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Part 1 of ebook Fundamentals of digital communication provides readers with contents including: Chapter 1 Introduction; Chapter 2 Modulation; Chapter 3 Demodulation; Chapter 4 Synchronization and noncoherent communication; Chapter 5 Channel equalization;... 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and getwhy That’s some I can’t sleep.’ really Hecall shook myself his head an Oxford ‘I want man.’ to wait Tomhere glanced till Daisy around goes to to see bed if we Good mirrored night,his oldunbelief sport.’ He But put wehis were hands all looking in his coat at Gatsby pockets‘Itand was turned an opportunity back eagerly theytogave his scrutiny to someofofthe thehouse, officersasafter though the Armistice,’ my presence he marred continued the ‘We sacredness could gooftothe any vigil of the So universities I walked away in England and left him or France.’ standing I wanted there intothe getmoonlight—watching up and slap him on the overback noth-I ing had Free one of eBooks those renewals at Planet of eBook.com complete 157 faithChapter in him that I couldn’t I’d experisleep enced all night; before.a Daisy fog-horn rose, was smiling groaning faintly, in- cessantly and went to onthe thetable Sound, ‘Open and the I tossed whiskey, half-sick Tom,’between she ordered grotesque ‘And reality I’ll make and you savage a mintfrightening julep Then dreams you won’t Toward seemdawn so stupid I heard to yourself a taxi go upLook Gatsby’s at thedrive mint!’and ‘Wait immediately a minute,’ Isnapped jumped out Tom, of ‘Ibed want andtobegan ask Mr to Gatsby dress—I one feltmore that Iquestion.’ had something ‘Go on,’ to Gatsby tell him,said something politely.to‘What warn kind him about of a row and are morning you trying would to cause be tooinlate my Crossing house anyhow?’ his lawnThey I sawwere that out his front in thedoor openwas at last still and openGatsby and hewas wasconleaning tent.against ‘He isn’ta causing table in the a row.’ hall,Daisy heavylooked with dejection desperately or sleep from one ‘Nothing to thehappened,’ other ‘You’re he said causing wanly a row ‘I waited, Please and have about a little fourself o’clock control.’ she ‘Self camecontrol!’ to the window repeated and Tom stood incredulously there for a minute ‘I suppose and the thenlatest turned thing outisthe to light.’ sit back Hisand house let Mr hadNobody never seemed from Nowhere so enormous make love to me to as your it did wife that Well, night if that’s when the we hunted idea youthrough can count the great me out rooms Nowadays for cig- arettes people We begin pushed by sneering aside curtains at familythat life were and family like pavilions institutions andand felt next over they’ll innumerable throw everyfeet ofthing dark overboard wall for electric and have light switches—once intermarriage between I tumbled black with and a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano The amount of dust everywhere and the rooms were musty as though they hadn’t been aired for many days I found the humidor on an unfamiliar table with two stale dry cigarettes inside Throwing open the French windows of the drawing-room we sat smoking out into the darkness August 13, 2007 7:36 p.m CUP/FOD Page-i 9780521874144pre Fundamentals of Digital Communication This textbook presents the fundamental concepts underlying the design of modern digital communication systems, which include the wireline, wireless, and storage systems that pervade our everyday lives Using a highly accessible, lecture-style exposition, this rigorous textbook first establishes a firm grounding in classical concepts of modulation and demodulation, and then builds on these to introduce advanced concepts in synchronization, noncoherent communication, channel equalization, information theory, channel coding, and wireless communication This up-to-date textbook covers turbo and LDPC codes in sufficient detail and clarity to enable hands-on implementation and performance evaluation, as well as “just enough” information theory to enable computation of performance benchmarks to compare them against Other unique features include the use of complex baseband representation as a unifying framework for transceiver design and implementation; wireless link design for a number of modulation formats, including spacetime communication; geometric insights into noncoherent communication; and equalization The presentation is self-contained, and the topics are selected so as to bring the reader to the cutting edge of digital communications research and development Numerous examples are used to illustrate the key principles, with a view to allowing the reader to perform detailed computations and simulations based on the ideas presented in the text With homework problems and numerous examples for each chapter, this textbook is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of electrical and computer engineering, and can be used as the basis for a one or two semester course in digital communication It will also be a valuable resource for practitioners in the communications industry Additional resources for this title, including instructor-only solutions, are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521874144 Upamanyu Madhow is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara He received his Ph.D in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, in 1990, where he later served on the faculty A Fellow of the IEEE, he worked for several years at Telcordia before moving to academia and getwhy That’s some I can’t sleep.’ really Hecall shook myself his head an Oxford ‘I want man.’ to wait Tomhere glanced till Daisy around goes to to see bed if we Good mirrored night,his oldunbelief sport.’ He But put wehis were hands all looking in his coat at Gatsby pockets‘Itand was turned an opportunity back eagerly theytogave his scrutiny to someofofthe thehouse, officersasafter though the Armistice,’ my presence he marred continued the ‘We sacredness could gooftothe any vigil of the So universities I walked away in England and left him or France.’ standing I wanted there intothe getmoonlight—watching up and slap him on the overback noth-I ing had Free one of eBooks those renewals at Planet of eBook.com complete 157 faithChapter in him that I couldn’t I’d experisleep enced all night; before.a Daisy fog-horn rose, was smiling groaning faintly, in- cessantly and went to onthe thetable Sound, ‘Open and the I tossed whiskey, half-sick Tom,’between she ordered grotesque ‘And reality I’ll make and you savage a mintfrightening julep Then dreams you won’t Toward seemdawn so stupid I heard to yourself a taxi go upLook Gatsby’s at thedrive mint!’and ‘Wait immediately a minute,’ Isnapped jumped out Tom, of ‘Ibed want andtobegan ask Mr to Gatsby dress—I one feltmore that Iquestion.’ had something ‘Go on,’ to Gatsby tell him,said something politely.to‘What warn kind him about of a row and are morning you trying would to cause be tooinlate my Crossing house anyhow?’ his lawnThey I sawwere that out his front in thedoor openwas at last still and openGatsby and hewas wasconleaning tent.against ‘He isn’ta causing table in the a row.’ hall,Daisy heavylooked with dejection desperately or sleep from one ‘Nothing to thehappened,’ other ‘You’re he said causing wanly a row ‘I waited, Please and have about a little fourself o’clock control.’ she ‘Self camecontrol!’ to the window repeated and Tom stood incredulously there for a minute ‘I suppose and the thenlatest turned thing outisthe to light.’ sit back Hisand house let Mr hadNobody never seemed from Nowhere so enormous make love to me to as your it did wife that Well, night if that’s when the we hunted idea youthrough can count the great me out rooms Nowadays for cig- arettes people We begin pushed by sneering aside curtains at familythat life were and family like pavilions institutions andand felt next over they’ll innumerable throw everyfeet ofthing dark overboard wall for electric and have light switches—once intermarriage between I tumbled black with and a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano The amount of dust everywhere and the rooms were musty as though they hadn’t been aired for many days I found the humidor on an unfamiliar table with two stale dry cigarettes inside Throwing open the French windows of the drawing-room we sat smoking out into the darkness August 13, 2007 7:36 p.m CUP/FOD Page-ii 9780521874144pre and getwhy That’s some I can’t sleep.’ really Hecall shook myself his head an Oxford ‘I want man.’ to wait Tomhere glanced till Daisy around goes to to see bed if we Good mirrored night,his oldunbelief sport.’ He But put wehis were hands all looking in his coat at Gatsby pockets‘Itand was turned an opportunity back eagerly theytogave his scrutiny to someofofthe thehouse, officersasafter though the Armistice,’ my presence he marred continued the ‘We sacredness could gooftothe any vigil of the So universities I walked away in England and left him or France.’ standing I wanted there intothe getmoonlight—watching up and slap him on the overback noth-I ing had Free one of eBooks those renewals at Planet of eBook.com complete 157 faithChapter in him that I couldn’t I’d experisleep enced all night; before.a Daisy fog-horn rose, was smiling groaning faintly, in- cessantly and went to onthe thetable Sound, ‘Open and the I tossed whiskey, half-sick Tom,’between she ordered grotesque ‘And reality I’ll make and you savage a mintfrightening julep Then dreams you won’t Toward seemdawn so stupid I heard to yourself a taxi go upLook Gatsby’s at thedrive mint!’and ‘Wait immediately a minute,’ Isnapped jumped out Tom, of ‘Ibed want andtobegan ask Mr to Gatsby dress—I one feltmore that Iquestion.’ had something ‘Go on,’ to Gatsby tell him,said something politely.to‘What warn kind him about of a row and are morning you trying would to cause be tooinlate my Crossing house anyhow?’ his lawnThey I sawwere that out his front in thedoor openwas at last still and openGatsby and hewas wasconleaning tent.against ‘He isn’ta causing table in the a row.’ hall,Daisy heavylooked with dejection desperately or sleep from one ‘Nothing to thehappened,’ other ‘You’re he said causing wanly a row ‘I waited, Please and have about a little fourself o’clock control.’ she ‘Self camecontrol!’ to the window repeated and Tom stood incredulously there for a minute ‘I suppose and the thenlatest turned thing outisthe to light.’ sit back Hisand house let Mr hadNobody never seemed from Nowhere so enormous make love to me to as your it did wife that Well, night if that’s when the we hunted idea youthrough can count the great me out rooms Nowadays for cig- arettes people We begin pushed by sneering aside curtains at familythat life were and family like pavilions institutions andand felt next over they’ll innumerable throw everyfeet ofthing dark overboard wall for electric and have light switches—once intermarriage between I tumbled black with and a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano The amount of dust everywhere and the rooms were musty as though they hadn’t been aired for many days I found the humidor on an unfamiliar table with two stale dry cigarettes inside Throwing open the French windows of the drawing-room we sat smoking out into the darkness August 13, 2007 7:36 p.m CUP/FOD Page-iii 9780521874144pre Fundamentals of Digital Communication Upamanyu Madhow University of California, Santa Barbara and getwhy That’s some I can’t sleep.’ really Hecall shook myself his head an Oxford ‘I want man.’ to wait Tomhere glanced till Daisy around goes to to see bed if we Good mirrored night,his oldunbelief sport.’ He But put wehis were hands all looking in his coat at Gatsby pockets‘Itand was turned an opportunity back eagerly theytogave his scrutiny to someofofthe thehouse, officersasafter though the Armistice,’ my presence he marred continued the ‘We sacredness could gooftothe any vigil of the So universities I walked away in England and left him or France.’ standing I wanted there intothe getmoonlight—watching up and slap him on the overback noth-I ing had Free one of eBooks those renewals at Planet of eBook.com complete 157 faithChapter in him that I couldn’t I’d experisleep enced all night; before.a Daisy fog-horn rose, was smiling groaning faintly, in- cessantly and went to onthe thetable Sound, ‘Open and the I tossed whiskey, half-sick Tom,’between she ordered grotesque ‘And reality I’ll make and you savage a mintfrightening julep Then dreams you won’t Toward seemdawn so stupid I heard to yourself a taxi go upLook Gatsby’s at thedrive mint!’and ‘Wait immediately a minute,’ Isnapped jumped out Tom, of ‘Ibed want andtobegan ask Mr to Gatsby dress—I one feltmore that Iquestion.’ had something ‘Go on,’ to Gatsby tell him,said something politely.to‘What warn kind him about of a row and are morning you trying would to cause be tooinlate my Crossing house anyhow?’ his lawnThey I sawwere that out his front in thedoor openwas at last still and openGatsby and hewas wasconleaning tent.against ‘He isn’ta causing table in the a row.’ hall,Daisy heavylooked with dejection desperately or sleep from one ‘Nothing to thehappened,’ other ‘You’re he said causing wanly a row ‘I waited, Please and have about a little fourself o’clock control.’ she ‘Self camecontrol!’ to the window repeated and Tom stood incredulously there for a minute ‘I suppose and the thenlatest turned thing outisthe to light.’ sit back Hisand house let Mr hadNobody never seemed from Nowhere so enormous make love to me to as your it did wife that Well, night if that’s when the we hunted idea youthrough can count the great me out rooms Nowadays for cig- arettes people We begin pushed by sneering aside curtains at familythat life were and family like pavilions institutions andand felt next over they’ll innumerable throw everyfeet ofthing dark overboard wall for electric and have light switches—once intermarriage between I tumbled black with and a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano The amount of dust everywhere and the rooms were musty as though they hadn’t been aired for many days I found the humidor on an unfamiliar table with two stale dry cigarettes inside Throwing open the French windows of the drawing-room we sat smoking out into the darkness August 13, 2007 7:36 p.m CUP/FOD Page-iv 9780521874144pre cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521874144 © Cambridge University Press 2008 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2008 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data ISBN 978-0-521-87414-4 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate and getwhy That’s some I can’t sleep.’ really Hecall shook myself his head an Oxford ‘I want man.’ to wait Tomhere glanced till Daisy around goes to to see bed if we Good mirrored night,his oldunbelief sport.’ He But put wehis were hands all looking in his coat at Gatsby pockets‘Itand was turned an opportunity back eagerly theytogave his scrutiny to someofofthe thehouse, officersasafter though the Armistice,’ my presence he marred continued the ‘We sacredness could gooftothe any vigil of the So universities I walked away in England and left him or France.’ standing I wanted there intothe getmoonlight—watching up and slap him on the overback noth-I ing had Free one of eBooks those renewals at Planet of eBook.com complete 157 faithChapter in him that I couldn’t I’d experisleep enced all night; before.a Daisy fog-horn rose, was smiling groaning faintly, in- cessantly and went to onthe thetable Sound, ‘Open and the I tossed whiskey, half-sick Tom,’between she ordered grotesque ‘And reality I’ll make and you savage a mintfrightening julep Then dreams you won’t Toward seemdawn so stupid I heard to yourself a taxi go upLook Gatsby’s at thedrive mint!’and ‘Wait immediately a minute,’ Isnapped jumped out Tom, of ‘Ibed want andtobegan ask Mr to Gatsby dress—I one feltmore that Iquestion.’ had something ‘Go on,’ to Gatsby tell him,said something politely.to‘What warn kind him about of a row and are morning you trying would to cause be tooinlate my Crossing house anyhow?’ his lawnThey I sawwere that out his front in thedoor openwas at last still and openGatsby and hewas wasconleaning tent.against ‘He isn’ta causing table in the a row.’ hall,Daisy heavylooked with dejection desperately or sleep from one ‘Nothing to thehappened,’ other ‘You’re he said causing wanly a row ‘I waited, Please and have about a little fourself o’clock control.’ she ‘Self camecontrol!’ to the window repeated and Tom stood incredulously there for a minute ‘I suppose and the thenlatest turned thing outisthe to light.’ sit back Hisand house let Mr hadNobody never seemed from Nowhere so enormous make love to me to as your it did wife that Well, night if that’s when the we hunted idea youthrough can count the great me out rooms Nowadays for cig- arettes people We begin pushed by sneering aside curtains at familythat life were and family like pavilions institutions andand felt next over they’ll innumerable throw everyfeet ofthing dark overboard wall for electric and have light switches—once intermarriage between I tumbled black with and a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano The amount of dust everywhere and the rooms were musty as though they hadn’t been aired for many days I found the humidor on an unfamiliar table with two stale dry cigarettes inside Throwing open the French windows of the drawing-room we sat smoking out into the darkness August 13, 2007 7:36 p.m CUP/FOD To my family Page-v 9780521874144pre and getwhy That’s some I can’t sleep.’ really Hecall shook myself his head an Oxford ‘I want man.’ to wait Tomhere glanced till Daisy around goes to to see bed if we Good mirrored night,his oldunbelief sport.’ He But put wehis were hands all looking in his coat at Gatsby pockets‘Itand was turned an opportunity back eagerly theytogave his scrutiny to someofofthe thehouse, officersasafter though the Armistice,’ my presence he marred continued the ‘We sacredness could gooftothe any vigil of the So universities I walked away in England and left him or France.’ standing I wanted there intothe getmoonlight—watching up and slap him on the overback noth-I ing had Free one of eBooks those renewals at Planet of eBook.com complete 157 faithChapter in him that I couldn’t I’d experisleep enced all night; before.a Daisy fog-horn rose, was smiling groaning faintly, in- cessantly and went to onthe thetable Sound, ‘Open and the I tossed whiskey, half-sick Tom,’between she ordered grotesque ‘And reality I’ll make and you savage a mintfrightening julep Then dreams you won’t Toward seemdawn so stupid I heard to yourself a taxi go upLook Gatsby’s at thedrive mint!’and ‘Wait immediately a minute,’ Isnapped jumped out Tom, of ‘Ibed want andtobegan ask Mr to Gatsby dress—I one feltmore that Iquestion.’ had something ‘Go on,’ to Gatsby tell him,said something politely.to‘What warn kind him about of a row and are morning you trying would to cause be tooinlate my Crossing house anyhow?’ his lawnThey I sawwere that out his front in thedoor openwas at last still and openGatsby and hewas wasconleaning tent.against ‘He isn’ta causing table in the a row.’ hall,Daisy heavylooked with dejection desperately or sleep from one ‘Nothing to thehappened,’ other ‘You’re he said causing wanly a row ‘I waited, Please and have about a little fourself o’clock control.’ she ‘Self camecontrol!’ to the window repeated and Tom stood incredulously there for a minute ‘I suppose and the thenlatest turned thing outisthe to light.’ sit back Hisand house let Mr hadNobody never seemed from Nowhere so enormous make love to me to as your it did wife that Well, night if that’s when the we hunted idea youthrough can count the great me out rooms Nowadays for cig- arettes people We begin pushed by sneering aside curtains at familythat life were and family like pavilions institutions andand felt next over they’ll innumerable throw everyfeet ofthing dark overboard wall for electric and have light switches—once intermarriage between I tumbled black with and a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano The amount of dust everywhere and the rooms were musty as though they hadn’t been aired for many days I found the humidor on an unfamiliar table with two stale dry cigarettes inside Throwing open the French windows of the drawing-room we sat smoking out into the darkness August 13, 2007 7:36 p.m CUP/FOD Page-vi 9780521874144pre and getwhy That’s some I can’t sleep.’ really Hecall shook myself his head an Oxford ‘I want man.’ to wait Tomhere glanced till Daisy around goes to to see bed if we Good mirrored night,his oldunbelief sport.’ He But put wehis were hands all looking in his coat at Gatsby pockets‘Itand was turned an opportunity back eagerly theytogave his scrutiny to someofofthe thehouse, officersasafter though the Armistice,’ my presence he marred continued the ‘We sacredness could gooftothe any vigil of the So universities I walked away in England and left him or France.’ standing I wanted there intothe getmoonlight—watching up and slap him on the overback noth-I ing had Free one of eBooks those renewals at Planet of eBook.com complete 157 faithChapter in him that I couldn’t I’d experisleep enced all night; before.a Daisy fog-horn rose, was smiling groaning faintly, in- cessantly and went to onthe thetable Sound, ‘Open and the I tossed whiskey, half-sick Tom,’between she ordered grotesque ‘And reality I’ll make and you savage a mintfrightening julep Then dreams you won’t Toward seemdawn so stupid I heard to yourself a taxi go upLook Gatsby’s at thedrive mint!’and ‘Wait immediately a minute,’ Isnapped jumped out Tom, of ‘Ibed want andtobegan ask Mr to Gatsby dress—I one feltmore that Iquestion.’ had something ‘Go on,’ to Gatsby tell him,said something politely.to‘What warn kind him about of a row and are morning you trying would to cause be tooinlate my Crossing house anyhow?’ his lawnThey I sawwere that out his front in thedoor openwas at last still and openGatsby and hewas wasconleaning tent.against ‘He isn’ta causing table in the a row.’ hall,Daisy heavylooked with dejection desperately or sleep from one ‘Nothing to thehappened,’ other ‘You’re he said causing wanly a row ‘I waited, Please and have about a little fourself o’clock control.’ she ‘Self camecontrol!’ to the window repeated and Tom stood incredulously there for a minute ‘I suppose and the thenlatest turned thing outisthe to light.’ sit back Hisand house let Mr hadNobody never seemed from Nowhere so enormous make love to me to as your it did wife that Well, night if that’s when the we hunted idea youthrough can count the great me out rooms Nowadays for cig- arettes people We begin pushed by sneering aside curtains at familythat life were and family like pavilions institutions andand felt next over they’ll innumerable throw everyfeet ofthing dark overboard wall for electric and have light switches—once intermarriage between I tumbled black with and a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano The amount of dust everywhere and the rooms were musty as though they hadn’t been aired for many days I found the humidor on an unfamiliar table with two stale dry cigarettes inside Throwing open the French windows of the drawing-room we sat smoking out into the darkness August 13, 2007 7:36 p.m CUP/FOD Page-vii 9780521874144pre Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction 1.1 Components of a digital communication system 1.2 Text outline 1.3 Further reading Modulation Preliminaries Complex baseband representation Spectral description of random processes Complex envelope for passband random processes Modulation degrees of freedom Linear modulation Examples of linear modulation Spectral occupancy of linearly modulated signals The Nyquist criterion: relating bandwidth to symbol rate Linear modulation as a building block Orthogonal and biorthogonal modulation Differential modulation Further reading Problems Signals and systems Complex baseband representation Random processes Modulation 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.4 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9.1 2.9.2 2.9.3 2.9.4 Demodulation 3.1 Gaussian basics 3.2 Hypothesis testing basics vii page xiii xvi 18 31 40 41 43 44 46 49 54 55 57 60 60 60 62 64 66 74 75 88 and getwhy That’s some I can’t sleep.’ really Hecall shook myself his head an Oxford ‘I want man.’ to wait Tomhere glanced till Daisy around goes to to see bed if we Good mirrored night,his oldunbelief sport.’ He But put wehis were hands all looking in his coat at Gatsby pockets‘Itand was turned an opportunity back eagerly theytogave his scrutiny to someofofthe thehouse, officersasafter though the Armistice,’ my presence he marred continued the ‘We sacredness could gooftothe any vigil of the So universities I walked away in England and left him or France.’ standing I wanted there intothe getmoonlight—watching up and slap him on the overback noth-I ing had Free one of eBooks those renewals at Planet of eBook.com complete 157 faithChapter in him that I couldn’t I’d experisleep enced all night; before.a Daisy fog-horn rose, was smiling groaning faintly, in- cessantly and went to onthe thetable Sound, ‘Open and the I tossed whiskey, half-sick Tom,’between she ordered grotesque ‘And reality I’ll make and you savage a mintfrightening julep Then dreams you won’t Toward seemdawn so stupid I heard to yourself a taxi go upLook Gatsby’s at thedrive mint!’and ‘Wait immediately a minute,’ Isnapped jumped out Tom, of ‘Ibed want andtobegan ask Mr to Gatsby dress—I one feltmore that Iquestion.’ had something ‘Go on,’ to Gatsby tell him,said something politely.to‘What warn kind him about of a row and are morning you trying would to cause be tooinlate my Crossing house anyhow?’ his lawnThey I sawwere that out his front in thedoor openwas at last still and openGatsby and hewas wasconleaning tent.against ‘He isn’ta causing table in the a row.’ hall,Daisy heavylooked with dejection desperately or sleep from one ‘Nothing to thehappened,’ other ‘You’re he said causing wanly a row ‘I waited, Please and have about a little fourself o’clock control.’ she ‘Self camecontrol!’ to the window repeated and Tom stood incredulously there for a minute ‘I suppose and the thenlatest turned thing outisthe to light.’ sit back Hisand house let Mr hadNobody never seemed from Nowhere so enormous make love to me to as your it did wife that Well, night if that’s when the we hunted idea youthrough can count the great me out rooms Nowadays for cig- arettes people We begin pushed by sneering aside curtains at familythat life were and family like pavilions institutions andand felt next over they’ll innumerable throw everyfeet ofthing dark overboard wall for electric and have light switches—once intermarriage between I tumbled black with and a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano The amount of dust everywhere and the rooms were musty as though they hadn’t been aired for many days I found the humidor on an unfamiliar table with two stale dry cigarettes inside Throwing open the French windows of the drawing-room we sat smoking out into the darkness August 13, 2007 7:36 p.m CUP/FOD viii Page-viii 9780521874144pre Contents 3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.6 3.6.1 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4 3.9.5 Signal space concepts Optimal reception in AWGN Geometry of the ML decision rule Soft decisions Performance analysis of ML reception Performance with binary signaling Performance with M-ary signaling Bit-level demodulation Bit-level soft decisions Elements of link budget analysis Further reading Problems Gaussian basics Hypothesis testing basics Receiver design and performance analysis for the AWGN channel Link budget analysis Some mathematical derivations 94 102 106 107 109 110 114 127 131 133 136 136 136 138 140 149 150 Synchronization and noncoherent communication Receiver design requirements Parameter estimation basics Likelihood function of a signal in AWGN Parameter estimation for synchronization Noncoherent communication Composite hypothesis testing Optimal noncoherent demodulation Differential modulation and demodulation Performance of noncoherent communication Proper complex Gaussianity Performance of binary noncoherent communication Performance of M-ary noncoherent orthogonal signaling Performance of DPSK Block noncoherent demodulation Further reading Problems 153 155 159 162 165 170 171 172 173 175 176 181 185 187 188 189 190 Channel equalization The channel model Receiver front end Eye diagrams Maximum likelihood sequence estimation Alternative MLSE formulation Geometric model for suboptimal equalizer design Linear equalization 199 200 201 203 204 212 213 216 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4.1 5.5 5.6 and getwhy That’s some I can’t sleep.’ really Hecall shook myself his head an Oxford ‘I want man.’ to wait Tomhere glanced till Daisy around goes to to see bed if we Good mirrored night,his oldunbelief sport.’ He But put wehis were hands all looking in his coat at Gatsby pockets‘Itand was turned an opportunity back eagerly theytogave his scrutiny to someofofthe thehouse, officersasafter though the Armistice,’ my presence he marred continued the ‘We sacredness could gooftothe any vigil of the So universities I walked away in England and left him or France.’ standing I wanted there intothe getmoonlight—watching up and slap him on the overback noth-I ing had Free one of eBooks those renewals at Planet of eBook.com complete 157 faithChapter in him that I couldn’t I’d experisleep enced all night; before.a Daisy fog-horn rose, was smiling groaning faintly, in- cessantly and went to onthe thetable Sound, ‘Open and the I tossed whiskey, half-sick Tom,’between she ordered grotesque ‘And reality I’ll make and you savage a mintfrightening julep Then dreams you won’t Toward seemdawn so stupid I heard to yourself a taxi go upLook Gatsby’s at thedrive mint!’and ‘Wait immediately a minute,’ Isnapped jumped out Tom, of ‘Ibed want andtobegan ask Mr to Gatsby dress—I one feltmore that Iquestion.’ had something ‘Go on,’ to Gatsby tell him,said something politely.to‘What warn kind him about of a row and are morning you trying would to cause be tooinlate my Crossing house anyhow?’ his lawnThey I sawwere that out his front in thedoor openwas at last still and openGatsby and hewas wasconleaning tent.against ‘He isn’ta causing table in the a row.’ hall,Daisy heavylooked with dejection desperately or sleep from one ‘Nothing to thehappened,’ other ‘You’re he said causing wanly a row ‘I waited, Please and have about a little fourself o’clock control.’ she ‘Self camecontrol!’ to the window repeated and Tom stood incredulously there for a minute ‘I suppose and the thenlatest turned thing outisthe to light.’ sit back Hisand house let Mr hadNobody never seemed from Nowhere so enormous make love to me to as your it did wife that Well, night if that’s when the we hunted idea youthrough can count the great me out rooms Nowadays for cig- arettes people We begin pushed by sneering aside curtains at familythat life were and family like pavilions institutions andand felt next over they’ll innumerable throw everyfeet ofthing dark overboard wall for electric and have light switches—once intermarriage between I tumbled black with and a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano The amount of dust everywhere and the rooms were musty as though they hadn’t been aired for many days I found the humidor on an unfamiliar table with two stale dry cigarettes inside Throwing open the French windows of the drawing-room we sat smoking out into the darkness August 13, 2007 7:36 p.m ix CUP/FOD Page-ix 9780521874144pre Contents 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.7 5.7.1 5.8 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.11.1 Adaptive implementations Performance analysis Decision feedback equalization Performance analysis Performance analysis of MLSE Union bound Transfer function bound Numerical comparison of equalization techniques Further reading Problems MLSE Information-theoretic limits and their computation 6.1 Capacity of AWGN channel: modeling and geometry 6.1.1 From continuous to discrete time 6.1.2 Capacity of the discrete time AWGN channel 6.1.3 From discrete to continuous time 6.1.4 Summarizing the discrete-time AWGN model 6.2 Shannon theory basics 6.2.1 Entropy, mutual information and divergence 6.2.2 The channel coding theorem 6.3 Some capacity computations 6.3.1 Capacity for standard constellations 6.3.2 Parallel Gaussian channels and waterfilling 6.4 Optimizing the input distribution 6.4.1 Convex optimization 6.4.2 Characterizing optimal input distributions 6.4.3 Computing optimal input distributions 6.5 Further reading 6.6 Problems Channel coding Binary convolutional codes Nonrecursive nonsystematic encoding Recursive systematic encoding Maximum likelihood decoding Performance analysis of ML decoding Performance analysis for quantized observations Turbo codes and iterative decoding The BCJR algorithm: soft-in, soft-out decoding Logarithmic BCJR algorithm Turbo constructions from convolutional codes The BER performance of turbo codes 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 223 226 228 230 231 232 237 240 242 243 243 252 253 256 257 259 261 263 265 270 272 272 277 280 281 282 284 287 287 293 294 295 297 298 303 309 311 311 320 325 328 and getwhy That’s some I can’t sleep.’ really Hecall shook myself his head an Oxford ‘I want man.’ to wait Tomhere glanced till Daisy around goes to to see bed if we Good mirrored night,his oldunbelief sport.’ He But put wehis were hands all looking in his coat at Gatsby pockets‘Itand was turned an opportunity back eagerly theytogave his scrutiny to someofofthe thehouse, officersasafter though the Armistice,’ my presence he marred continued the ‘We sacredness could gooftothe any vigil of the So universities I walked away in England and left him or France.’ standing I wanted there intothe getmoonlight—watching up and slap him on the overback noth-I ing had Free one of eBooks those renewals at Planet of eBook.com complete 157 faithChapter in him that I couldn’t I’d experisleep enced all night; before.a Daisy fog-horn rose, was smiling groaning faintly, in- cessantly and went to onthe thetable Sound, ‘Open and the I tossed whiskey, half-sick Tom,’between she ordered grotesque ‘And reality I’ll make and you savage a mintfrightening julep Then dreams you won’t Toward seemdawn so stupid I heard to yourself a taxi go upLook Gatsby’s at thedrive mint!’and ‘Wait immediately a minute,’ Isnapped jumped out Tom, of ‘Ibed want andtobegan ask Mr to Gatsby dress—I one feltmore that Iquestion.’ had something ‘Go on,’ to Gatsby tell him,said something politely.to‘What warn kind him about of a row and are morning you trying would to cause be tooinlate my Crossing house anyhow?’ his lawnThey I sawwere that out his front in thedoor openwas at last still and openGatsby and hewas wasconleaning tent.against ‘He isn’ta causing table in the a row.’ hall,Daisy heavylooked with dejection desperately or sleep from one ‘Nothing to thehappened,’ other ‘You’re he said causing wanly a row ‘I waited, Please and have about a little fourself o’clock control.’ she ‘Self camecontrol!’ to the window repeated and Tom stood incredulously there for a minute ‘I suppose and the thenlatest turned thing outisthe to light.’ sit back Hisand house let Mr hadNobody never seemed from Nowhere so enormous make love to me to as your it did wife that Well, night if that’s when the we hunted idea youthrough can count the great me out rooms Nowadays for cig- arettes people We begin pushed by sneering aside curtains at familythat life were and family like pavilions institutions andand felt next over they’ll innumerable throw everyfeet ofthing dark overboard wall for electric and have light switches—once intermarriage between I tumbled black with and a sort of splash upon the keys of a ghostly piano The amount of dust everywhere and the rooms were musty as though they hadn’t been aired for many days I found the humidor on an unfamiliar table with two stale dry cigarettes inside Throwing open the French windows of the drawing-room we sat smoking out into the darkness August 13, 2007 7:36 p.m x CUP/FOD Page-x 9780521874144pre Contents 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.3.5 7.3.6 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.5 7.6 7.7 Extrinsic information transfer charts Turbo weight enumeration Low density parity check codes Some terminology from coding theory Regular LDPC codes Irregular LDPC codes Message passing and density evolution Belief propagation Gaussian approximation Bandwidth-efficient coded modulation Bit interleaved coded modulation Trellis coded modulation Algebraic codes Further reading Problems 329 336 342 343 345 347 349 352 354 357 358 360 364 367 369 8.1 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.3 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.5 8.6 8.6.1 8.6.2 8.7 8.7.1 8.7.2 8.7.3 8.7.4 8.7.5 8.8 8.9 Wireless communication Channel modeling Fading and diversity The problem with Rayleigh fading Diversity through coding and interleaving Receive diversity Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Direct sequence spread spectrum The rake receiver Choice of spreading sequences Performance of conventional reception in CDMA systems Multiuser detection for DS-CDMA systems Frequency hop spread spectrum Continuous phase modulation Gaussian MSK Receiver design and Laurent’s expansion Space–time communication Space–time channel modeling Information-theoretic limits Spatial multiplexing Space–time coding Transmit beamforming Further reading Problems 379 380 387 387 390 393 397 406 409 413 415 417 426 428 432 433 439 440 443 447 448 451 451 453 Appendix A Probability, random variables, and random processes A.1 Basic probability A.2 Random variables 474 474 475