub- categories, namely Business, Economics, and Management, during the period from 2008 to 2019 It should be noted here that the real number of articles may be different due to overlapped works within these sub- categories 2 Literature review 2 1 Af fi liations and scienti fi c productivity To date, not many studies have investigated the association between af fi liation and scienti fi c productivity In a study by Allison and Long (1990), it was stated that productive scientists tend to work in prestigious university departments, and the results indicate that the effect of department af fi liation on productivity is of higher importance to productivity than the reverse impact Hayati and Ebrahimy (2009) stated that in terms of quantity, universities outnumber other research institutions, while there is no difference when it comes to quality In the context of Vietnam''''s social sciences, using a dataset of 657 Vietnamese social scientists, Vuong et al (2019) found that authors working at universities have much higher scienti fi c output than those af fi liated with research institutions In addition, the authors also point out that universities in Vietnam are more focused on teaching rather than engaging with research activities In 2018, there were 454 higher education institutions in Vietnam, including 95 private universities and colleges, with the role of delivering education to about 2 2 million students (MOET, 2019) Even though the number of institutions is quite big, the research function of those institutions might not be fully exploited Moreover, the government''''s investment in higher education is relatively low, and higher education is still struggling between being controlled by the government and being fully autonomous (Salmi and Pham, 2019) Therefore, the difference between researchers at universities and institutions in Vietnam is striking and needs further investigation 2 2 Age and scienti fi c productivity Previous studies show inconsistent fi ndings in the relationship between age groups and scienti fi c productivity A study from Costas et al (2010) on a total of 1,064 Spanish National Research Council scientists in Spain, indicated that the productivity decreases in older scientists, especially the low-class researchers A lack of resources or motivation is believed to be the explanatory factor for this declining trend in scienti fi c performance However, the authors suggest that the collaboration between scientists from different age groups can reduce the obsolescence and generation effects due to changes in cultural, social, and technical environments (Kyvik and Olsen, 2008) Given the ongoing development of society and modern technologies, older scientists might be able to catch up with new changes through such collaborations On the contrary, Gonz alez-Brambila and Veloso (2007) used a unique data set of 14,328 researchers to explore the contributing factors of research output and impact Even though the authors con fi rm a quadratic relationship between age and the number of published papers, they suggest that this factor does not have a substantial in fl uence on research output and impact They propose a new publishing peak of the Mexican researchers, which is approximately 53 years old However, they claim that the increased publishing peak is not a major issue in terms of the count of publications In Italia, Abramo et al (2015) suggested seniority has a positive relationship with productivity, especially in medicine or biology A more recent study suggested that Italian academia has become more progressive, despite seniority still having a big in fl uence (Marini, 2017) Based on a Scopus dataset with publication pro fi les of 410 Viet- namese researchers between 2008 and 2017, a previous study claims that the most crucial group of authors contributing to the Vietnamese research community within the last few years is the seniority group They are around 40 – 50 years old and often play the fi rst-author role in the researches (Vuong et al , 2017) These inconsistent results show that there needs to be more investigation into the correlation between age and scienti fi c productivity within various research contexts As a Confucian culture (Vuong et al , 2018a, 2020a), seniority certainly has a big in fl uence on Vietnamese society However, scienti fi c development often borns out of radical young minds Institutional policies, as well as governmental support for scientists, are issued at speci fi c times Certain age groups might bene fi t more from them Thus, age and scienti fi c productivity is a unique relationship that should be examined 2 3 Sex and scienti fi c productivity Women''''s contribution to science is crucial to social development; however, sex difference has been affecting the quantity and quality of scienti fi c performance for a long time (Sotudeh and Khoshian, 2014) Despite some improvements, women are still suffering from the sex gap and biases in the science world Previous researches fi nd that there are sex discrepancies in research funding, productivity, and impact An analysis of Qu ebec university professors in Canada by Larivi ere et al (2011), indicated women above 38 years old receive less funding for research than men on average This leads to generally less productivity in terms of publications and less scienti fi c impact for female researchers According to the authors, possible explanations include limited networks, motherhood, division of labor, and the scienti fi c community''''s hierarchy On the other hand, using the scientometric method with a compara- tive approach, the study by Sotudeh and Khoshian (2014) indicated female researchers ’ positive performance in the Nano Science & Technology series The information of these female authors is extracted from eighteen journals in the fi eld listed in the Journal Citation Report The sample size included 13,491 researchers According to their fi ndings, although female Nano-researchers are scarce in number, they equally perform in terms of scienti fi c productions and impacts, which imply sex equality in the Nano fi eld particularly Also, the female-to-male ratio in research productivity has been found to increase from about 60% in the late 1960s to around 80% in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Xie and Shauman, 1998) Moreover, in the context of the United States, Xie and Shauman (1998) also observed that most of the sex differences in research productivity can be attributed to personal characteristics, structural positions, and marital status Those results suggest that sex differences in research productivity stem from sex differences in structural locations Q -H Vuong et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 2 Apart from the publication rate, citation rate is also one of the key points to evaluating sex equality in scienti fi c performance Based on a dataset of 8,500 Norwegian researchers and more than 37,000 publications, Aksnes et al (2011) concluded that women''''s publications are less cited than are those of men However, sex inequality in citation rates can be attributed to differences in scienti fi c productivity Last but not least, according to the EuropeanCommission (2013) report, although the youngest generations of female academics have been receiving more support, the sex gap is still disproportionately high compared with the increase in the proportion of women students This thus casts doubt on the hypothesis that women will automatically ‘ catch up ’ to their male counterparts in scienti fi c productivity The issue also requires further investigation to shed light on it In the Asian context, several studies have attempted to investigate the impacts of sex on scienti fi c productivity and found con fl icting results For instance, the work by (Tao et al , 2017), with a sample of 30,078 par- ticipants in China, discussed women''''s underrepresentation in both science and engineering in the country On the other hand, in Russia, the proportion of female scientists reaches parity compared to their male counterparts (Huang et al , 2020) 2 4 Authorship, collaboration, and scienti fi c productivity Using publication data from the Norwegian national database – FRIDA, a dynamic authority record, covering 19,000 controlled scienti fi c and scholarly publication channels and the four major research universities in Norway as the scope of the research, Piro et al (2013) found the importance of collaborative research in the performance of scienti fi c research Another study by Cainelli et al (2015) also claimed that increasing extensive collaboration is a common behavior in the scienti fi c community Lissoni, Mairesse, Montobbio, and Pezzoni (2011) found that the size and international nature of collaborative projects and co-- authors ’ past productivity have signi fi cant impacts on current productivity, while age and gender, and past productivity are also in fl uential determinants of both productivity and probability of promotion From a recent study by Ho et al (2017), among Vietnamese scientists who have published in indexed international journals, there have been signs of low sustainability, such as the lack of information distribution in the co-authorship network or a high level of reliance on a few highly connected members in the networks This study also aims to investigate this co-authorship pattern among Vietnam''''s top institutes in the economics discipline 2 5 Journal impact factors and scienti fi c productivity Despite the controversy, the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is still one of the most widely used indicators of quality (Van Leeuwen and Wouters, 2017) Devising by Eugene Gar fi eld, the IF provides a proxy to quantify the scienti fi c ranking and journal prestige of a scienti fi c journal (Grech and Rizk, 2018) The IF is, in fact, a functional approximation of the mean citation rate per citable item Despite the popular application of IF, it has also been criticized heavily Scienti fi c journals naturally fl aunt their high IFs to attract a higher number of publications from which they can pick and choose and thereby further increase their IF (Grech and Rizk, 2018; Shanta et al , 2013) The IF can be cheated by purposely exploiting publication bias or citation bias (Evangelou et al , 2012) Moreover, the costs of publishing in a high IF journal is large (Jain, 2016) The costs include the large time investments researchers have to prepare a good manuscript and go through multiple rounds of reviews and revisions In Vietnam, JIF has been gaining popularity as an indicator to evaluate the quality of publications The introduction of NAFOSTED brings about the initial motivation to Vietnamese scholars to publish on ISI/ Scopus indexing databases in general It contributes to the race to publish in international journals, preferably with a high impact factor Various universities also use JIF as the criteria for the bonus; for example, the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UOE HCM) gives a cash bonus of up to USD 8,600 for a research article published in a journal that has JIF above 2 (Vu, 2017) Therefore, this paper wants to look at the comparison among top universities and research institutes in Vietnam''''s economic discipline in terms of their publications'''' JIF Overall, a substantial body of literature focusing on analyzing researchers ’ scienti fi c productivity has been shown in many previous studies However, there are still inconsistent results that need further investigation, especially from emerging economies like Vietnam Hence, this paper will shed light on scienti fi c productivity in one of the leading social science fi elds in the country, namely economics 2 6 Research questions To achieve the research aims, we will answer a list of speci fi c questions, as listed in Table 1 3 Materials and methods 3 1 Materials A comprehensive dataset of Vietnamese researchers'''' scienti fi c productivity in the economic fi elds from 2008 – 2019 was extracted from the Social Sciences and Humanities Peer Awards (SSHPA) database SSHPA''''s function is to record the scienti fi c productivity of Vietnamese Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) researchers as a semi-automatic database (Vuong et al , 2018b) The used dataset is deposited on Open Science Framework (La et al , 2020), containing the authors'''' observations from 178 af fi liations and articles in the economic fi elds The papers are cate- gorized into three sub- fi elds: Business with 361 papers, Economics with 930 papers, and Management with 153 papers However, the number of articles in these sub- fi elds might be overlapped The list of af fi liations is drawn by article, only taken from level 1 af fi liations; the output is calculated plus sub-af fi liations for level 1 af fi liations Demographic and academic characteristics such as age, gender, new authors, leading Table 1 Research questions Characteristics of the data Questions Method used Af fi liation 1 What are the top universities and research institutes in Vietnam''''s economic discipline? 2 How are the top universities and research institutes'''' productivity levels compared to each other? Descriptive data analysis Descriptive data analysis & Bayesian data analysis Age 3 Is there any difference in the productivity of the authors based on their age? 4 What is the difference between the age of male and female authors? Descriptive data analysis Bayesian data analysis Sex 5 Is there any difference in the productivity of the authors based on their sex? 6 Is there any relationship between authors'''' scienti fi c productivity and their sex? Descriptive data analysis Descriptive data analysis Lead, New Authors & Co-authorship 7 How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of the number of lead authors? 8 How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of the number of new authors? 9 How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of co-authorship? Descriptive data analysis Descriptive data analysis Descriptive data analysis JIF 10 How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared to their publication''''s journal impact factor? Descriptive data analysis Q -H Vuong et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 3 authors, co-authorship, and impact factors are also considered Raw data were then entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, cleaned, and saved in csv form 3 2 Methods This study employed a combination of a descriptive data analysis and a Bayesian analysis to answer the research questions Accordingly, for the latter approach, a hierarchical regression model of the number of published articles according to sex and af fi liations is developed by using R statistical software and the bayesvl package (v0 9 5) The bayesvl package is available on The Comprehensive R Archive Network (La and Vuong, 2019) It allows facilitating new knowledge precisely without traditional meta-analyses and yields more principled conclusions from each new study (Kay et al , 2016) It is proposed that the Bayesian analysis can be used as an alternative approach for the conventional frequentist approach in analyzing social data based on its advantages of treating all unknown quantities probabilistically and incorporating prior knowledge or belief of scientists into the model (Vuong et al , 2020a) It can also help mitigate some shortcomings of the frequentist statistics, for example, the controversial issue related to how to interpret the “ p -value ” (Vuong et al , 2020b) This technique, which visually demonstrates results and distributions of coef fi cients, is relatively suitable for this study When the model does not show sensitivity to adjustment of the prior, its credibility is proven (Scutari and Denis, 2014) Hence, the Bayesian statistics approach is used in this study to examine the relationship between sex, af fi liation, and scienti fi c productivity of the researchers in the dataset The variables ‘ scienti fi c productivity ’ was analyzed as the main dependent variable in this study The analysis would also include the following independent variables: - “ Article ” : Number of publications - “ Age ” : Age of the authors at the published time - “ Sex ” : The biological sex of the respondents, with two categories “ male ” and “ female ” - “ Af fi l ” : The af fi liation of authors - “ SexAf fi l ” : For multi-layer partitioning, we need to combine the Af fi liation variable with the Sex (biological gender) variable to create a new variable, which is SexAf fi l ¼ Sex þ “ _ ” þ Af fi l The variable consists of 8 af fi liations related to sex, ranging from 1_1 – 8 and 2_1 – 8, as shown in Table 2 below The code to create this variable can be found in the Supplementary - “ Sexid ” : the identity of the authors Variable [1] is male and [2] is female The coded variables in the dataset are described in detail in Table 2 below 4 Results To make it clear and easy to follow, we present the results as answers to the lists of questions presented in Table 1 4 1 Descriptive analysis RQ1: What are the top universities and research institutes in Viet- nam''''s economic discipline? From the dataset, there are eight universities and research institutions in the top list of the economic fi eld Among the total number of 178 universities and institutions, this group contributes to approximately 52% of total research output The detailed list of these top af fi liations with the number of articles published and the number of authors is presented in Table 3 RQ2: How are the top universities and research institutes'''' productivity levels compared to each other? Interestingly, within these top 8 af fi liations, there is only one research institution, namely the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, which contributed merely 2% to the total research output of the economics discipline Compared to the fi rst ranked position, the National Economics University, with a 13% contribution, this shows a substantial gap in productivity It is also notable that the fi rst three universities accounted for nearly one-third of all published articles by Vietnamese economists, with much higher productivity than the rest of the list When these top af fi liations are compared over the years, the results are presented in Figure 1 Results indicate that NEU''''s scienti fi c productivity among the top eight institutes shows the most signi fi cant improvement, especially in 2017 and 2019 In 2017, we also witnessed an increase in the number of universities publishing articles However, scienti fi c productivity is a lack of stability and consistency For instance, some af fi liations have publications only in 2014, 2017, and 2019, such as Vietnam National Uni- versity Hanoi (VNUH) or Thuongmai University (TMU) Such institutes have only several years of contributing scienti fi c products within the 12 years; however, they are still leading the Vietnamese economics research enterprise Table 2 Coded variables SexAf fi l Sex Af fi liation 1 1_1 Male [1] (FTU) Foreign Trade University 2 1_2 Male [2] (HCMOpenUni) Ho Chi Minh City Open University 3 1_3 Male [3] (NEU) National Economics University Hanoi 4 1_4 Male [4] (TMU) Thuongmai University 5 1_5 Male [5] (UOEH) University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City 6 1_6 Male [6] (VASS) Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 7 1_7 Male [7] (VNUH) Vietnam National University Hanoi 8 1_8 Male [8] (VNUHCM) Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 9 2_1 Female [1] (FTU) Foreign Trade University 10 2_2 Female [2] (HCMOpenUni) Ho Chi Minh City Open University 11 2_3 Female [3] (NEU) National Economics University Hanoi 12 2_4 Female [4] (TMU) Thuongmai University 13 2_5 Female [5] (UOEH) University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City 14 2_6 Female [6] (VASS) Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 15 2_7 Female [7] (VNUH) Vietnam National University Hanoi 16 2_8 Female [8] (VNUHCM) Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Q -H Vuong et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 4 Research questions from 3 to 6 investigate the impacts of age and sex on scienti fi c productivity among Vietnamese economists within the top af fi liations The results are presented in Figure 2 as follows Figure 2 shows the difference in the total number of articles from each university according to age groups and sex The result shows that 40 – 44 is the age group with the highest scienti fi c productivity in the vast number of af fi liations in the 2008 – 2019 period However, the younger groups (25 – 29, 30 – 39 age group) also contribute a great number of articles within the period and become the highest group of scienti fi c contributors For instance, Thuongmai University (TMU) has the highest number of articles in the 35 – 39 age group, or Foreign Trade University (FTU) has its highest one in the 30s group Figure 2 above also indicates the sex differences in the scienti fi c productivity of the top eight af fi liations in Vietnam The number of articles from male authors outweighs the number of articles from females in most of the universities, especially in the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UOEH), National Economics University Hanoi (NEU) – two in eight af fi liations with the highest number of published articles In those eight af fi liations, the oldest age group of female authors is 55 – 59 years old, while male authors are above 60 Moreover, the age range of female authors is shorter than that of male authors RQ7: How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of the number of lead authors? Figure 3 presents the number of lead authors in the top 8 af fi liations, which can be categories into three groups: TMU and UOEH with the highest number of lead authors (more than 0 7); VNUH with the lowest number of lead authors (below 0 4); and the others have a similar rate of Table 3 Top 8 Vietnam institutes have the highest productivity in economics research # Institutes Articles Authors 1 National Economics University Hanoi 167 108 2 University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City 124 55 3 Vietnam National University Hanoi 121 81 4 Ho Chi Minh City Open University 72 47 5 Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 60 37 6 Foreign Trade University 57 47 7 Thuongmai University 40 34 8 Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 37 40 Figure 1 Number of publication of Top 8 af fi liations 2008 – 2019 Figure 2 Age group and sex of the authors Q -H Vuong et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 5 lead authors (roughly 0 5) Since 2017, the number of lead authors in NEU increases per year, signi fi cantly rockets to 21 authors in 2017 with 17 published articles RQ8: How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of the number of new authors? In Figure 4, within the 2008 – 2016 period, there is only a small increase in the number of new authors per year However, in 2017, there has been an explicit increase of new authors in many af fi liations, such as Ho Chi Minh City Open University (HCMOpenUni) Thereafter, except for NEU and UOEH, other af fi liations witness a decrease in the number of new authors in 2018 There is an upward growth of new authors in most af fi liations in 2019, especially NEU, with more than 25 authors, con- trasting with the decrease in UOEH RQ9: How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of co-authorship? Findings from Figure 5 indicate that the closer the co-author rate is to 1, the less the number of co-authorships with outside sources of the af fi liation Accordingly, we have HCMOpenUni as the af fi liation with the lowest of co-authorships (rate ¼ 0 7) and TMU with the highest number of co-authorships (rate ¼ 0 36) The results show NEU, UOEH, VNUHCM, and HCMOpenUni have high co-author rate, and VASS, VNUH, FTU, and TMU have low co-author rate (roughly 0 4) RQ10: How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of their publication''''s journal impact factor? Figure 6 shows that a signi fi cant number of articles from these eight af fi liations have no JIF and only belong to Scopus or Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) With JIF ¼ 0, which means journals that do not have JIF, the highest number of articles comes from NEU, and the lowest number of articles comes from VASS The number of articles above JIF ¼ 3 is relatively low Only UOEH and Thuongmai University have articles with JIF ¼ 5 among the top list of af fi liations 4 2 Bayesian analysis The formula of the Article model is as below: article ~ α [sexaf fi l varint ] þ age The code that was used to construct the model Article is available in the Supplementary Figure 7 presents the network of the Article model for the probabilistic dependency among the variables The STAN code will be automatically generated by bayesvl Using the following command, we commenced the MCMC simulation process: Figure 3 The ratio of lead authors per af fi liation Figure 4 New authors per year model < - bvl_modelFit(model, data1, warmup ¼ 2000, iter ¼ 5000, chains ¼ 4, cores ¼ 4) Q -H Vuong et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 6 The result of the model analysis is presented in Table 4: The summary of the model shows that Rhat is around 1 (more than 1 1 means problem), and n _eff is above 2000 (more than 1000 means good sign) Moreover, in Figure 8, we also can see that the convergence of our model is good The results of Bayesian analysis help to clarify answers to the research questions as follows: RQ2: How are the top universities and research institutes'''' productivity levels compared to each other? From Figure 9, we can see that there are two top af fi liations above the average line of the total articles, which are NEU and UOEH The other six af fi liations that closely correlate to the average line are FTU, HCMOpe- nUni, TMU, VASS, VNUH, and VNUHCM RQ6: Is there any relationship between the authors'''' scienti fi c productivity and their sexes? Figure 10 explains the relationship between the number of articles and authors ’ sex using the parameters of α sexaf fi l[1] to α sexaf fi l[16] and α sexid[1] and α sexid[2] The parameter of α sexaf fi l[3] is the highest (Mean ¼ 4 32; SD ¼ 0 95), which belongs to male authors and the parameter of α sexaf fi l[13] is the lowest (Mean ¼ 2 45; SD ¼ 0 94), which belongs to female authors Figure 11 displays the density and value of sex to the authors'''' scienti fi c productivity Overall, the male authors ( α sexid[1] ¼ 3 28; SD ¼ 0 82) are more likely to publish more than their female counterparts ( α sexid[2] ¼ 2 63; SD ¼ 0 85) However, the difference is relatively small The gap is fairly small All the parameters lie in the negative zone of Figure 11 value''''s bar, representing a low probability of association between sex and the authors'''' scienti fi c productivity Besides, the distribution of male and female variables is narrow with high density, which indicates a minor association between sex and the authors'''' scienti fi c productivity with a small variance Figure 12 shows that both coef fi cients are positive, which indicates that there is scienti fi c productivity in both male and female authors At the most concentrated point, the constant coef fi cient of α Female is smaller than the constant coef fi cient of α Male Therefore, male authors are more likely to have more publications than female authors 5 Discussion 5 1 Top universities and research institutes in Vietnam''''s economic discipline and their productivity levels Out of the top 8 af fi liations in the economics discipline, only one research institute is found, along with seven universities The fi ndings that researchers with top universities-af fi liated are having greater scienti fi c productivity than institutes-af fi liated in Vietnamese economic discipline; with the highest scienti fi c performance recorded from male Figure 5 The average rate of co-authors per af fi liation Figure 6 Articles per af fi liation according to the Impact Factor Figure 7 Visualization of the bayevl regression Article model Q -H Vuong et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 7 authors of National Economics University Hanoi (NEU) and the lowest scienti fi c performance from female authors of the University of Eco- nomics Ho Chi Minh City (UOEH) To shed light on the differences in the productivity between universities and research institutions, Vietnam''''s higher education system needs to be further explained Before the 1980s, the system consisted of universities and research institutions assigned to conduct separate functions, as in fl uenced by the Soviet model The former focused primarily on teaching, while the latter''''s main responsibilities lie in producing scholarly works (Nguyen, 2014) However, after the Đ ổ i M ớ i , i e , Renovation in 1986, the roles and functions of universities have expanded considerably to include not only teaching but also researching (Vuong et al , 2019) However, it is still stated that research and development activities remain traditionally in research institutions, and most academics in universities are not actively engaged in these activities (World Bank, 2008) As an attempt to improve this situation, the Ministry of Education and Training issued a circular in 2017 which requires all doctoral students to have at least two publications indexed in Scopus and/or Web of Science, and the supervisor also needs to have international publications The result of this study ties with previous studies, which fi nd that authors working at universities have much higher scienti fi c output than Table 4 Summary of the bayevl regression Article model Variable Mean Se_mean Standard Deviation N_eff Rhat b_age_article -0 03 0 00 0 02 5643 1 a_sexaf fi l[1] 3 02 0 01 0 85 9827 1 a_sexaf fi l[2] 3 26 0 01 0 87 9397 1 a_sexaf fi l[3] 4 32 0 02 0 95 3997 1 a_sexaf fi l[4] 2 90 0 01 0 91 4496 1 a_sexaf fi l[5] 3 86 0 01 0 86 5349 1 a_sexaf fi l[6] 2 95 0 01 0 91 10005 1 a_sexaf fi l[7] 3 02 0 02 0 92 2565 1 a_sexaf fi l[8] 3 11 0 03 1 03 1399 1 a_sexaf fi l[9] 2 71 0 03 0 97 987 1 a_sexaf fi l[10] 2 61 0 03 1 01 1144 1 a_sexaf fi l[11] 2 91 0 01 0 90 5965 1 a_sexaf fi l[12] 2 51 0 01 0 96 4580 1 a_sexaf fi l[13] 2 45 0 02 0 94 1512 1 a_sexaf fi l[14] 2 59 0 01 0 97 7129 1 a_sexaf fi l[15] 2 46 0 01 0 93 6218 1 a_sexaf fi l[16] 2 60 0 03 1 08 6218 1 sigma_sexaf fi 0 69 0 01 0 27 1680 1 a_sexid[1] 3 28 0 01 0 82 5820 1 a_sexid[2] 2 63 0 02 0 85 1983 1 a0_sexid 2 71 0 07 2 97 1779 1 sigma_sexid 3 28 0 07 3 75 2716 1 Figure 8 The MCMC chains for the Bayesian model of Article Q -H Vuong et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 8 those af fi liated with research institutions (Vuong et al , 2019) This raises concerns about research institutes, whose main function is to conduct research; however, their productivity is questionable One plausible explanation might be that researchers from Vietnamese universities have more chances to corporate and receive funds from foreign partners, which explains the imbalance in scienti fi c output from universities-based af fi liation and institutes-based af fi liation Hence, the government should take into account the need to encourage both af fi liated authors to increase their scienti fi c productivity sustainably, such as create more regulations to attract foreign funds for economic research in Vietnam, raising the awareness of economic studies in students, or invest in institutes-based research projects Also, the need to professionalize the research management system in Vietnam and particularly in universities is paramount so that academics have the opportunities to work in a more organized and better-funded research culture (Nguyen and Meek, 2016) The policymakers should also note the interesting trend that Figure 9 Average number of articles per af fi liation Figure 10 The α sexaf fi l and α sexid variables in the Article model Q -H Vuong et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 9 university-af fi liated researchers turn out to publish even more than their counterparts at research institutions, even though their primary re- sponsibility lies in teaching From this fi nding, strategies to help maxi- mize research capacity from both sides can be proposed 5 2 Age and scienti fi c productivity Our fi ndings suggest that there might be a decrease in the scienti fi c productivity of older scientists, which is compatible with previous Figure 11 Posterior coef fi cients of the Article model Figure 12 Pairing Female and Male parameters Q -H Vuong et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 10 research by Costas et al (2010) The fi ndings show that 40 – 44 is the age group with the highest scienti fi c productivity in the signi fi cant number of top economic af fi liations within the 2008 – 2019 period This group will keep playing a crucial role in the scienti fi c development of the Viet- namese economics discipline As Ph D candidates is expected enter the job market in their 30s, then 40 – 44 years old might have been the greatest period for scientists to boost their scienti fi c productivity because they have been tested adaquately in a highly competitive job market (Donnelly et al , 2019) Regarding the senior age groups, there are possible reasons for their inactivity in scienti fi c publications The senior age groups in Vietnam received their training in China or the Soviet Union Unlike natural science, social sciences and humanities did not translate well between languages and ideologies Moreover, as social sciences and humanities focus on local problems, the pressure to publish internationally was not as urgent as in other fi elds Therefore, seniors ’ contributions might appear limited However, they are crucial in training the next generation and promoting new policies that help push the scienti fi c community forward The scientists might need suf fi cient resources and motivation to keep up their scienti fi c performance for a long time In summary, the age group is one of the important variables when analyzing scienti fi c productivity 5 3 Sex and scienti fi c productivity Apart from age, sex is also an important variable in analyzing Viet- namese economic discipline''''s scienti fi c productivity The SAGER guide- line was used to de fi ne the research groups, which are male and female, in this study (Heidari et al , 2016) Our fi ndings show a sex inequality in the scienti fi c productivity of the top eight Vietnamese af fi liations This result is consistent with the previous study of Larivi ere et al (2011) that female authors have less productivity in publications and less research age span than male authors The previous research fi nds that motherhood, restricted cooperation networks, and access to resources might be the limitation for female authors In Vietnam, this limitation might also come from the difference in retired age between females and males According to the World Bank (2009) report, female''''s retirement age (55 years old) is lower than male''''s retirement age (60 years old) in Vietnam Therefore, female authors might have less time to prove their scienti fi c performance at work The number of articles from male authors outweighs the number of articles from females in most universities, especially in the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UOEH), National Economics University Hanoi (NEU) – 2 in 8 af fi liations with the highest number of published articles The Government of Vietnam is committed to the Sustainable Development Goals in 2030, which have ‘ Gender Equality ’ as one of the main goals (United Nation Vietnam, 2018) Therefore, this inequality in scienti fi c performance might need careful consideration from Vietnam authorities to reach the Sustainable Development Goals in 2030 Results from Bayesian analysis also shed some light on the relationship between sex and Vietnamese economic researchers'''' scienti fi c productivity First of all, the fi ndings show that both male and female researchers do have a scienti fi c contribution to their af fi liations in the last twelve years Despite that, our results indicate that males have a higher probability of publications than females; however, the gap is relatively small It is proven to be only a minor association between sex and the authors ’ scienti fi c productivity In contrast, we can see inequality in the number of articles from the male and female authors, as shown in the descriptive data analysis The difference in the number of articles is fairly enormous, with male authors outweigh female authors in all the af fi liations Hence, our fi ndings suggest that the number of articles might not be the only element to evaluate the relationship between sex and the scienti fi c productivity of a researcher 5 4 Authorship, collaboration, and scienti fi c productivity In the 2008 – 2016 period, there is only a small increase in the number of new authors per year However, in 2017, there has been an explicit increase of new authors in many af fi liations, such as Ho Chi Minh City Open Universit Circular 08/2017/TT-BGDDT in 2018, which requires Ph D candidates to publish at least two articles in ISI/Scopus journals (Vuong et al , 2020d), might have been the motivation for the new authors to publish more articles Since 2017, the number of lead authors in NEU increases per year, signi fi cantly rockets to 21 authors in 2017 with 17 published articles There is an upward growth of new authors in most af fi liations, especially NEU, as the leading af fi liation with more than 25 new authors in 2019 Our fi ndings also indicate co-authorships in all of the top eight af- fi liations in the Vietnamese economic discipline There is evidence for the correlation between co-author rate and the scienti fi c productivity of these eight af fi liations Co-authorships might be one of the important factors to increase researchers ’ scienti fi c productivities from universities The universities with high co-author rates have better scienti fi c performance in top af fi liations such as NEU, UOEH, or VNUHCM This result is compatible with previous research by Piro et al (2013), which suggests the importance of collaborative authorship in scienti fi c productivity That means the increase in extensive collaboration between authors might continue to be common in the Vietnamese economics discipline 5 5 Journal impact factor and scienti fi c productivity On the other hand, the results show that the signi fi cant number of articles from the top eight af fi liations has JIF ¼ 0, only belongs to Scopus or Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) Only UOEH and Thuongmai University have articles with a JIF of 5 among the top list of af fi liations Scienti fi c productivity is based not only on the number of articles but also on producing quality research Our study suggests that the Vietnamese economic discipline lacks quality research, which can be quali fi ed by international standards, despite having a great number of researches in the last twelve years From another perspective, regarding the controversial nature of the metric, previous research by Bertuzzi and Drubin (2013) claimed that the IF does not assess the creativity or value of any individual study The implementation of IF is more in scaling up the subscribership of the publications in which a paper appears or the institutions it keeps The metric is argued to be designed to indicate the quality of journals, and therefore should not be used as a proxy to assess the quality of any single paper or its authors (Callaway, 2016) Therefore, it is suggested that the policy-making and institutions ’ internal regulations should consider using a combination of IF and other metrics to evaluate the quality of the scholarly works 6 Conclusion Our fi ndings show a correlation between a researcher''''s af fi liation, sex, and their scienti fi c productivity In the Vietnamese economics discipline, authors from top universities-af fi liated have higher scienti fi c output than institutes-af fi liated However, we also fi nd that the number of published articles might not be the only point to evaluate the researchers'''' scienti fi c productivity The scienti fi c output might be measured as the relative productivity and the authors'''' contribution to each article, rather than solely the number of publications However, as the international standard for publication is becoming more wide-spread and stricter, the researchers might be concerned about the number of publications to prove their scienti fi c performance To sustain scienti fi c productivity, we suggest not only thinking about the quantity of the papers but also the quality of the research The study has several limitations (Vuong, 2020) Firstly, the absence of the multi-af fi liated authors'''' evaluation might be a potential research area in the future Secondly, the study used JIF as one of the metrics; it should be noted that JIF does not indicate research quality Our research Q -H Vuong et al Heliyon 7 (2021) e06273 11 contributes to the development of the Vietnamese economics discipline and the Social Sciences and Humanities community The fi ndings call for further studies from Vietnamese researchers to continuously evaluate the complex relationship between the authors ’ af fi liations and their scienti fi c productivity Declarations Author contribution statement Q H Vuong: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data A T Bui: Conceived and designed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data M T Ho, M-T Ho: Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper T H Pham, T H Vu: Performed the experiments; Wrote the paper H H Pham, A D Hoang: Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper V P La: Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data Funding statement This work was supported by the National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (502 01-2018 19) Data availability statement Data associated with this study has been deposited at Open Science Framework: URL: https://osf io/h3esk/; DOI: https://doi org/10 17605/ OSF IO/H3ESK Declaration of interests statement The authors declare no con fl ict of interest Additional information Supplementary content related to this article has been published online at https://doi org/10 1016/j heliyon 2021 e06273 References Abramo, G , D ’ Angelo, C A , Murgia, G , 2015 The combined effects of age and seniority on research performance of full professors Sci Publ Pol 43 (3), 301 – 319 Aksnes, D W , Rorstad, K , Piro, F , Sivertsen, G , 2011 Are female researchers less cited? 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Heliyon (2021) e06273 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Heliyon journal homepage: www.cell.com/heliyon Research article Top economics universities and research institutions in Vietnam: evidence from the SSHPA dataset Quan-Hoang Vuong a,b, Anh-Tuan Bui c, Manh-Toan Ho b,d,*, Thanh-Hang Pham e, Thi-Hanh Vu f, Hung-Hiep Pham g, Anh-Duc Hoang h, Manh-Tung Ho b,d, Viet-Phuong La b,d a Centre Emile Bernheim, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Nam b Centre for Interdisciplinary Social Research, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 100803, Viet Nam c Faculty of Business Administration, Foreign Trade University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam d A.I for Social Data Lab, Vuong & Associates, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam e School of Business, RMIT Vietnam University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam f School of Economics and International Business, Foreign Trade University, Hanoi 100000, Viet g Center for Research and Practice in Education, Phu Xuan University, Hue 530000, Viet Nam h EdLab Asia Educational Research and Development Centre, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Economic research is vital for creating more suitable policies to facilitate economic growth Employing a com- Scientific collaboration bination of descriptive and Bayesian analyses, this paper investigates the research landscape of the economics Scientific publishing discipline in Vietnam, in particular, the leading affiliations in the field and how these institutions compare to each Economics discipline other in terms of productivity, the number of lead authors, new authors and publications' journal impact factor Vietnam We also examine the differences in the authors' productivity based on their age and gender The dataset extracted Bayesian analysis from the SSHPA database includes 1,444 articles The findings show that among top producers of economic research in Vietnam, seven are universities, leaving only one representative of research institutes These top producers account for 52% of research output among 178 institutes recorded in the database We also find a correlation between a researcher's affiliation, sex, and scientific productivity in Vietnam's economic discipline Overall, publications by male researchers outnumber those by female ones in most of the top affiliations The findings also indicate that 40–44 is the age group with the highest scientific productivity Researchers' collaboration, which is observed through co-authorship, is on the rise in all of the top eight economic research affiliations However, the quality of current Vietnam's scientific works in the discipline is questionable Therefore, it is suggested that in order to sustain scientific productivity, economic researchers might need to balance the quantity and quality of their contributions Introduction poverty, leading to a sharp decrease of the poverty rate from more than 70% to below 6% (USD 3.2/day according to purchasing power parity) “The curious task of economics is to demonstrate to men how little they (World Bank, 2019) Accordingly, the country's GDP per capita increases really know about what they imagine they can design.” by 2.5 times, reaching over USD 2,500 in 2018 The development of the national economy is forecasted to remain robust -Friedrich August von Hayek Along with economic development, economic research is vital for Economic development is crucial to enhance social living standards, undertaking more suitable economic policies so as to boost a stable and reduce the poverty rate, and increase the position of a country on the non-inflationary growth and help cope with various risks under a dy- world map, especially for emerging countries Vietnam, as an emerging namic and rapid integration of an economy (Fullani, 2007) Therefore, economy, has witnessed strong growth in the economic sector In the last parallel with the country's economic advancement is the significant ten years, as of 2018, more than 45 million Vietnamese are out of development of economic researchers in the Vietnamese social sciences community Recent findings from Vuong et al (2020a, b, c, d) indicated * Corresponding author E-mail address: toan.homanh@phenikaa-uni.edu.vn (M.-T Ho) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06273 Received November 2020; Received in revised form 25 December 2020; Accepted February 2021 2405-8440/© 2021 The Author(s) Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 that economics has been the leading discipline among various areas in between scientists from different age groups can reduce the obsolescence Vietnamese Social Sciences for the 2008–2018 period In particular, and generation effects due to changes in cultural, social, and technical within the 2011–2017 period, around 384 Social Sciences and Human- environments (Kyvik and Olsen, 2008) Given the ongoing development ities (SSH) projects were funded by the Vietnam National Foundation for of society and modern technologies, older scientists might be able to Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) Amongst these, catch up with new changes through such collaborations around 24% of the projects belonged to the Economics discipline (95/384) (Nafosted, 2018) On the contrary, Gonzalez-Brambila and Veloso (2007) used a unique data set of 14,328 researchers to explore the contributing factors of To further develop economic researches to support decision-making research output and impact Even though the authors confirm a quadratic for policymakers as well as practitioners, it is important to understand relationship between age and the number of published papers, they the characteristics of those studies and their authors, including their af- suggest that this factor does not have a substantial influence on research filiations, age groups, sex, authorship role, or collaboration pattern output and impact They propose a new publishing peak of the Mexican However, few studies focus on investigating such characteristics and researchers, which is approximately 53 years old However, they claim their influence on Vietnamese economic researchers' productivity that the increased publishing peak is not a major issue in terms of the Therefore, to better understand the research landscape of economics count of publications In Italia, Abramo et al (2015) suggested seniority discipline in Vietnam, first, we would like to investigate the leading has a positive relationship with productivity, especially in medicine or players in this area, including both universities and research institutes, as biology A more recent study suggested that Italian academia has become these are the main contributors to the development of this research field more progressive, despite seniority still having a big influence (Marini, Then, we want to examine how these top affiliations compare to each 2017) Based on a Scopus dataset with publication profiles of 410 Viet- other in a number of aspects, including the number of lead and new namese researchers between 2008 and 2017, a previous study claims that authors as well as their publication's journal impact factor Finally, we the most crucial group of authors contributing to the Vietnamese want to indicate whether there is a relationship between economists' research community within the last few years is the seniority group They scientific productivity and their sex or age within these top research are around 40–50 years old and often play the first-author role in the producers To answer these questions, a Bayesian analysis is employed on researches (Vuong et al., 2017) a dataset of 178 affiliations, and 1,444 articles count in three sub- categories, namely Business, Economics, and Management, during the These inconsistent results show that there needs to be more investi- period from 2008 to 2019 It should be noted here that the real number of gation into the correlation between age and scientific productivity within articles may be different due to overlapped works within these sub- various research contexts As a Confucian culture (Vuong et al., 2018a, categories 2020a), seniority certainly has a big influence on Vietnamese society However, scientific development often borns out of radical young minds Literature review Institutional policies, as well as governmental support for scientists, are issued at specific times Certain age groups might benefit more from 2.1 Affiliations and scientific productivity them Thus, age and scientific productivity is a unique relationship that should be examined To date, not many studies have investigated the association between 2.3 Sex and scientific productivity affiliation and scientific productivity In a study by Allison and Long (1990), it was stated that productive scientists tend to work in prestigious Women's contribution to science is crucial to social development; university departments, and the results indicate that the effect of however, sex difference has been affecting the quantity and quality of department affiliation on productivity is of higher importance to pro- scientific performance for a long time (Sotudeh and Khoshian, 2014) ductivity than the reverse impact Hayati and Ebrahimy (2009) stated Despite some improvements, women are still suffering from the sex gap that in terms of quantity, universities outnumber other research in- and biases in the science world Previous researches find that there are stitutions, while there is no difference when it comes to quality sex discrepancies in research funding, productivity, and impact An analysis of Quebec university professors in Canada by Lariviere et al In the context of Vietnam's social sciences, using a dataset of 657 (2011), indicated women above 38 years old receive less funding for Vietnamese social scientists, Vuong et al (2019) found that authors research than men on average This leads to generally less productivity in working at universities have much higher scientific output than those terms of publications and less scientific impact for female researchers affiliated with research institutions In addition, the authors also point According to the authors, possible explanations include limited net- out that universities in Vietnam are more focused on teaching rather than works, motherhood, division of labor, and the scientific community's engaging with research activities In 2018, there were 454 higher edu- hierarchy cation institutions in Vietnam, including 95 private universities and colleges, with the role of delivering education to about 2.2 million stu- On the other hand, using the scientometric method with a compara- dents (MOET, 2019) Even though the number of institutions is quite big, tive approach, the study by Sotudeh and Khoshian (2014) indicated fe- the research function of those institutions might not be fully exploited male researchers’ positive performance in the Nano Science & Moreover, the government's investment in higher education is relatively Technology series The information of these female authors is extracted low, and higher education is still struggling between being controlled by from eighteen journals in the field listed in the Journal Citation Report the government and being fully autonomous (Salmi and Pham, 2019) The sample size included 13,491 researchers According to their findings, Therefore, the difference between researchers at universities and in- although female Nano-researchers are scarce in number, they equally stitutions in Vietnam is striking and needs further investigation perform in terms of scientific productions and impacts, which imply sex equality in the Nano field particularly 2.2 Age and scientific productivity Also, the female-to-male ratio in research productivity has been found Previous studies show inconsistent findings in the relationship be- to increase from about 60% in the late 1960s to around 80% in the late tween age groups and scientific productivity A study from Costas et al 1980s and early 1990s (Xie and Shauman, 1998) Moreover, in the (2010) on a total of 1,064 Spanish National Research Council scientists in context of the United States, Xie and Shauman (1998) also observed that Spain, indicated that the productivity decreases in older scientists, most of the sex differences in research productivity can be attributed to especially the low-class researchers A lack of resources or motivation is personal characteristics, structural positions, and marital status Those believed to be the explanatory factor for this declining trend in scientific results suggest that sex differences in research productivity stem from sex performance However, the authors suggest that the collaboration differences in structural locations Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 Apart from the publication rate, citation rate is also one of the key citation rate per citable item Despite the popular application of IF, it has points to evaluating sex equality in scientific performance Based on a also been criticized heavily Scientific journals naturally flaunt their high dataset of 8,500 Norwegian researchers and more than 37,000 publica- IFs to attract a higher number of publications from which they can pick tions, Aksnes et al (2011) concluded that women's publications are less and choose and thereby further increase their IF (Grech and Rizk, 2018; cited than are those of men However, sex inequality in citation rates can Shanta et al., 2013) The IF can be cheated by purposely exploiting be attributed to differences in scientific productivity publication bias or citation bias (Evangelou et al., 2012) Moreover, the costs of publishing in a high IF journal is large (Jain, 2016) The costs Last but not least, according to the EuropeanCommission (2013) include the large time investments researchers have to prepare a good report, although the youngest generations of female academics have been manuscript and go through multiple rounds of reviews and revisions receiving more support, the sex gap is still disproportionately high compared with the increase in the proportion of women students This In Vietnam, JIF has been gaining popularity as an indicator to eval- thus casts doubt on the hypothesis that women will automatically ‘catch uate the quality of publications The introduction of NAFOSTED brings up’ to their male counterparts in scientific productivity The issue also about the initial motivation to Vietnamese scholars to publish on ISI/ requires further investigation to shed light on it Scopus indexing databases in general It contributes to the race to publish in international journals, preferably with a high impact factor Various In the Asian context, several studies have attempted to investigate the universities also use JIF as the criteria for the bonus; for example, the impacts of sex on scientific productivity and found conflicting results For University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UOE HCM) gives a cash instance, the work by (Tao et al., 2017), with a sample of 30,078 par- bonus of up to USD 8,600 for a research article published in a journal that ticipants in China, discussed women's underrepresentation in both sci- has JIF above (Vu, 2017) Therefore, this paper wants to look at the ence and engineering in the country On the other hand, in Russia, the comparison among top universities and research institutes in Vietnam's proportion of female scientists reaches parity compared to their male economic discipline in terms of their publications' JIF counterparts (Huang et al., 2020) Overall, a substantial body of literature focusing on analyzing re- 2.4 Authorship, collaboration, and scientific productivity searchers’ scientific productivity has been shown in many previous studies However, there are still inconsistent results that need further Using publication data from the Norwegian national database – investigation, especially from emerging economies like Vietnam Hence, FRIDA, a dynamic authority record, covering 19,000 controlled scientific this paper will shed light on scientific productivity in one of the leading and scholarly publication channels and the four major research univer- social science fields in the country, namely economics sities in Norway as the scope of the research, Piro et al (2013) found the importance of collaborative research in the performance of scientific 2.6 Research questions research Another study by Cainelli et al (2015) also claimed that increasing extensive collaboration is a common behavior in the scientific To achieve the research aims, we will answer a list of specific ques- community Lissoni, Mairesse, Montobbio, and Pezzoni (2011) found tions, as listed in Table that the size and international nature of collaborative projects and co authors’ past productivity have significant impacts on current produc- Materials and methods tivity, while age and gender, and past productivity are also influential determinants of both productivity and probability of promotion 3.1 Materials From a recent study by Ho et al (2017), among Vietnamese scientists A comprehensive dataset of Vietnamese researchers' scientific pro- who have published in indexed international journals, there have been ductivity in the economic fields from 2008–2019 was extracted from the signs of low sustainability, such as the lack of information distribution in Social Sciences and Humanities Peer Awards (SSHPA) database SSHPA's the co-authorship network or a high level of reliance on a few highly function is to record the scientific productivity of Vietnamese Social connected members in the networks This study also aims to investigate Sciences and Humanities (SSH) researchers as a semi-automatic database this co-authorship pattern among Vietnam's top institutes in the eco- (Vuong et al., 2018b) The used dataset is deposited on Open Science nomics discipline Framework (La et al., 2020), containing the authors' observations from 178 affiliations and articles in the economic fields The papers are cate- 2.5 Journal impact factors and scientific productivity gorized into three sub-fields: Business with 361 papers, Economics with 930 papers, and Management with 153 papers However, the number of Despite the controversy, the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is still one of articles in these sub-fields might be overlapped The list of affiliations is the most widely used indicators of quality (Van Leeuwen and Wouters, drawn by article, only taken from level affiliations; the output is 2017) Devising by Eugene Garfield, the IF provides a proxy to quantify calculated plus sub-affiliations for level affiliations Demographic and the scientific ranking and journal prestige of a scientific journal (Grech academic characteristics such as age, gender, new authors, leading and Rizk, 2018) The IF is, in fact, a functional approximation of the mean Table Research questions Characteristics of the data Questions Method used Affiliation What are the top universities and research institutes in Vietnam's economic discipline? Descriptive data analysis How are the top universities and research institutes' productivity levels compared to each other? Descriptive data analysis & Bayesian data analysis Age Is there any difference in the productivity of the authors based on their age? What is the difference between the age of male and female authors? Descriptive data analysis Sex Bayesian data analysis Is there any difference in the productivity of the authors based on their sex? Lead, New Authors Is there any relationship between authors' scientific productivity and their sex? Descriptive data analysis & Co-authorship Descriptive data analysis How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of the number of lead authors? JIF How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of the number of new authors? Descriptive data analysis How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of co-authorship? Descriptive data analysis Descriptive data analysis 10 How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared to their publication's journal impact factor? Descriptive data analysis Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 authors, co-authorship, and impact factors are also considered Raw data The coded variables in the dataset are described in detail in Table were then entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, cleaned, and saved below in csv form Results 3.2 Methods To make it clear and easy to follow, we present the results as answers This study employed a combination of a descriptive data analysis and to the lists of questions presented in Table a Bayesian analysis to answer the research questions Accordingly, for the latter approach, a hierarchical regression model of the number of pub- 4.1 Descriptive analysis lished articles according to sex and affiliations is developed by using R statistical software and the bayesvl package (v0.9.5) The bayesvl pack- RQ1: What are the top universities and research institutes in Viet- age is available on The Comprehensive R Archive Network (La and nam's economic discipline? Vuong, 2019) It allows facilitating new knowledge precisely without traditional meta-analyses and yields more principled conclusions from From the dataset, there are eight universities and research institutions each new study (Kay et al., 2016) It is proposed that the Bayesian in the top list of the economic field Among the total number of 178 analysis can be used as an alternative approach for the conventional universities and institutions, this group contributes to approximately frequentist approach in analyzing social data based on its advantages of 52% of total research output The detailed list of these top affiliations treating all unknown quantities probabilistically and incorporating prior with the number of articles published and the number of authors is knowledge or belief of scientists into the model (Vuong et al., 2020a) It presented in Table can also help mitigate some shortcomings of the frequentist statistics, for example, the controversial issue related to how to interpret the “p-value” RQ2: How are the top universities and research institutes' produc- (Vuong et al., 2020b) This technique, which visually demonstrates re- tivity levels compared to each other? sults and distributions of coefficients, is relatively suitable for this study When the model does not show sensitivity to adjustment of the prior, its Interestingly, within these top affiliations, there is only one research credibility is proven (Scutari and Denis, 2014) Hence, the Bayesian institution, namely the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, which statistics approach is used in this study to examine the relationship be- contributed merely 2% to the total research output of the economics tween sex, affiliation, and scientific productivity of the researchers in the discipline Compared to the first ranked position, the National Economics dataset University, with a 13% contribution, this shows a substantial gap in productivity It is also notable that the first three universities accounted The variables ‘scientific productivity’ was analyzed as the main for nearly one-third of all published articles by Vietnamese economists, dependent variable in this study The analysis would also include the with much higher productivity than the rest of the list following independent variables: When these top affiliations are compared over the years, the results - “Article”: Number of publications are presented in Figure - “Age”: Age of the authors at the published time - “Sex”: The biological sex of the respondents, with two categories Results indicate that NEU's scientific productivity among the top eight institutes shows the most significant improvement, especially in 2017 “male” and “female.” and 2019 In 2017, we also witnessed an increase in the number of - “Affil”: The affiliation of authors universities publishing articles However, scientific productivity is a lack - “SexAffil”: For multi-layer partitioning, we need to combine the of stability and consistency For instance, some affiliations have publications only in 2014, 2017, and 2019, such as Vietnam National Uni- Affiliation variable with the Sex (biological gender) variable to create versity Hanoi (VNUH) or Thuongmai University (TMU) Such institutes a new variable, which is SexAfl ẳ Sex ỵ _ ỵ Afl The variable have only several years of contributing scientific products within the 12 consists of affiliations related to sex, ranging from 1_1–8 and 2_1–8, years; however, they are still leading the Vietnamese economics research as shown in Table below The code to create this variable can be enterprise found in the Supplementary - “Sexid”: the identity of the authors Variable [1] is male and [2] is Affiliation female [1] (FTU) Foreign Trade University [2] (HCMOpenUni) Ho Chi Minh City Open University Table Coded variables SexAffil Sex [3] (NEU) National Economics University Hanoi 1_1 Male [4] (TMU) Thuongmai University 1_2 Male [5] (UOEH) University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City 1_3 Male [6] (VASS) Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 1_4 Male [7] (VNUH) Vietnam National University Hanoi 1_5 Male [8] (VNUHCM) Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 1_6 Male [1] (FTU) Foreign Trade University 1_7 Male [2] (HCMOpenUni) Ho Chi Minh City Open University 1_8 Male [3] (NEU) National Economics University Hanoi 2_1 Female [4] (TMU) Thuongmai University 2_2 Female [5] (UOEH) University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City 10 2_3 Female [6] (VASS) Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 11 2_4 Female [7] (VNUH) Vietnam National University Hanoi 12 2_5 Female [8] (VNUHCM) Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 13 2_6 Female 14 2_7 Female 15 2_8 Female 16 Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 Table Top Vietnam institutes have the highest productivity in economics research Authors 108 # Institutes Articles 55 167 81 National Economics University Hanoi 124 47 121 37 University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City 72 47 60 34 Vietnam National University Hanoi 57 40 40 Ho Chi Minh City Open University 37 Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Foreign Trade University Thuongmai University Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Figure Number of publication of Top affiliations 2008–2019 Research questions from to investigate the impacts of age and sex females in most of the universities, especially in the University of on scientific productivity among Vietnamese economists within the top Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UOEH), National Economics University affiliations The results are presented in Figure as follows Hanoi (NEU) – two in eight affiliations with the highest number of published articles In those eight affiliations, the oldest age group of Figure shows the difference in the total number of articles from each female authors is 55–59 years old, while male authors are above 60 university according to age groups and sex The result shows that 40–44 Moreover, the age range of female authors is shorter than that of male is the age group with the highest scientific productivity in the vast authors number of affiliations in the 2008–2019 period However, the younger groups (25–29, 30–39 age group) also contribute a great number of ar- RQ7: How are top universities and research institutes in economics ticles within the period and become the highest group of scientific con- compared in terms of the number of lead authors? tributors For instance, Thuongmai University (TMU) has the highest number of articles in the 35–39 age group, or Foreign Trade University Figure presents the number of lead authors in the top affiliations, (FTU) has its highest one in the 30s group which can be categories into three groups: TMU and UOEH with the highest number of lead authors (more than 0.7); VNUH with the lowest Figure above also indicates the sex differences in the scientific number of lead authors (below 0.4); and the others have a similar rate of productivity of the top eight affiliations in Vietnam The number of articles from male authors outweighs the number of articles from Figure Age group and sex of the authors Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 Figure The ratio of lead authors per affiliation lead authors (roughly 0.5) Since 2017, the number of lead authors in and HCMOpenUni have high co-author rate, and VASS, VNUH, FTU, and NEU increases per year, significantly rockets to 21 authors in 2017 with TMU have low co-author rate (roughly 0.4) 17 published articles RQ10: How are top universities and research institutes in economics RQ8: How are top universities and research institutes in economics compared in terms of their publication's journal impact factor? compared in terms of the number of new authors? Figure shows that a significant number of articles from these eight In Figure 4, within the 2008–2016 period, there is only a small in- affiliations have no JIF and only belong to Scopus or Emerging Sources crease in the number of new authors per year However, in 2017, there Citation Index (ESCI) With JIF ¼ 0, which means journals that not has been an explicit increase of new authors in many affiliations, such as have JIF, the highest number of articles comes from NEU, and the lowest Ho Chi Minh City Open University (HCMOpenUni) Thereafter, except number of articles comes from VASS The number of articles above JIF ¼ for NEU and UOEH, other affiliations witness a decrease in the number of is relatively low Only UOEH and Thuongmai University have articles new authors in 2018 There is an upward growth of new authors in most with JIF ¼ among the top list of affiliations affiliations in 2019, especially NEU, with more than 25 authors, con- trasting with the decrease in UOEH 4.2 Bayesian analysis RQ9: How are top universities and research institutes in economics The formula of the Article model is as below: compared in terms of co-authorship? article ~ α[sexaffilvarint] þ age Findings from Figure indicate that the closer the co-author rate is to 1, the less the number of co-authorships with outside sources of the The code that was used to construct the model Article is available in affiliation Accordingly, we have HCMOpenUni as the affiliation with the the Supplementary Figure presents the network of the Article model lowest of co-authorships (rate ¼ 0.7) and TMU with the highest number for the probabilistic dependency among the variables of co-authorships (rate ¼ 0.36) The results show NEU, UOEH, VNUHCM, The STAN code will be automatically generated by bayesvl Using the following command, we commenced the MCMC simulation process: model < - bvl_modelFit(model, data1, warmup ¼ 2000, iter ¼ 5000, chains ¼ 4, cores ¼ 4) Figure New authors per year Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 Figure The average rate of co-authors per affiliation Figure Articles per affiliation according to the Impact Factor RQ6: Is there any relationship between the authors' scientific productivity and their sexes? Figure Visualization of the bayevl regression Article model Figure 10 explains the relationship between the number of articles and authors’ sex using the parameters of αsexaffil[1] to αsexaffil[16] and αsexid[1] The result of the model analysis is presented in Table 4: and αsexid[2] The parameter of αsexaffil[3] is the highest (Mean ¼ 4.32; SD ¼ The summary of the model shows that Rhat is around (more than 0.95), which belongs to male authors and the parameter of αsexaffil[13] is 1.1 means problem), and n_eff is above 2000 (more than 1000 means the lowest (Mean ¼ 2.45; SD ¼ 0.94), which belongs to female authors good sign) Moreover, in Figure 8, we also can see that the convergence of our model is good Figure 11 displays the density and value of sex to the authors' sci- The results of Bayesian analysis help to clarify answers to the research entific productivity Overall, the male authors (αsexid[1] ¼ 3.28; SD ¼ questions as follows: 0.82) are more likely to publish more than their female counterparts (αsexid[2] ¼ 2.63; SD ¼ 0.85) However, the difference is relatively small RQ2: How are the top universities and research institutes' produc- The gap is fairly small All the parameters lie in the negative zone of tivity levels compared to each other? Figure 11 value's bar, representing a low probability of association between sex and the authors' scientific productivity Besides, the distribu- From Figure 9, we can see that there are two top affiliations above the tion of male and female variables is narrow with high density, which average line of the total articles, which are NEU and UOEH The other six indicates a minor association between sex and the authors' scientific affiliations that closely correlate to the average line are FTU, HCMOpe- productivity with a small variance nUni, TMU, VASS, VNUH, and VNUHCM Figure 12 shows that both coefficients are positive, which indicates that there is scientific productivity in both male and female authors At the most concentrated point, the constant coefficient of αFemale is smaller than the constant coefficient of αMale Therefore, male authors are more likely to have more publications than female authors Discussion 5.1 Top universities and research institutes in Vietnam's economic discipline and their productivity levels Out of the top affiliations in the economics discipline, only one research institute is found, along with seven universities The findings that researchers with top universities-affiliated are having greater scientific productivity than institutes-affiliated in Vietnamese economic discipline; with the highest scientific performance recorded from male Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 Table Summary of the bayevl regression Article model Variable Mean Se_mean Standard Deviation N_eff Rhat b_age_article -0.03 0.00 0.02 5643 a_sexaffil[1] 3.02 0.01 0.85 9827 a_sexaffil[2] 3.26 0.01 0.87 9397 a_sexaffil[3] 4.32 0.02 0.95 3997 a_sexaffil[4] 2.90 0.01 0.91 4496 a_sexaffil[5] 3.86 0.01 0.86 5349 a_sexaffil[6] 2.95 0.01 0.91 10005 a_sexaffil[7] 3.02 0.02 0.92 2565 a_sexaffil[8] 3.11 0.03 1.03 1399 a_sexaffil[9] 2.71 0.03 0.97 987 a_sexaffil[10] 2.61 0.03 1.01 1144 a_sexaffil[11] 2.91 0.01 0.90 5965 a_sexaffil[12] 2.51 0.01 0.96 4580 a_sexaffil[13] 2.45 0.02 0.94 1512 a_sexaffil[14] 2.59 0.01 0.97 7129 a_sexaffil[15] 2.46 0.01 0.93 6218 a_sexaffil[16] 2.60 0.03 1.08 6218 sigma_sexaffi 0.69 0.01 0.27 1680 a_sexid[1] 3.28 0.01 0.82 5820 a_sexid[2] 2.63 0.02 0.85 1983 a0_sexid 2.71 0.07 2.97 1779 sigma_sexid 3.28 0.07 3.75 2716 authors of National Economics University Hanoi (NEU) and the lowest considerably to include not only teaching but also researching (Vuong scientific performance from female authors of the University of Eco- et al., 2019) However, it is still stated that research and development nomics Ho Chi Minh City (UOEH) activities remain traditionally in research institutions, and most academics in universities are not actively engaged in these activities (World To shed light on the differences in the productivity between univer- Bank, 2008) As an attempt to improve this situation, the Ministry of sities and research institutions, Vietnam's higher education system needs Education and Training issued a circular in 2017 which requires all to be further explained Before the 1980s, the system consisted of uni- doctoral students to have at least two publications indexed in Scopus versities and research institutions assigned to conduct separate functions, and/or Web of Science, and the supervisor also needs to have interna- as influenced by the Soviet model The former focused primarily on tional publications teaching, while the latter's main responsibilities lie in producing scholarly works (Nguyen, 2014) However, after the Đổi Mới, i.e., Renovation The result of this study ties with previous studies, which find that in 1986, the roles and functions of universities have expanded authors working at universities have much higher scientific output than Figure The MCMC chains for the Bayesian model of Article Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 Figure Average number of articles per affiliation those affiliated with research institutions (Vuong et al., 2019) This raises increase their scientific productivity sustainably, such as create more concerns about research institutes, whose main function is to conduct regulations to attract foreign funds for economic research in Vietnam, research; however, their productivity is questionable One plausible raising the awareness of economic studies in students, or invest in explanation might be that researchers from Vietnamese universities have institutes-based research projects Also, the need to professionalize the more chances to corporate and receive funds from foreign partners, research management system in Vietnam and particularly in universities which explains the imbalance in scientific output from universities-based is paramount so that academics have the opportunities to work in a more affiliation and institutes-based affiliation Hence, the government should organized and better-funded research culture (Nguyen and Meek, 2016) take into account the need to encourage both affiliated authors to The policymakers should also note the interesting trend that Figure 10 The αsexaffil and αsexid variables in the Article model Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 Figure 11 Posterior coefficients of the Article model university-affiliated researchers turn out to publish even more than their 5.2 Age and scientific productivity counterparts at research institutions, even though their primary re- sponsibility lies in teaching From this finding, strategies to help maxi- Our findings suggest that there might be a decrease in the scientific mize research capacity from both sides can be proposed productivity of older scientists, which is compatible with previous Figure 12 Pairing Female and Male parameters 10 Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 research by Costas et al (2010) The findings show that 40–44 is the age 5.4 Authorship, collaboration, and scientific productivity group with the highest scientific productivity in the significant number of top economic affiliations within the 2008–2019 period This group will In the 2008–2016 period, there is only a small increase in the number keep playing a crucial role in the scientific development of the Viet- of new authors per year However, in 2017, there has been an explicit namese economics discipline As Ph.D candidates is expected enter the increase of new authors in many affiliations, such as Ho Chi Minh City job market in their 30s, then 40–44 years old might have been the Open Universit Circular 08/2017/TT-BGDDT in 2018, which requires greatest period for scientists to boost their scientific productivity because Ph.D candidates to publish at least two articles in ISI/Scopus journals they have been tested adaquately in a highly competitive job market (Vuong et al., 2020d), might have been the motivation for the new au- (Donnelly et al., 2019) thors to publish more articles Since 2017, the number of lead authors in NEU increases per year, significantly rockets to 21 authors in 2017 with Regarding the senior age groups, there are possible reasons for their 17 published articles There is an upward growth of new authors in most inactivity in scientific publications The senior age groups in Vietnam affiliations, especially NEU, as the leading affiliation with more than 25 received their training in China or the Soviet Union Unlike natural sci- new authors in 2019 ence, social sciences and humanities did not translate well between languages and ideologies Moreover, as social sciences and humanities Our findings also indicate co-authorships in all of the top eight af- focus on local problems, the pressure to publish internationally was not filiations in the Vietnamese economic discipline There is evidence for as urgent as in other fields Therefore, seniors’ contributions might the correlation between co-author rate and the scientific productivity of appear limited However, they are crucial in training the next generation these eight affiliations Co-authorships might be one of the important and promoting new policies that help push the scientific community factors to increase researchers’ scientific productivities from universities forward The universities with high co-author rates have better scientific performance in top affiliations such as NEU, UOEH, or VNUHCM This result is The scientists might need sufficient resources and motivation to keep compatible with previous research by Piro et al (2013), which suggests up their scientific performance for a long time In summary, the age the importance of collaborative authorship in scientific productivity group is one of the important variables when analyzing scientific That means the increase in extensive collaboration between authors productivity might continue to be common in the Vietnamese economics discipline 5.3 Sex and scientific productivity 5.5 Journal impact factor and scientific productivity Apart from age, sex is also an important variable in analyzing Viet- On the other hand, the results show that the significant number of namese economic discipline's scientific productivity The SAGER guide- articles from the top eight affiliations has JIF ¼ 0, only belongs to Scopus line was used to define the research groups, which are male and female, or Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) Only UOEH and Thuongmai in this study (Heidari et al., 2016) Our findings show a sex inequality in University have articles with a JIF of among the top list of affiliations the scientific productivity of the top eight Vietnamese affiliations This Scientific productivity is based not only on the number of articles but also result is consistent with the previous study of Lariviere et al (2011) that on producing quality research Our study suggests that the Vietnamese female authors have less productivity in publications and less research economic discipline lacks quality research, which can be qualified by age span than male authors The previous research finds that mother- international standards, despite having a great number of researches in hood, restricted cooperation networks, and access to resources might be the last twelve years From another perspective, regarding the contro- the limitation for female authors In Vietnam, this limitation might also versial nature of the metric, previous research by Bertuzzi and Drubin come from the difference in retired age between females and males (2013) claimed that the IF does not assess the creativity or value of any According to the World Bank (2009) report, female's retirement age (55 individual study The implementation of IF is more in scaling up the years old) is lower than male's retirement age (60 years old) in Vietnam subscribership of the publications in which a paper appears or the in- Therefore, female authors might have less time to prove their scientific stitutions it keeps The metric is argued to be designed to indicate the performance at work quality of journals, and therefore should not be used as a proxy to assess the quality of any single paper or its authors (Callaway, 2016) Therefore, The number of articles from male authors outweighs the number of it is suggested that the policy-making and institutions’ internal regula- articles from females in most universities, especially in the University of tions should consider using a combination of IF and other metrics to Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UOEH), National Economics University evaluate the quality of the scholarly works Hanoi (NEU) – in affiliations with the highest number of published articles The Government of Vietnam is committed to the Sustainable Conclusion Development Goals in 2030, which have ‘Gender Equality’ as one of the main goals (United Nation Vietnam, 2018) Therefore, this inequality in Our findings show a correlation between a researcher's affiliation, scientific performance might need careful consideration from Vietnam sex, and their scientific productivity In the Vietnamese economics authorities to reach the Sustainable Development Goals in 2030 discipline, authors from top universities-affiliated have higher scientific output than institutes-affiliated However, we also find that the number Results from Bayesian analysis also shed some light on the rela- of published articles might not be the only point to evaluate the re- tionship between sex and Vietnamese economic researchers' scientific searchers' scientific productivity The scientific output might be productivity First of all, the findings show that both male and female measured as the relative productivity and the authors' contribution to researchers have a scientific contribution to their affiliations in the each article, rather than solely the number of publications However, as last twelve years Despite that, our results indicate that males have a the international standard for publication is becoming more wide-spread higher probability of publications than females; however, the gap is and stricter, the researchers might be concerned about the number of relatively small It is proven to be only a minor association between publications to prove their scientific performance To sustain scientific sex and the authors’ scientific productivity In contrast, we can see productivity, we suggest not only thinking about the quantity of the inequality in the number of articles from the male and female au- papers but also the quality of the research thors, as shown in the descriptive data analysis The difference in the number of articles is fairly enormous, with male authors outweigh The study has several limitations (Vuong, 2020) Firstly, the absence female authors in all the affiliations Hence, our findings suggest that of the multi-affiliated authors' evaluation might be a potential research the number of articles might not be the only element to evaluate the area in the future Secondly, the study used JIF as one of the metrics; it relationship between sex and the scientific productivity of a should be noted that JIF does not indicate research quality Our research researcher 11 Q.-H Vuong et al Heliyon (2021) e06273 contributes to the development of the Vietnamese economics discipline Gonzalez-Brambila, C., Veloso, F.M., 2007 The determinants of research output and and the Social Sciences and Humanities community The findings call for impact: a study of Mexican researchers Res Pol 36 (7), 1035–1051 further studies from Vietnamese researchers to continuously evaluate the complex relationship between the authors’ affiliations and their scientific Grech, V., Rizk, D.E., 2018 Increasing importance of research metrics: journal Impact productivity Factor and h-index Springer Declarations Hayati, Z., Ebrahimy, S., 2009 Correlation between quality and quantity in scientific production: a case study of Iranian organizations from 1997 to 2006 Scientometrics Author contribution statement 80 (3), 625–636 Q H Vuong: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the Heidari, Shirin, Babor, Thomas F., De Castro, Paola, Tort, Sera, Curno, Mirjam, 2016 Sex experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, and gender equity in research: rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended materials, analysis tools or data use Res Int Peer Rev 1, A T Bui: Conceived and designed the experiments; Analyzed and Ho, T.M., Nguyen, H.V., Vuong, T.-T., Dam, Q.-M., Pham, H.-H., Vuong, Q.-H., 2017 interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or Exploring Vietnamese co-authorship patterns in social sciences with basic network data measures of 2008-2017 Scopus data F1000Research M T Ho, M-T Ho: Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed Huang, J., Gates, A.J., Sinatra, R., Barabasi, A.-L., 2020 Historical comparison of gender reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines Proc Natl Acad Sci Unit States Am 117 (9), 4609 T H Pham, T H Vu: Performed the experiments; Wrote the paper H H Pham, A D Hoang: Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote Jain, R., 2016 Chasing the impact factor: is it worth the hassle? Editage the paper Kay, M., Nelson, G.L., Hekler, E.B., 2016 Researcher-centered design of statistics: why V P La: Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data Bayesian statistics better fit the culture and incentives of HCI In: Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Funding statement Kyvik, S., Olsen, T., 2008 Does the aging of tenured academic staff affect the research performance of universities? Scientometrics 76 (3), 439–455 This work was supported by the National Foundation for Science and La, V.-P., Nguyen, M.-H., Ho, M.-T., Vuong, Q.-H., 2020 Top economics universities and Technology Development (502.01-2018.19) research institutions in Vietnam Open Sci Framework La, V.-P., Vuong, Q.-H., 2019 Bayesvl: Visually Learning the Graphical Structure of Data availability statement Bayesian Networks and Performing MCMC with 'Stan' Retrieved from https://cran.r -project.org/package¼bayesvl Data associated with this study has been deposited at Open Science Lariviere, V., Vignola-Gagne, E., Villeneuve, C., Gelinas, P., Gingras, Y., 2011 Sex Framework: URL: https://osf.io/h3esk/; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/ differences in research funding, productivity and impact: an analysis of Quebec OSF.IO/H3ESK university professors Scientometrics 87 (3), 483–498 Lissoni, F., Mairesse, J., Montobbio, F., Pezzoni, M., 2011 Scientific productivity and Declaration of interests statement academic promotion: a study on French and Italian physicists Ind Corp Change 20 (1), 253–294 The authors declare no conflict of interest Marini, G., 2017 New promotion patterns in Italian universities: less seniority and more productivity? 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