Ebook Strategic Marketing Planning: Part 2 presents the following content: Approaches to customer analysis; Missions and objectives; Market and environmental analysis; Market segmentation, targeting and positioning; The formulation of strategy 1: analysing the product portfolio. Please refer to the documentation for more details. Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.
Chapter Approaches to customer analysis 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a A P P R O A C H E S T O C U S T O M E R A N A LY S I S 221 6.1 Learning objectives When you have read this chapter you should be able to understand: (a) the factors that influence consumer behaviour; (b) the structure of the consumer buying decision process; (c) the nature of organizational buying; (d) how an understanding of buying processes can be used in the development of marketing strategy; (e) why relationship marketing is becoming an increasingly important strategic marketing tool, and how a relationship marketing programme can be developed 6.2 Introduction It has long been recognized that marketing planning is ultimately driven by the marketing planner’s perception of how and why customers behave as they do, and how they are likely to respond to the various elements of the marketing mix (see Illustration 6.1) Illustration 6.1 The advantages of understanding customer needs Although the arguments for constant and detailed customer analysis have been well rehearsed, 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 numerous organizations fall into the trap of believing that, because they deal with their customers on a day-to-day basis, they have a clear understanding of their needs and motivations The reality is, 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d however, often very different, as is shown for example by the ways in which companies are seemingly taken by surprise by the decline of major market sectors, the loss of long-standing 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 accounts, and by the way in which some 80 per cent of all new products launched fail There is c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca therefore an overwhelming argument for regular assessments (and reassessments) of what customers really want, their current levels of satisfaction, and the scope that exists for developing fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 new products and services that existing customers might buy Those who have done this include: fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be ➡ Accounting firms, which having been heavily committed to a mature product – the annual f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb company audit – used this as the entry point for developing a wide range of consultancy services They are now firmly positioned in the highly profitable management consultancy 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 market, having retained their stable core auditing business 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 222 S T R AT E G I C M A R K E T I N G P L A N N I N G ➡ Sony – one of the great success stories of the 1980s was the Sony Walkman Its development was brought about as the result of Sony’s Chairman, Akio Morita, observing that the quality of stereo on planes was poor The Sony Walkman technology was therefore developed initially for global travellers Once the technology was available, Sony recognized the product’s potential for a younger and far larger market ➡ Dulux, with its solid emulsion paint, which overcame the perennial problem faced by the DIY decorator – that of paint spattering over the floor The advantages of the product were capitalized upon in an intensive advertising campaign and confirmed Dulux’s position as the market leader (Source: Davidson, 1987a) In the majority of markets, however, buyers differ enormously in terms of their buying dynamics The task faced by the marketing planner in coming to terms with these differences is consequently complex In consumer markets, for example, not only buyers typically differ in terms of their age, income, educational levels and geographical location, but more fundamentally in terms of their personality, their lifestyles and their expectations In the case of organizational and industrial markets, differences are often exhibited in the goals being pursued, the criteria employed by those involved in the buying process, the formality of purchasing policies, and the constraints that exist in the form of delivery dates and expected performance levels Despite these complexities, it is essential that the marketing planner understands in detail the dynamics of the buying process, since the costs and competitive implications of failing to 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d so are likely to be significant In the case of new product development, for example, it is generally recognized that some 80 per cent of all new products launched fail – a statistic that 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 owes much to a lack of understanding of customers’ expectations It is for these sorts of reasons that a considerable amount of research has been conducted in the post-war period in order to provide us with a greater understanding of buying patterns, and to enable us to predict more c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 readily how buyers will behave in any given situation Within this chapter we therefore focus upon some of the factors that influence behaviour and how subsequently they influence fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be marketing strategy It does need to be emphasized, however, that a series of interrelationships exist between this material and the areas covered in Chapter 9, which examines approaches to segmentation, targeting and positioning The reader might therefore find it useful at this stage f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 to turn briefly to Chapter to identify the nature of these interrelationships before continuing 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a A P P R O A C H E S T O C U S T O M E R A N A LY S I S 223 6.3 A simple model of buyer behaviour Irrespective of whether the marketing planner is operating in a consumer, industrial or organizational market, there are eight questions that underpin any understanding of buyer behaviour: Who is in the market, and what is the extent of their power with regard to the organization? What they buy? Why they buy? Who is involved in the buying? How they buy? When they buy? Where they buy? What are the customers’ ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ spots? (Hot spots are those elements of the marketing offer that the customer sees to be particularly important and reassuring – and on which the organization delivers; ‘cold’ spots are those elements that alienate the customer – for example, poor or inconsistent service.) It is the answers to these questions that should provide the marketing planner with an understanding of the ways in which buyers are most likely to respond to marketing stimuli It then follows from this that the organization that makes the best use of the information should be in a position to gain a competitive advantage For this reason, a considerable amount of time, effort and money has been spent over the past few decades in attempting to provide the marketing planner with a series of answers 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d The starting point for much of this work has been a straightforward stimulus–response model of the sort illustrated in Figure 6.1 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 Here, stimuli in the form both of the external environment and of the elements of the marketing mix enter the buyer’s ‘black box’ and interact with the buyer’s characteristics and decision processes to produce a series of outputs in the form of purchase decisions Included c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 within these is the question of whether to buy and, if so, which product and brand, which dealer, when, and in what quantities The task faced by the marketing planner therefore fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be involves understanding how this black box operates To this, we need to consider the two principal components of the box: first, the factors that the individual brings to the buying situation, and secondly, the decision processes that are used We will therefore begin by f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 focusing upon these background factors – cultural, social, personal and psychological – as a prelude to examining the detail of the decision process itself 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 224 S T R AT E G I C M A R K E T I N G P L A N N I N G Figure 6.1 A stimulus–response model of buyer behaviour However, before doing this we need to highlight just one of the major changes of the past few years – that of the emergence of what might loosely be termed ‘the new consumer’ The new consumer is typically far more demanding and far more discriminating than consumers of the past, as well as being far less brand-loyal and much more willing to complain In many 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d ways the emergence of this new type of consumer represents one of the biggest challenges for marketers, since their expectations of organizations and their relationships that they demand 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 are very different from anything previously The characteristics and marketing implications of the new consumer are examined in some detail at a later stage in this chapter, although Illustration 6.2 provides the reader with an overview of some of their key features c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 Taking just one of the twelve characteristics listed in Illustration 6.2 – the changed and changing roles of men and women – its significance can perhaps be appreciated by the fact that fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be more than 40 per cent of new cars that are bought privately are now bought by women; this compares with less than per cent in 1970 From the viewpoint of the car manufacturers the implications have been enormous, and have had to be reflected not just in terms of the design f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 of cars, but also the nature of the market research conducted, the advertising and promotion carried out, and the approach to selling 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a A P P R O A C H E S T O C U S T O M E R A N A LY S I S 225 Illustration 6.2 The emergence of the new consumer In many ways, the most significant and far-reaching legacies for marketing of the economic and social changes and turbulence of the late 1980s and early 1990s are reflected in what we might loosely refer to as the emergence of the ‘new’ consumer and the ‘new’ competitor (the dimensions of the new competitor were discussed in Chapter 5) Although neither is necessarily new in any absolute sense, they differ in a series of ways from traditional consumers and competitors in that their expectations, values and patterns of behaviour are all very different from that with which marketing planners traditionally had to come to terms The consequences of this are manifested in several ways but, in the case of the new consumer, by the way in which the degree of understanding of customers’ motivations must be far greater and the marketing effort tailored more firmly and clearly to the patterns of specific need We can therefore see the new consumer as being characterized by: ➡ The development of new value systems ➡ A greater emphasis upon value for money ➡ Higher levels of price awareness and price sensitivity ➡ An increased demand for and a willingness to accept more and exciting new products ➡ Less technophobia ➡ Lower levels of brand and supplier loyalty, and the development of what might be referred to as customer and brand promiscuity ➡ A greater willingness to experiment with new products, ideas and delivery systems ➡ A generally far more questioning and sceptical attitude towards government, big business and 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 brands ➡ Higher levels of environmental awareness e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 ➡ Fundamental changes in family structures and relationships ➡ The changed and changing roles of men and women ➡ The emergence of an infinitely more media-, advertising-, brand- and technologically-literate f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc generation of consumers e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 (These themes are explored in greater detail in the Appendix to this chapter.) 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be 6.4 Factors influencing consumer behaviour f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 From the viewpoint of the marketing planner, the mix of cultural, social, personal and 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 psychological factors that influence behaviour and are illustrated in Figure 6.2 are largely noncontrollable Because of the influence they exert upon patterns of buying, it is essential that as 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 226 S T R AT E G I C M A R K E T I N G P L A N N I N G Cultural Culture Sub-culture Social class Social Reference groups Family Roles and status Personal Age and life cycle stage Occupation Economic circumstances Lifestyle and personality Figure 6.2 Psychological Motivation Learning Perception Beliefs and attitudes The buyer Factors influencing consumer behaviour much effort as possible is put into understanding how they interact and, ultimately, how they influence purchase behaviour In doing this, it is important not to lose sight of the differences that exist between customers and consumers, and the implications of these differences for strategy The term ‘consumer’ is typically taken to mean the final user, who is not necessarily the customer In the case of foodstuffs such as breakfast cereals, for example, the buyer (generally still the housewife) acts on behalf of her family For the marketing mix to be 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d effective, it is quite obviously essential that the strategist therefore understands not just what the customer wants (e.g value for money) but also what the consumer wants (e.g taste, free 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 gifts, image) c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae The significance of culture 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 The most fundamental of the four influencing forces, and hence the logical starting point for 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be any analysis of behaviour, is the buyer’s set of cultural factors These include culture, subculture and social class Of these, it is the culture of the society itself that typically proves to be the most fundamental and enduring influence on behaviour Human behaviour is, as f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 Kotler (1988, p 175) has observed, ‘largely the result of a learning process and as such individuals grow up learning a set of values, perceptions, preferences and behavior patterns as 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a A P P R O A C H E S T O C U S T O M E R A N A LY S I S 227 the result of socialization both within the family and a series of other key institutions’ From this we develop a set of values that Schiffman and Kanuk (1983, pp 404–420) suggest, in the Western world at least, include achievement, success, efficiency, progress, material comfort, practicality, individualism, freedom, humanitarianism, youthfulness and practicality It is these that to a very large extent determine and drive our patterns of behaviour This broad set of values is then influenced in turn by the subcultures in which we develop These include nationality groups, religious groups, racial groups and geographical areas, all of which exhibit degrees of difference in ethnic taste, cultural preferences, taboos, attitudes and lifestyle The influence of subcultures is subsequently affected by a third set of variables; social stratification and, in particular, social class The significance of social class as a determinant of behaviour is discussed in some detail in Chapter At this stage we will therefore simply highlight its key characteristics, which, traditionally at least, have been suggested as being as follows: People within a particular social class are more similar than those from different social classes Social class is determined by a series of variables, such as occupation, income, education and values, rather than by a single variable Individuals can move from one social class to another Although research in recent years has led to a modification of these ideas as the degree of social mobility has increased, the most important single implication of social class is the still-valid assumption that it exerts a significant degree of influence in areas such as clothing, cars, leisure pursuits and media preferences 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 Social factors dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 Against this background of cultural forces, the strategist needs then to turn to an examination of the influence exerted by a series of social factors, including reference groups, family, social c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae role and status Reference groups can be divided into four types: 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be Primary membership groups, which are generally informal and to which individuals belong and within which they interact These include family, neighbours, colleagues and friends Secondary membership groups, which tend to be more formal than primary groups and within f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 which less interaction typically takes place Included within these are trade unions, religious groups and professional societies 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 228 S T R AT E G I C M A R K E T I N G P L A N N I N G Aspirational groups, which are groups to which an individual would like to belong Dissociative groups, which are groups whose values and behaviour the individual rejects The influence exerted by reference groups tends to vary considerably from one product and brand to another, as well as at different stages of the individual’s life cycle Among the products and brands that typically have been found to be influenced most directly by reference group behaviour are cars, drinks, clothing and cigarettes The influence of reference groups does, however, change over the course of the product life cycle In the introductory stage, for example, the question of whether to buy is heavily influenced by others, although the influence upon the choice of brand is not particularly significant In the growth stage the group influences both product and brand choice, while in maturity it is the brand but not the product that is subject to this influence The influence of reference groups in the decline stage is almost invariably weak in terms of both the product and brand choice The implications of these findings are significant, and provide the marketing planner with a series of guidelines, the most important of which centres on the need to identify the opinion leaders for each reference group Our understanding of opinion leadership has developed considerably over the past few years, and whereas at one time it was believed that opinion leadership was limited primarily to prominent figures within society this is no longer seen to be the case Rather, it is recognized that an individual may well be an opinion leader in certain circumstances, but an opinion follower in others Quite obviously, this makes the task of identifying opinion leaders more difficult and gives emphasis to the need to understand not just the demographic, but particularly the psychographic characteristics of the group that the strategist is attempting to influence 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 For many products, however, it is the family that exerts the greatest single influence on behaviour This includes both the family of orientation (parents, brothers and sisters) and the e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 family of procreation (spouse and children) The significance of the family as a determinant of buying behaviour has long been recognized, and for this reason it has been the subject of a considerable amount of research in order to identify the roles and relative influence exerted by f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc different family members Although it is not our intention to examine this area in detail, there are several general conclusions that have emerged from this research and that merit emphasis e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae at this stage: 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 ➡ The involvement of both partners within a relationship regarding purchase decisions varies 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be greatly from one product category to another, with women still playing the principal role in the purchasing of food and clothing Although this has changed somewhat over the past few years as the proportion of working women has increased and divorce rates have f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 escalated, the Institute of Grocery Distribution has estimated that, in the UK, women still account for some 80 per cent of food purchases 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 614 INDEX Effectiveness, 13–15 See also Marketing effectiveness Efficiency, 13–14 economic efficiency, 156 technical efficiency, 156 Effort, 128–9 See also Cost Electrolux, 176, 186, 535 Electronic marketing, 35 Ellison, Harry, 215 Emergent strategies, 50–3 Emirates Airline, 87 Encirclement attacks, 552–4 Engel, J.F., 240, 241 Entrepreneurial School, 48 Entry barriers, 332 collapse of, 383 creation of, 501 Environment See Competitive environment; Marketing environment Environmental issues, 366–7 influence on objectives, 312–13, 317 Environmental scanning, 388–92 benefits of, 388–9 filtration process, 389–90 mentality filter, 390 power filter, 390 surveillance filter, 390 responsibility for, 391 See also Marketing environment Environmental School, 50 Environmental variables, 82 Ethical consumerism, 281 Ethical issues, 209–10 market intelligence and, 212–16 Evans, F.B., 426 Excellence, achievement of, 584–9 Exit barriers, 332 External audit, 82 Extra value proposition (EVP), 274 development of, 514–15 Fahey, L., 362 Family: changing family relationships, 278–9, 368, 369–72 growth of single parent families, 367 influence on buyer behaviour, 227–8 Family life cycle (FLC), 417–18 Federal Express, 16, 542–3 Festinger, L., 258 Fiat, 16–17 Fielding, Helen, 371 Fifield, P., 381, 437, 513 First Direct, 64, 383, 384, 493, 514, 577 First Group, 185 Flank attacks, 551–2 Flanking defence, 534–5 Flodhammer, A., 432 Focus strategy, 476, 477, 482–5 Ford, 322, 414, 426, 524 Ford, R., 420–1 4Cs (A Cross-Cultural Consumer Characterization), 429 Four horsemen of the corporate apocalypse, 38–9 Four Ps of marketing, Foxall, G., 240–2 Fragmented industry, 488 Freud, Sigmund, 230, 243 Frontal attacks, 551 Fruhan, W.E., 541 Fuji, 523 Functional audit, 115 Functional cost groups, 133 Functional level strategy, 12 Fuzzy clustering, 421 Galbraith, J.K., 230 Gale, B.T., 114 Gatekeeper role, 256 Gates, Bill, 576 Gateway, 577 General Electric, 323, 324, 551 multifactor portfolio model, 462–4 General Foods, 208, 423 General Motors, 385, 414, 524 Geodemographic segmentation, 414–16 Geographic segmentation, 412–14 Geroski, P., 501 Gestetner, 182, 551 Giles, W., 60 Gillette, 523, 552 Gilligan, C.T., 437 Globalization, 29 competitive advantage and, 494 Goal setting, 290 See also Objectives Goals down/plans up, 451 Golden Wonder, 523, 535 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a INDEX Good competitors, 208–9 Grand Met, 524 Grashof, J.F., 82–3, 84 Greenley, G.E., 19 Group households, 368 Gubar, G., 417 Guerrilla attacks, 5546 Guiltinan, J.P., 324 Hăaagen-Dazs, 444, 569, 570–2 Haley, Russell J., 405, 422–3 Hamel, G., 29, 35, 274, 359, 379, 380, 501–2, 567, 572 Hammer, M., 586 Hammermesh, R.G., 527 Hammond, J.S., 183–4, 198, 462, 464, 465 Handy, Charles, 354, 358 Harding, M., 254 Harley Davidson, 182, 183, 503 Harvey-Jones, Sir John, 292 Haspelagh, P., 471 Healthy lifestyles, emphasis on, 281 Heinz, 442, 552 Henderson, Bruce, 202, 488 Hertz, 523 Herzberg, F., 231 Heskett, J.L., 273 Hewlett-Packard, 552, 585 High spending, 543 Hill, R.W., 251 Hill, S., 382 Hinckley, L.C., 469 Hitachi, 215 Hofer, C.W., 12 Hohner, 561 Hollingworth, Crawford, 274 Honda, 336, 522, 524, 553, 564 Honeywell, 551–2 Hooley, G.J., 25, 567 Hoover, 176, 186, 322, 348, 535, 575 Hotpoint, 186 Hunter, V.L., 272–3 Hypercompetition emergence, 382–4 IBM, 259, 323, 376, 382, 433, 478, 523, 551, 564 Ikea, 87, 494, 503 IMP (International Marketing and Purchasing of Industrial Goods), 261 Income segmentation, 419–21 Indesit, 186 Indirect costs, 130 Indulgence, desire for, 281 Industrial buying behaviour, See Organizational buying behaviour Industrial espionage, 212–14, 215–16 Industrial market, 249 segmentation approaches, 430–3 Industry attractiveness, 463 Industry breakpoints, 375–9 convergent breakpoints, 377 divergent breakpoints, 375 Industry demand, 199–200 Industry structure, 184–6 Industry types, 487–8 fragmented industry, 488 specialized industry, 488 stalemated industry, 488 volume industry, 488 Innovation, 523 distribution innovation, 550 networked innovation, 537 product innovation, 550 service innovation, 550 Intel, 384, 587 Interest groups, 14–15 Internal audit, 82 Internal marketing, 307 Internet marketing, competitive advantage and, 508–14 Interruption marketing, 510 Isuzo, 524 Iteration, 100 Ivester, Douglas, 576 615 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 Jackson, K.F., 293–4 Jacobson, R., 530 Japanese Airlines, 482 J.C Bamford, 297 JICNARS classification, 419–20 Johnson, G., 45, 298, 301, 311–12, 313–14, 343, 349 Johnson, H.G., 432 Joseph, L., 416 Jupiter Communications, 556 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 Kakabadse, A., 308–9 Kanuk, L.L., 226 Kashani, K., 27–8 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 616 INDEX Kawasaki, 564 Kellogg, 244, 505 Klein, Naomi, 555–6 Knorr, 552 Kodak, 177, 178, 523 Komatsu, 553, 554, 585 Kotler, P., 96, 201–2, 225, 247, 320, 373, 468, 523, 558, 560 Kwik Save, 440, 480, 493, 587 Lacoste, 481 Laid-back competitors, 201 Laker, Freddie, 536, 551 Land Rover, 437, 483, 533 Land’s End, 574 Laura Ashley, 483 Law of marketing gravity, 575–8 Learning School, 49 Learning to forget, 29, 569 Lederer, C., 382 Left-handed organizations, 21–3 Legal environment, 364–6 Legislative framework, 364–5, 383 Lever Brothers, 582 Levi Strauss, 244, 402, 484, 485, 514 Levitt, Theodore, 187, 387, 452, 534, 558 Lewis, D., 242 Lexus, 304 Liddell-Hart, 549 Lidl, 478, 587 Lifestyle segmentation, 425–30 AIO framework, 428–9 Taylor Nelson’s Monitor, 430 VALS framework, 427–8 Young and Rubicam’s 4Cs, 429 Littlewoods, 574 Lo-Cost, 587 Loctite, 561 Loudon, A., 537 Loyalty schemes, 271 See also Customer loyalty; Relationship marketing Lucozade, 197, 444 McClelland, D.C., 250 McColl-Kennedy, J.R., 469 McDonald, M.H.B., 4, 59–60, 79–80, 290–1, 295–6, 326, 469–70, 496, 513, 584 McDonald’s, 23, 246, 480, 494 McGonagle, J.J., 214 McKay, E.S., 319, 324 MacLennan, Nigel, 304 Macro-environmental forces, 82 Macroenvironment, 119, 352–3 Makita, 480 Management, 8–10 Managers, types of, 360 Managing in mature markets, 582–3 March, J.G., 250 Marketing objectives, 43 Market attractiveness–business position assessment, 461–8 General Electric multifactor portfolio model, 462–4 Market boundaries, 531 Market Commitment model, 63–4 Market coverage, 436–40 full market coverage, 437 market niching and focusing, 438–40 market specialization, 437 product specialization, 437 selective specialization, 437 single segment concentration, 437 Market domination, 384–6 Market expansion, 522–3 Market fashionization, 381 Market fragmentation, 381 Market intelligence: corporate culture and, 214–16 ethical issues, 212–16 See also Competitive intelligence system (CIS) Market learning, 392–3 Market niching, 438–40 Market orientation, 5–6 Market position: defence of, 533 influence on strategy, 519–20 market challengers and followers, 519–20, 540–1, 557–9 See also Strategies for market challengers; Strategies for market followers market leaders, 519, 521 See also Strategies for market leaders market nichers, 520 supernichers, 561–2 See also Strategies for market nichers See also Competitive position 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a INDEX Market redefinition, 542–3 Market Research Society occupation groupings, 420, 421 Market segmentation, 6, 284–5, 397–8 analysis stage, 403 approaches to, 404–5, 408–11 a priori approach, 405 post hoc approach, 405 bases for, 411–12, 413 behavioural segmentation, 422–5 brand enthusiasm, 425 critical events, 425 loyalty status, 424–5 user status, 423–4 benefits of, 399 demographic segmentation, 416–22 family life cycle, 417–18 income and occupation, 419–21 NS-SEC, 421–2 psychological life cycle, 518–419 sex, 422 factors affecting feasibility of, 406–8 geodemographic segmentation, 414–16 geographic segmentation, 412–14 industrial market segmentation, 430–3 market targeting, 434–6 multiple segmentation, 401–3 nature and purpose of, 398–404 changing nature of, 405–6 development of segments over time, 404 undifferentiated, differentiated and concentrated marketing, 399–403 profiling stage, 403 psychographic and lifestyle segmentation, 425–30 AIO framework, 428–9 Taylor Nelson’s Monitor, 430 VALS framework, 427–8 Young and Rubicam’s 4Cs, 429 segment attractiveness, 434–5, 438 survey stage, 403 See also Market coverage Market share: analysis, 343 defence of, 523 expansion of, 525 PIMS study, 525–31 Market structure, 408 Market targeting, 398, 434–6 Market variables, 82 Market volatility, 28–9 Marketing: acceptance, 26 analysis, 75 challenges, 27–8, 31 changing emphases, 31–4 priorities, 33 definitions of, 3–4 redefining, 27–31 mid-life crisis, 24–6 nature of, 3–8 neo-marketing approach, 38 shift of focus, 34–6 value of, 25–6 Marketing arrogance, 576 Marketing audit, 75, 79–84, 114–24 auditing process, 118 components of, 118–23 comprehensive auditing, 115 definitions, 80 external audit, 82 independent auditing, 116–17 internal audit, 82 reasons for, 117–18 regular auditing, 117 stages, 82–4 structure and focus, 81–2 systematic auditing, 115–16 use of results, 124 Marketing contribution, 138 Marketing cost analysis, 130–6 segmental analysis, 136–8 variable costing, 138 See also Cost Marketing effectiveness, 18–19 dimensions of, 18–19 review, 75, 84–8 Marketing environment: analysis of, 81–2, 118, 343–51 approaches to, 387–93 audit of environmental influences, 343, 344 balance sheet approach, 342 continuous monitoring, 362–3 environment types, 345–7 evolution of environmental analysis, 361–3 implications of environmental change, 348 information system, 363 static, dynamic and complex environments, 348–50 See also Environmental scanning 617 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 618 INDEX Marketing environment (Continued) changing environment, 284–5, 341–2 implications of, 348 patterns of change, 358 responding to, 359–61 demographic environment, 367–73 economic environment, 366–7 future changes, 379–86 hypercompetition emergence, 382–4 market domination, 384–6 nature of, 351–9 new marketing environment, 357–9 strategic windows, 355 physical environment, 366–7 political environment, 364–6 social environment, 367–73 technological environment, 373–5 See also Environment Marketing experimentation, 154–5 Marketing functions audit, 119 Marketing gravity, law of, 575–8 Marketing hubris, 576 Marketing information system (MkIS), 88–9 Marketing mix, 7–8 redefining, 350–1 relationship marketing and, 270 Marketing myopia, 387, 575 relationship marketing myopia, 271–2 Marketing organization audit, 119 Marketing orientation, 4–6, 31 See also Customer orientation Marketing plan, 64–8 implementation, 71–2 testing and evaluation, 70–2 Marketing planning: barriers to, 59–60 benefits of, 58–9 changing focus of, 333–6 commitment and support, 61 implementation, 296 management of, 60–1 mindset significance, 68–70 new consumer implications for, 242–6 complicated simplicity, 245 new radicalism, 246 super-powered consumers, 245–6 problems of, 295–6 strategic planning relationship, 19–20 See also Planning; Strategic marketing planning Marketing productivity audit, 119 Marketing silliness, 576 Marketing strategy, 53–6, 285 audit, 118 market evolution influence on, 580–2 search for future competitiveness and, 565–72 See also Strategy Marketing systems audit, 119 Marks & Spencer, 15, 23, 244, 299, 440, 475, 480, 482, 498–501, 575, 576 Marlboro, 64, 493 Marriott Hotels, 64 Mars, 195 Martilla, J.C., 255–6 Maslow, A.E., 231 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 231–2 Mass marketing, 34, 35, 399–400 Matching strategies, 99 Mattel, 556 Mature markets, managing in, 582–3 Maximum sustainable growth, 461 Mazda, 524 Mazur, L., 575–6 Mentality filter, 390 Mercedes-Benz, 64, 102, 103, 480, 536, 540 Merck, 64 Mergers, 104 Merriden, 69 Michelin, 543–4, 552 Micro-environmental actors, 82 Microenvironment, 352 Microsoft, 64, 384, 576 Miles, R.E., 314, 345 Millenium Direct, 370 Minolta, 523 Mintzberg, H., 46, 47, 48–53, 333–5 Mission statement, 284 characteristics of good mission statements, 299–300 danger of bland mission statements, 303–4 influences on, 301–2 modification over time, 300 starting point, 302–3 Missions, 128, 284 corporate mission establishment, 297–9 See also Mission statement need for communication, 304 Mita, 551 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a INDEX Mitsubishi, 503, 524, 533 Mobile defence, 534 Mobility barriers, 501 Moments of truth, 269 Monitor typology, 430 Monopolistic competition, 185 Monopoly, 184 Monsanto, 433 Morgan, 407, 434, 483 Morgan, Adam, 556–7 Morgan, N., 71–2 Morita, Akio, 538 MOSAIC, 416 MOST (Mission, Objectives, Strategy, Tactics), 298 Mothercare, 440 Motivation theories, 229–31 Multiple segmentation, 401–3 Napster, 537, 557 National Express, 185 Nattermann, P., 508 Naumann, E., 113 Negative sum games, 583 Neo-marketing approach, 38 Nestl´e, 182, 208, 414, 505 Netto, 281, 440, 478, 480, 489, 493, 587 Networked innovation, 537 New consumers, 223, 224, 383 implications for marketing planning, 242–6 complicated simplicity, 245 new radicalism, 246 super-powered consumers, 245–6 rise of, 242–3 New radicalism, 246 New strategies gap, 328–9 Next, 574 Niche marketing, 438–40 Nicosia, F.M., 240, 241 Nike, 246, 481, 587 Nikon, 523 No Logo, 555–6 Nokia, 503, 507 Nordstrom, ă K., 507 Northwest Airlines, 5367 NS-SEC (National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification), 421–2 Objectives, 293, 315–32 competitors’ objectives, 320–2 customer’ objectives identification, 200–1 influences on, 310–15 external influences, 312–13 individual and group expectations, 315 nature of the business, 313 organizational culture, 313–14 marketing objectives, 43, 324–6 nature of corporate objectives, 318–19 offensive corporate objectives development, 322–3 primary and secondary objectives, 316 principle of, 534 rethinking business objectives, 317 setting, 290–3, 319, 322, 326 SMART objectives, 316 time horizons and, 317–18 truly ambitious objectives, 323–4 O’Brien, S., 420–1 Occupation-based segmentation, 419–21 Ohmae, Kenichi, 68–70, 204 Oil crisis, 353–4 Oligopoly, 184 Olympic goal, 56 One-person households, 368 One-to-one marketing, 34–6, 402, 403 Operational excellence, 587 Operational variables, 82 Operations gap, 328 Opinion leaders, 227 Opportunities, 88–92 environmental analysis, 343–4 Opportunity cost, 132 Oracle, 215 Orange, 508, 556 Organizational buying behaviour, 247–62 corruption issues, 262, 263 decision making, 256–62 industrial market, 249 influences on industrial buyers, 253–6 information sources, 255–6 models of, 260–2 responsibility for, 251–3 risk management, 257–8 types of buying decision, 249–50 modified rebuy, 250 new task, 250 straight rebuy, 249–50 See also Buyer behaviour 619 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 620 INDEX Organizational culture, 33–4 competitor analysis, 201 corruption and, 263 cultural web, 313–14 influence on objectives, 313–14 intelligence gathering and, 214–16 types of, 314 Organizational learning, 392–3 Organizational structure, 33–4 Ouchi, W., 297 Over-positioning, 442 Overall cost leadership, See Cost leadership strategy Packaging, 481 Packard, V., 230 Pan Am, 551 Panasonic, 551 Pareto’s Law, 271 Partnerships, 350–1 Pascale, R.T., 525, 557 Paul, G.W., 324 Paul Masson California Carafes, 408–9 Payne, Andrew, 270 PC World, 186 Penguin, 182 Pentax, 523, 569 People Express, 544 Pepsi Cola, 523 Perceptions, influence on buyer behaviour, 231–4, 239 Performance–importance matrix, 94 Permission marketing, 510–11 Persil, 482–3 Personal computer industry, 375–7 Personal influences on buyer behaviour, 228, 229 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) framework, 284, 344, 345, 363 Peters, T.J., 295, 358–9, 585 Pettigrew, A.M., 256 Philip Morris, 323 Physical environment, 366–7 Piercy, N.F., 56–8, 59, 71–2, 98–100, 271–2, 303–4 Pilditch, J., 297 PIMS (Profit Impact of Market Strategy) database, 166–9 market share study, 525–31 PINPOINT, 416 Pizza Hut, 556 Planning, 44–7 lost art of, 62 purpose of, 293–7 three dimensions of, 56–60 See also Marketing planning; Strategic marketing planning; Strategic planning Planning School, 48 Polaroid, 523, 573 Political environment, 364–6 Polli, R., 579 Polyglotting, 422 Popcorn, Faith, 433 Population growth, 368 Porras, J.I., 305–6, 323 Porsche, 440, 539, 561 Porter, Michael, 108–9, 181, 208, 285, 363, 434, 476–9, 482–6, 527, 541–2 Portfolio analysis, 192–3, 454–61 Abell and Hammond’s 3x3 chart, 464, 465 Arthur D Little (ADL) strategic condition model, 464–8 Boston Consulting Group matrices: growth–gain matrix, 459–61 growth–share and growth–gain matrices, 454–7, 469 criticisms of, 468–71 market attractiveness and business position assessment, 461–8 General Electric multifactor portfolio model, 462–4 pitfalls of, 457–61 Shell directional policy matrix (DPM), 464, 465, 469, 470 Positioning, 398, 440–1 errors, 442 See also Competitive position; Market position; Product positioning Positioning School, 48 Post Office, 15–16, 18, 294–5 Post-purchase dissonance, 258–9 Power filter, 390 Power School, 49 Prahalad, C.K., 29, 35, 359, 379, 380, 501–2, 567, 572 Pratt, S., 584 Pre-emptive defence, 535–6 Price discounting, 550 Primary activities, 108–9 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a INDEX Primary demand, 199 Primary membership groups, 226 Primary objectives, 316 Principle of mass, 534 Principle of the objective, 534 Proactive firms, 322 Procter and Gamble, 215, 494, 523, 536, 537, 582 Product categories, 453–4 Product leadership, 587 Product life cycle (PLC), 375, 578 competition and, 203 influence on strategy, 578–84 managerial style and, 583–4 Product portfolio, See Portfolio analysis Product positioning, 440–4 capitalizing on competitive advantage, 441–3 repositioning strategies, 444 Product specialization, 437 Product superiority, 493 Product variety marketing, 400–1 Productivity, 155–7 index, 156–7 Profitability: customer profitability analysis (CPA), 139–40 related to market share, 525–31 Projects, 128 Prospectors, 314 Psychographic segmentation, 425–30 AIO framework, 428–9 Taylor Nelson’s Monitor, 430 VALS framework, 427–8 Young and Rubicam’s 4Cs, 429 Psychological influences on buyer behaviour, 228–31 Psychological life cycle, 418–19 Public responsibility, 317 Publicis, 244 Raleigh, 534 Range Rover, 437 Ratios: analysis, 159–62, 163–6 interfirm comparison, 162–6 ratio pyramids, 156, 158, 160, 161 return on capital employed (ROCE), 158, 166–9 return on investment (ROI), 158–9, 160–1 tertiary ratios, 159 use of, 157–9 RCA, 551 Reactive firms, 322 Reading, B., 418 Reconfiguration, 542 Reference groups, 226–7 aspirational groups, 227 dissociative groups, 227 primary membership groups, 226 secondary membership groups, 226 Reid, D.M., 469 Relationship marketing, 262–75 customer community development, 272–4 customer promiscuity significance, 274–5 marketing mix and, 270 relationship building, 270–1 relationship marketing myopia, 271–2 relationship strategy development, 266–8 Renault Espace, 539 Rentokil, 64 Repositioning strategies, 444 Resnik, A.J., 398 Resource utilization, 128 Retail banking sector, 401–2 Return on capital employed (ROCE), 158, 166–9 Return on investment (ROI), 158–9, 160–1, 462 Richardson, R., 46–7 Richardson, W., 46–7 Ridderstrale, J., 507 Ries, A., 29, 441 Riesman, D., 425 Rifkin, S., 481 Right-handed organizations, 21–3 Right-side-up organizations, 23 Risk, 8, 330–2 Risk Advisory Group, 215–16 Risk management: in organizational buying, 257–8 Roach, J.D.C., 528–9 Robinson, P.J., 256 Roddick, Anita, 317 Ryanair, 176, 304, 440, 478, 489, 539, 543 621 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 Safeway, 508, 555 SAGACITY, 418 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 622 INDEX Sainsbury’s, 186, 440, 480, 482, 508 Salancik, G.R., 365 Samsung, 493 Satisficing, 320 Saunders, J.A., 25, 285, 397, 478, 482, 533, 535, 551, 559, 567 Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS), 23–4, 269 Schendel, D.E., 12 Schiffman, L.G., 226 Scholes, H.K., 45, 298, 301, 311–12, 313–14, 343, 349 Seat, 322 Secondary membership groups, 226 Secondary objectives, 316 Segmental analysis, 136–8 activity-based costing, 143–54 data interpretation, 151–4 customer profitability analysis, 139–40 Segmental costs, 133 Segmental flanking, 552 Segmentation, See Market segmentation Seiko, 536, 553 Selective attention, 232–3 Selective competitors, 201–2 Selective demand, 199–200 Selective distortion, 233 Selective retention, 233 Selective specialization, 437 Service, See Customer service SERVQUAL dimensions, 114, 115 Sevin, C.H., 155 Sex segmentation, 422 Seybold, Patricia, 246 Shapiro, B.P., 432 Sharp, 551 Shell, 308 directional policy matrix (DPM), 464, 465, 469, 470 Sheth, J.N., 240, 241, 261 Shuchman, A., 117 Simmonds, K., 12 Simmons, W.W., 294 Simon, Hermann, 561 Singapore Airlines, 87, 110–12, 482 Single parent families, growth of, 367 Single-person households, 368 Six Is model, 513–14 Skoda, 322, 444 Smith, D.K., 430–1 SmithKline Beecham, 524 Smiths Crisps, 523, 535 Snow, C.C., 314 ‘So what?’ test, 99, 496, 497 Social environment, 367–73 Social factors influencing buyer behaviour, 226–8 Social mobility, 368 Social stratification, 226 Sony, 221, 482, 502, 538, 569 Southwest Airlines, 489 Specialized industry, 488 SSWD (single, separated, widowed, divorced) group, 368 Stacey, R., 45, 333, 335–6 Stagecoach, 185 Stakeholders, 301–2 expectations of, 315 Stalemated industry, 488 Starbucks, 64, 87, 244 Static environments, 348–9 Status symbols, 228 Steiner, 561 Steinway, 401, 483 Stochastic competitors, 202 Stone, M., 114 Strategic alliances, 351 Strategic analysis, 10, 75 Strategic business area (SBA), 582 Strategic business units (SBUs), 452–4 characteristics of, 453 Strategic choice, 11 Strategic decisions, 10–12 Strategic group, 478 identification, 195–8 Strategic marketing planning, 55–6, 453 role of, 43–53 three dimensions of, 56–60 Strategic planning: changing focus of, 333–6 development of, 449–54 planning with SBUs, 452–4 responsibility issues, 450–2, 453 marketing planning relationship, 19–20 strategic planning gap, 328–9 See also Strategic marketing planning Strategic programming, 334 Strategic thinking, 47–53 Strategic wear-out, 573–8 Strategic windows, 355 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a INDEX Strategies for market challengers, 540–57, 581 attack strategies, 550 bypass attacks, 554 encirclement attacks, 552–4 flank attacks, 551–2 frontal attacks, 551 guerrilla attacks and ambush marketing, 554–6 deciding who to challenge, 549–50 how challengers defeat market leaders, 556–7 See also Strategy Strategies for market followers, 557–60, 581 See also Strategy Strategies for market leaders, 521–39, 581 customer focus and, 537–40 military analogies, 532–40 contraction defence, 535 counteroffensive defence, 536–7 defence by unconventional behaviour, 537 flanking defence, 534–5 mobile defence, 534 position defence, 533 pre-emptive defence, 535–6 PIMS study of market share, 525–31 See also Strategy Strategies for market nichers, 560–2 supernichers, 561–2 See also Strategy Strategy, 12–13, 44–6 competitive strategy as a game, 563–4 definitions, 44–5 development of, 333–6 competitor analysis and, 203–4 relationship strategy, 266–8 formulation of, 47–50, 51–2 classical approach, 51 evolutionary approach, 51 processual approach, 51–2 systemic approach, 52 generic strategies, 476–8 differentiation, 476, 477, 480–2 focus, 476, 477, 482–5 overall cost leadership, 476, 477, 478–80 pros and cons of, 485 implementation, 11–12, 20–1, 333 barriers to, 307 lost art of, 62–4 market position influence on, 519–20 marketing strategy, 53–6 product evolution influence on, 578–84 structured strategy generation, 99–100 testing, 70 trade-offs, 318–19 See also Strategies for market challengers; Strategies for market followers; Strategies for market leaders; Strategies for market nichers Strebel, P., 375 Strengths, 92–6, 97 competitors’ strengths analysis, 187–93 Strong competitors, 208 Structured strategy generation, 99–100 Sturm Ruger, 554 Subaru, 533 Subcultures, 226 Sun Tzu, 44, 532, 533 Super-powered consumers, 245–6 Supernichers, 561–2 Support activities, 109 Surveillance filter, 390 Suzuki, 524, 533, 564 Swarovski, 561 Swatch, 306, 502, 539, 569 Swiss watch industry, 182, 355–7, 363 SWOT analysis, 75, 88–104 capability issues, 96–8 identifying opportunities and threats, 88–92 identifying strengths and weaknesses, 92–6, 97 improving effectiveness, 98–100 value of, 102–4 623 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e Tagamet, 501 Target Group Index (TGI), 415 Target marketing, 401 Targeting, 398, 434–6 Taylor Nelson’s Monitor typology, 430 Technical efficiency, 156 Technological change, 29, 35, 373–5, 383 Technological environment, 373–5 Technological flanking, 543–4, 552 Technology life cycle, 580–1 Teflon, 522–3 Tertiary ratios, 159 Tesco, 186, 440, 480, 495, 505, 508 Tetra, 561 Texas Instruments, 96, 184 Thai Airlines, 482 The Gap, 442–3 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 624 INDEX TheCorporateLibrary.com, 246 Third knowledge revolution, competitive advantage and, 507 Third-wave companies, 384–5 Thompson, Jim, 556 Thorn-EMI, 501 Threats, 88–92 environmental analysis, 343–4, 354 3M, 322, 502, 538, 551 Three nation society, 280 Tiger competitors, 202 Time horizons, 317–18 Timex, 422 Toffler, Alvin, 274, 353 Tomorrow’s customers, 381–2 Top-down planning, 451 Toshiba, 503, 538, 551 Tower Records, 140, 142 TOWS matrix, 100–2 value of, 102–4 Toyota, 64, 299, 304, 404, 439, 493, 503, 524, 533, 552 Toys ‘Я’ Us, 186, 384, 416 Trade-offs, 318–19, 403 Trailfinders, 514 Treacy, M., 586, 587 Trends: analysis, 159–62 Triple bottom line, 317 Trout, J., 29, 441, 481 Trust brands, 504–6 Tschohl, J., 112 TVR, 561 TWA, 551 Two-person cohabitant households, 368 Umbrella strategies, 53 Uncertainty, 8, 341, 345 Unconventional behaviour, 537 Under-positioning, 442 Undifferentiated marketing, 399–400 Unique selling proposition (USP), 423, 514 Upah, G.D., 365 UPS, 16 User status, 423–4 VALS framework, 427–8 Value added, 199, 274 Value chain, 107–9 making use of, 486–8 Values, 226 influence on objectives, 312–13 Variable costing, 137, 138 Vella, C.M., 214 Virgin, 244, 503, 505, 507 Virgin Atlantic, 210–11 Vision, 284, 304–9 dissension, 308–9 influences on, 305, 306 Vodafone, 508 Volkswagen, 322, 404, 439, 524, 552 Vollman, 384–6 Volume industry, 488 Volume segmentation, 424 Volvo, 322, 439, 537 Von Clausewitz, C., 562 Waitrose, 508 Wal-Mart, 64, 87, 281, 323, 384, 443, 481, 493, 508, 537 Walker’s Crisps, 523, 535 Walton, P., 102, 103–4 Walton, Sam, 323 Waterman, R.H., 295, 585 Weak competitors, 208 Weaknesses, 92–6, 97 competitors’ weaknesses analysis, 187–93 Webber, Richard, 414–15 Webster, F.E., 26, 247, 251, 255 Weihrich, H., 98, 100 Weinberg, R., 318–19 Welch, Jack, 323, 343 Wells, W.D., 417 Wensley, J.R.C., 299 Westfall, R., 426 Whittington, R., 47 Wiersema, F., 586, 587 Wiersema, R.D., 530 Wilkinson Sword, 523 Wilson, H., 513 Wind, J., 30–1 Wind, Y., 247, 251, 255, 411, 412 Women, changing face of, 371 Woo, C.Y., 528 World Wide Web, competitive advantage and, 507 World-changing megatrends, 374 Wrong-side-up organizations, 23 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a INDEX Xerox, 182, 322, 501, 551, 564, 569 Yamaha, 553, 564 Yankelovich, D., 422 YKK, 554 Yorke, D., 416 Young and Rubicam’s 4Cs (A Cross-Cultural Consumer Characterization), 429 625 Young, L.D., 114 Young, S., 426 Youthful elderly, 277 Zantac, 501 Zanussi, 186 Zeithaml, V.A., 112–13, 114 Zero sum games, 583 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a Marketing titles from Butterworth-Heinemann Student List Creating Powerful Brands (second edition), Leslie de Chernatony and Malcolm McDonald Direct Marketing in Practice, Brian Thomas and Matthew Housden eMarketing eXcellence, PR Smith and Dave Chaffey Fashion Marketing, Margaret Bruce and Tony Hines Innovation in Marketing, Peter Doyle and Susan Bridgewater Integrated Marketing Communications, Tony Yeshin Internal Marketing, Pervaiz Ahmed and Mohammed Rafiq International Marketing (third edition), Stanley J Paliwoda and Michael J Thomas Key Customers, Malcolm McDonald, Beth Rogers and Diana Woodburn Marketing Briefs, Sally Dibb and Lyndon Simkin Marketing in Travel and Tourism (third edition), Victor T C Middleton with Jackie R Clarke Marketing Logistics (second edition), Martin Christopher and Helen Peck Marketing Plans (fifth edition), Malcolm McDonald Marketing Research for Managers (third edition), Sunny Crouch and Matthew Housden Marketing: the One Semester Introduction, Geoff Lancaster and Paul Reynolds Market-Led Strategic Change (third edition), Nigel Piercy Relationship Marketing (second edition), Martin Christopher, Adrian Payne and David Ballantyne Relationship Marketing for Competitive Advantage, Adrian Payne, Martin Christopher, Moira Clark and Helen Peck Relationship Marketing: Strategy & Implementation, Helen Peck, Adrian Payne, Martin Christopher and Moira Clark Strategic Marketing Management (second edition), Richard M S Wilson and Colin Gilligan Strategic Marketing: Planning and Control (second edition), Graeme Drummond and John Ensor Successful Marketing Communications, Cathy Ace Tales from the Market Place, Nigel Piercy The CIM Handbook of Export Marketing, Chris Noonan The Fundamentals of Advertising (second edition), John Wilmshurst and Adrian Mackay The Fundamentals and Practice of Marketing (fourth edition), John Wilmshurst and Adrian Mackay The Marketing Book (fifth edition), Michael J Baker (ed.) The New Marketing, Malcolm McDonald and Hugh Wilson Total Relationship Marketing (second edition), Evert Gummesson 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 Forthcoming Marketing Strategy (third edition), Paul Fifield Political Marketing, Phil Harris and Dominic Wring 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a Professional List Cause Related Marketing, Sue Adkins Creating Value, Shiv S Mathur and Alfred Kenyon Cybermarketing (second edition), Pauline Bickerton and Matthew Bickerton Cyberstrategy, Pauline Bickerton, Matthew Bickerton and Kate Simpson-Holley Direct Marketing in Practice, Brian Thomas and Matthew Housden e-Business, J A Matthewson Effective Promotional Practice for eBusiness, Cathy Ace Essential Law for Marketers, Ardi Kolah Excellence in Advertising (second edition), Leslie Butterfield Fashion Marketing, Margaret Bruce and Tony Hines Financial Services and the Multimedia Revolution, Paul Lucas, Rachel Kinniburgh and Donna Terp From Brand Vision to Brand Evaluation, Leslie de Chernatony Go to Market Strategy, Lawrence Friedman Internal Marketing, Pervaiz Ahmed and Mohammed Rafiq Marketing Logistics (second edition), Martin Christopher and Helen Peck Marketing Made Simple, Geoff Lancaster and Paul Reynolds Marketing Professional Services, Michael Roe Marketing Research for Managers (third edition), Sunny Crouch and Matthew Housden Marketing Strategy (second edition), Paul Fifield Market-Led Strategic Change (third edition), Nigel Piercy The Channel Advantage, Lawrence Friedman and Tim Furey The CIM Handbook of Export Marketing, Chris Noonan The Committed Enterprise, Hugh Davidson The Fundamentals of Corporate Communications, Richard Dolphin The Marketing Plan in Colour, Malcolm McDonald and Peter Morris The New Marketing, Malcolm McDonald and Hugh Wilson Forthcoming Marketing Strategy (third edition), Paul Fifield Political Marketing, Phil Harris and Dominic Wring 6f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca c777 6e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66 b5ff294 e1b11a9 32da b860 f81 b6f9bdc32 ecac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747 932dab860 f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7776e 0cf7b6 0da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2 941e 747e6 f87e 860f8 1b6 f9bdc32eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff29 41e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 For more information on all these titles, as well as the ability to buy online, please visit www.bh.com/marketing f81b6f9 bdc32e cac7 776e0 cf7b6 0da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932d 6f9bdc3 2eca c77 76e0 cf7 b60 da52 f6cf66 b5ff294 1e74 7e6f87e1 b11a9 32dab86 dc32e cac7776 e0cf7b60da5 2f6 cf66b5ff2941e 747e 6f87 e1b1 1a932 dab8 60f81 32eca c7776 e0cf7 b60da 52f6cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 c7776 e0cf7b60da 52f6 cf66b5ff2941 e747e 6f8 7e1b11a932 dab8 60f81b6 f9 bdc e0cf7b60 da52 f6 cf6 6b5ff2 941e7 47e6 f87e 1b11a 932da b860 f81 b6 f9bdc3 2eca fc3a3 f93a 08582 6d66a 60f835 d2406 ea15 f7e7 b88cbf5e9cb78 cc9e16 d1072 e2 7d0800 c6a8 0136 f54 da448 1c2 b397 7f6 f33 e0be 8a4b3 d678 cc5b77 828 cc3 7ae 9c84a7 1dc1cb825a 4f1 d7c732fb9a4 e5765 f83 10c1984 f96 1e06 cf3 fc71f185b5 fac7b7b2 0dfcfdcdf1 cf4 2b2 fc6 b5a c1e9 c4a51ae fef5b7 de7f4b3 cc9e5d780d33 9e3f2 1bf4656 147e4 1c5 63d1 76a97 9e946 6be8 9c63 c0e 2907 0df0e654 8e28 c3 7ea8e433 c9 f051 8c9 06b9a 684d9d02 5cb598 854db148 3a8024 9bc348 7e1be f21d145b5b08 b8e1 f8 c76 f42 b4ce 759fb93 c48 e7f8a41e7 8571e 64a2 f48b0e5 c df3 fa34df8 f2c9de ba5dcb1e e30bc7d67cb1d4163 72d9 47cdab0 1c5 76b2 b2efb 08d258 539 bc6 96d5a 3b1a4 c49 7180 bae30 dc4 4793a3 dc5d19 4ad09 3cb5c3f9 30ff2d29 b07 f39 d69e d7d2 e358bfca d25b40c5434 0e68a b4ee2 b76e0 b2a8 653 95f4 fcb5fd1f4 934 f29e7 ee6d7cfa 31ddc0 5b49 f94 3c1 e22 f3b5 c0e4a d46 2e7c9 3f9 f11 c9f0 8a6db91a1 7118e 3de6 3e7a02 f9 c1d19137 7d0a7a 34d40ff5b8 453 f 59e15a9 f853 8397 40b3 e9ac33e6fc51 7d8 b739 3a5076 c67 d16e 7cc03df1 b1f0b 3a67e368 0a4d3d50 cf8d5 f476 8201 e328 cbbba50 c741 ebd4f6 b2e1 0316e d218 0d4204 90efb3ab05fb73 c76 f04 f402 4609 30bbbd8c70 8725 e74dc8 cf9a 5b23 c6 5a2ffad28c03f5ddc8 b5b1 9f6 5a9a4 f8ff22e 5e28b515a6 e2baff25 e0185 e7457 6e74e1a5 eb8e 6a6629 e94dc3 b8533 4599 8a334 c325 5d17 f25 1a9f0fc09d15d4 14dd4 024 c2f27f32d2 1896e 863 d2798 93b4 5fb87d4d3 b709a d32bf1 f855 3822 4a2b893 e6f264e6 3adfe30c144aa d9ad6 d154a 23f6b2 be48 d55b74c3677 f31a