Trang 1 --- GRADUATION PAPER FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS A STUDY ON HYPERBOLE IN ENGLISH AMERICAN LITERARY WORKS.. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family who has facilitated
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
English is undeniably one of the most widely spoken languages globally, with an ever-growing number of learners A valuable method for students to enhance their English skills is by exploring the beauty of figures of speech, which effectively convey ideas and messages persuasively This approach not only improves language proficiency but also deepens students' understanding of cultural nuances and the intentions of authors, fostering a greater appreciation for this remarkable language.
Hyperbole is a commonly used form of figurative language that enhances expression and artistry in both literature and everyday communication By understanding hyperbole, students can better grasp how people convey messages and appreciate the literary talents of authors However, it's important to use hyperbole appropriately in different contexts to prevent misunderstandings Ultimately, a solid grasp of hyperbole can help students communicate more effectively in both spoken and written forms, allowing for smoother expression of their thoughts.
Many students today tend to overlook the importance of learning about hyperbole, often due to a fear of encountering complex hyperbole-related problems that they believe require advanced skills Additionally, some students perceive the study of literary devices, particularly hyperbole, as time-consuming, which can lead to misunderstandings of literary works and a lack of ideas for writing perceptive essays.
Understanding hyperbole is essential for effective communication, and mastering its use can be straightforward with the right knowledge This article aims to deepen readers' comprehension of hyperbole and provide practical tips for its effective application.
Aim of the study
For some reasons mentioned above, the study aims:
- To help students get basic knowledge about hyperbole’s uses in literature via famous literary works, especially in “English and American literature” book used at UTEHY
- To show relationships of hyperbole with simile, metaphor, irony in literature
- To suggest some ways for students using hyperbole in writing.
Research questions
In order to achieve the aims above, the following questions will be raised in this study:
- What are hyperbole's uses in literature?
- What are the relationships between hyperbole and simile, metaphor, irony in literature?
- What are suggestions for using hyperbole in writing?
Method of the study
- Collecting materials from internet, reference books
- Searching hyperbole appearance in “American and English literature” book used at UTEHY and other famous works on internet
- Dissecting the functions of hyperbole and giving suggestion to use it
- Comparative analysis to point out similarities and differences between hyperbole and metaphor, simile and irony.
Scope of the study
This study focuses on the use of hyperbole in English and American literature, particularly examining literary works featured in the book "English American Literature," utilized at Hung Yen University of Technology and Education.
This study aims to analyze the use of hyperbole and its relationships with simile, metaphor, and irony Due to time constraints and personal expertise, the focus will be on the most common instances of hyperbole found in literary works.
Significance of the study
The study's findings are beneficial for English learners, enhancing their understanding and application of hyperbole, which can improve both their language skills and writing abilities Additionally, this research serves as a valuable resource for teachers, providing guidance on how to effectively teach hyperbole as a literary figure of speech.
Design of the study
The study is divided in 4 parts
It includes the rationale, aims, research questions, methods, scope and design of the study
- Defining the figure of speech
- What is hyperbole and what are its uses?
- Hyperbole forms and how to use hyperbole
- Defining metaphor, simile, irony and their relationships to hyperbole
- Suggestions for using hyperbole in writing
- Analyzing hyperbole’ uses in some famous literary works
- Analyzing hyperbole artistic in literary in “English American literature” books used in Hung Yen university of technology and education
- Discussing the relationships between hyperbole and metaphor, simile, irony
- How to use hyperbole in literature and recommendations for using it
Summary the ways to analyze and give suggestions about understanding and using hyperbole in writing.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature
Literature encompasses written and spoken works that reflect the culture and traditions of a language or community It primarily includes creative forms such as poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction, and can also extend to journalism and song.
Literature is defined as a collection of written works, primarily imaginative poetry and prose, characterized by the authors' intentions and the aesthetic quality of their execution It can be categorized based on various criteria such as language, national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter.
(From https://www.britannica.com/)
Literature serves as a reflection of a series of events and can be classified based on its distinct methods of creation and execution Engaging with literature allows individuals to articulate and release negative emotions, providing a therapeutic outlet.
Del Castillo and Medina assert in “Phil Literature from Ancient Times to the Present” that literature serves as a true reflection of life, crafted with artistic precision It harmonizes the diverse yet fundamental experiences of humanity into cohesive and expressive patterns.
Literature serves as a blueprint of human society, transcending its role as a mere historical or cultural artifact It introduces readers to new experiences and evolves with each generation, reflecting the changing dynamics of human life.
Literary study (or literary criticism) is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature It is thought to have existed as long as literature
Terry Eagleton (1996:13) argues that criticism should separate art from mystery and focus on the mechanics of literary texts He emphasizes that literature is not merely a form of pseudo-religion, psychology, or sociology, but rather a unique organization of language Each literary work possesses its own specific laws, structures, and devices, which should be examined independently rather than being simplified or reduced to other disciplines.
According to Peter Barry (2002: 26), the primary aim of literary criticism is to achieve pure, unbiased knowledge, allowing for an appreciation of the literary work in its true essence, without the intention of using that understanding to promote a particular agenda.
Meaning in literature can be uncovered by analyzing an author's writing style and choice of words By closely examining the language used in a novel or literary work, readers can interpret the underlying message and engage in discussions about it Additionally, identifying the character or narrative voice that connects with the reader plays a crucial role in understanding the author's intent.
Figure of speech
Ken Turner (2003) explains that words and phrases can be used in two distinct ways: literally, adhering to their original meanings, or figuratively, where they are applied in new and creative contexts Literal meanings are typically grounded in etymology, common usage, or their default interpretations In contrast, figurative language involves recontextualizing words, allowing them to convey fresh meanings in novel situations.
Literal language conveys meaning exactly as it is stated, relying on the straightforward definitions of words without any embellishment In contrast, figurative language intentionally alters the conventional meanings of words to enhance persuasion and create a more profound impact on the audience.
Using figurative language, writers can evoke emotion and imagery from their composing that literal language just cannot make b) Figure of speech
A figure of speech is a non-literal word or phrase designed to create a specific effect, either rhetorical or imagistic These literary devices enhance language by arranging words to evoke poetic qualities or vivid imagery, making ideas more expressive and impactful By employing language beyond its literal meanings, figures of speech enrich communication and deepen the reader's experience.
Figures of speech are essential elements of language that enhance communication by employing non-literal expressions to create vivid imagery and rhetorical effects This broad category encompasses various literary devices, including similes, metaphors, and hyperbole, which allow writers to convey deeper meanings and evoke emotions For instance, Margaret Atwood's poem "you fit into me" illustrates the power of figurative language through a striking simile that reveals complex relationships Overall, figures of speech enrich both spoken and written language, making expressions more engaging and memorable for the audience.
A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially dissimilar objects or concepts are expressly compared with one another through the use of “like” or “as”
The simile “Love is like the wild rose-briar” effectively illustrates that, while love and the wild rose-briar are not literally alike, the comparison highlights the profound and often painful impact love has on the speaker, akin to the thorny nature of the wild rose-briar.
A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison
Metaphor is a powerful literary device that establishes an identity between two seemingly different things, emphasizing their equivalence rather than mere similarity This technique allows writers to convey complex abstract truths through vivid imagery and relatable concepts, enhancing the depth and impact of their narratives.
Hyperbole is often a boldly overstated or exaggerated claim or statement that adds emphasis without the intention of being literally true
An exaggeration such as: “I’m so tired that I could sleep for a week.”
Metonyms, like metaphors, are figures of speech commonly used in both everyday conversation and literature Unlike metaphors, which create implicit comparisons, metonyms represent a thing through its part or attribute, effectively symbolizing the whole.
Personification, a prevalent metaphorical technique, involves attributing human traits to nonhuman entities This figurative language enhances comprehension by engaging the imagination, making it an effective tool for deeper understanding.
For example, “My alarm yelled at me this morning”
A symbol represents something beyond its literal meaning, serving as a conventional substitute for another element For example, tree blossoms symbolize the arrival of the spring season.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole, derived from the Greek words for "beyond" and "to throw," is a figure of speech that involves exaggerated statements, making things seem greater or lesser than they truly are Its purpose is to enhance the impact of an idea through overstatement For example, saying "I laughed so much I nearly died" exemplifies hyperbole, indicating something was extremely funny, even though the literal interpretation is implausible This exaggeration effectively conveys the intensity of the humor experienced According to classical rhetoric, hyperbole is defined as "a figure of speech of bold exaggeration" (Preminger 1974: 359).
Hyperbole is a figure of speech characterized by exaggerated expressions that significantly amplify or diminish the intended meaning It often portrays situations, qualities, or characteristics as far greater or lesser than they truly are, serving to create excitement or enhance the effect of the statement.
Hyperbole is a rhetorical device that shapes reality by emphasizing one perspective while minimizing others, effectively drawing listeners into the speaker's viewpoint While it may seem to contradict alternative realities or describe the impossible, hyperbole is generally not perceived as deceitful (McCarthy and Carter, 2004: 152)
Hyperbole is defined as an expression that goes beyond factual accuracy by accumulating excessive semantic features, which can be identified through contextual understanding and general knowledge of words This rhetorical device conveys emotional meaning and requires further exploration of its various semantic aspects to fully define and recognize hyperbole in practical applications.
Hyperbole is a figure of speech used to express exaggerated statements which do not correspond to reality but which are nevertheless not perceived as lies
Quintilianus (1829) asserts that hyperbole, while not intended to deceive, is widely used by both the educated and uneducated He notes a universal human tendency to exaggerate or downplay experiences, as people often find the precise truth unsatisfactory.
Hyperbole is often excused because it does not assert falsehoods; rather, it enhances the extraordinary nature of the subject When discussing remarkable topics, we are permitted to exaggerate slightly, as the precise truth may be ineffable Consequently, language becomes more effective when it transcends reality rather than when it falls short.
Hyperbole is a literary device that employs deliberate exaggeration to create a heightened effect This technique enhances the speech of characters in poetry and stories, making it an effective tool for emphasizing points and adding humor to writing.
There is a list of the pragmatic features that may identify hyperbole:
Disjunction of context occurs when a speaker's utterance contradicts the surrounding situation Claridge (2010: 38) supports this notion, stating that hyperbole often clashes with common world knowledge and expectations regarding the "normal" state of affairs, as perceived by an "objective observer." For instance, the statement "That man is as tall as a house" starkly contrasts with reality, as an ordinary person cannot achieve such an extreme height.
Shifts in footing are crucial in understanding impossible worlds and counterfactual claims, particularly in hyperbole Sert (2008: 6) highlighted that narrative shift markers, such as "suddenly," frequently appear in hyperbolic contexts For instance, the statement "His brain is the size of a pea" illustrates this concept, as it is physically impossible for a person to have such a small brain However, the shift in footing allows the audience to grasp the underlying meaning, which serves as a satirical commentary on the individual's intelligence.
Counter-factual statements, while hyperbolic and distorting reality, are not viewed as lies or intended to deceive For instance, when someone says, "His brain is the size of a pea," listeners readily accept this obviously exaggerated claim without questioning its truthfulness Instead of perceiving it as a complete falsehood, they grasp the underlying meaning it conveys.
In the realm of impossible worlds, both the speaker and listener collaboratively create fictional landscapes filled with exaggerated and surreal events For instance, one might describe a scene as "the coldest land in the world, where polar bears donned hats and jackets," illustrating how hyperbole effectively constructs these imaginative scenarios.
- Listener take-up: Hyperbole is generally accepted without challenge and even supported by listeners or readers (such as by further contribution or by laughter, etc.)
Extreme case formulations and intensification involve expressing assertions in the most exaggerated manner, often utilizing superlative adjectives and adverbs to convey an extreme degree Commonly identified through hyperbolic statements, this technique emphasizes the intensity of a description, as seen in examples like "She is the most beautiful girl in this whole world." Such exaggerations enhance the emotional impact and vividness of the expression.
Interpretability in speech acts highlights how hyperbole can be contextually relevant and figurative According to McCarthy and Carter (2004), hyperbole appears across various discourse types, regardless of the relationships between participants or specific genres For instance, the phrase "You are the smartest person in the world!" may initially seem like a compliment However, if said after a foolish action, it transforms into a satirical remark, demonstrating the importance of context in interpreting meaning.
Hyperbole in language is a rare occurrence, and words can be categorized into two types: simple words and compound words Consequently, hyperbole can also be divided into two forms: hyperbole in simple words and hyperbole in compound words.
Claudia Claridge (2010) emphasizes that hyperbole is often realized through a single exaggerated word, which, if replaced with a more suitable term, would eliminate the overstatement She notes that while all lexical classes are present, nouns and adjectives are predominantly used in hyperbolic expressions For instance, in O Henry's sentence, "They think I’m a hayseed and won’t have anything to do with me," the term "hayseed" conveys a sense of worthlessness and insignificance.
Claudia Claridge (2010:52) shows: “Here, it is the particular combination of words and senses that produces the overall hyperbolic meaning.”
Metaphor
Metaphors, derived from the Greek word “metaphorá,” are figures of speech that create direct comparisons between different concepts to enhance rhetorical impact They serve as analogies that utilize figurative language to illuminate similarities between disparate ideas Commonly used in everyday language, metaphors challenge our conventional understanding by compelling us to engage more deeply with the writer's message This engagement fosters a more vivid imagery and emotional response, enriching our comprehension and appreciation of the text.
There are many different types of metaphors Popular forms include
Absolute metaphors create a vivid comparison between two seemingly unrelated concepts to emphasize a striking point While they may initially confuse readers, these metaphors encourage individual interpretation and deeper thinking An example of this is the phrase, "She's walking a tightrope with her grades this semester," which illustrates the precarious balance she must maintain.
Dead metaphors, similar to clichés, have become ineffective due to their overuse, exemplified by phrases like “it’s raining cats and dogs” and “you are the light of my life.”
Extended metaphors are intricate comparisons that deepen understanding, as seen in Emily Dickinson's poem "Hope is the Thing with Feathers." In this work, Dickinson likens hope to a bird that resides within the soul, continuously singing a sweet melody She emphasizes that this song is powerful enough to bring warmth to even the coldest places, illustrating hope in a vivid and nuanced manner.
“That perches in the soul, And sings the tune - without words, And never stops at all,
And the sweetest in the gale is heard;
And sore must be the storm That could abash the little bird That kept so many warm
I’ve heard it in the chilliest land, And on the strangest sea;
Implied metaphors subtly compare two elements without directly stating the comparison For instance, in the phrase “Tom bellowed his commands to his subjects,” Tom is likened to a bull, while in “Mary squawked when her mom ordered her to apologize to Ann,” Mary is compared to a bird These examples illustrate how implied metaphors enrich language by evoking vivid imagery and deeper meanings.
Mixed metaphors combine incompatible comparisons, creating a humorous effect that often lacks logic An example of this is the phrase, "In the heat of the moment, she turned to ice and danced to the beat of her own drum."
• Root Metaphors - These metaphors are so rooted in everyday language and assumptions and are hardly recognized as metaphors The phrase "Life is a journey" can serve an example here
(to https://examples.yourdictionary.com/metaphor-examples.html)
Metaphors serve to create direct comparisons between distinct entities, highlighting specific characteristics Beyond basic comparisons, they fulfill two essential purposes that enhance writing effectiveness.
Metaphors are powerful tools for writers to convey complex ideas succinctly, as they allow readers to visualize concepts that may be difficult to describe in mere words A prime example is found in William Shakespeare's Sonnet 18, where he asks, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" This subtle metaphor effectively compares an unseen lover to a summer's day, creating a vivid image that enhances the reader's understanding of the character without the need for lengthy explanations.
Metaphors can effectively introduce an element of uncertainty and mystery into a narrative For instance, when a writer aims to suggest an ominous atmosphere in a setting, a well-crafted metaphor can enhance this effect: “The forest at night was strange The trees were black knife-slices, the cold air pierced the skin.” Such vivid imagery not only paints a scene but also evokes a sense of foreboding, captivating the reader's imagination.
Relevance theorists argue that hyperbole is closely related to metaphor; however, Sperber and Wilson (2008) challenge the traditional view that metaphor is a distinct form of language requiring unique interpretive processes The key difference between metaphor and hyperbole lies in their evaluative components, with hyperbole often emphasizing judgment, while metaphor does not Ultimately, hyperbole serves a different purpose than metaphor, as it consistently employs exaggeration, whereas metaphor may not.
Simile
A simile is a figure of speech that makes a vivid comparison between two different things, enhancing descriptions and emphasizing qualities (e.g., as brave as a lion).
Similes are a great way to make writing more exciting and memorable without losing clarity Writers often use similes to introduce concrete images into writing about abstract concepts
Similes serve as powerful tools for authors, allowing them to transform the unfamiliar into the familiar, such as comparing the planet Zenoth to ice By employing effective similes, writers enhance readers' ability to visualize fictional worlds and encourage fresh perspectives, often leaving a lasting impact on their audience.
Simile enhances reader understanding by creating new connections and offering fresh perspectives on the world This literary technique, a form of analogy, facilitates the transfer of meaning between different concepts, resulting in cognitive engagement Due to its ability to evoke vivid imagery and emotional resonance, simile has remained a favored literary device for centuries, serving both explanatory and aesthetic purposes.
In Margaret Atwood's novel "The Handmaid's Tale," the simile "Time has not stood still It has washed over me, washed me away, as if I’m nothing more than a woman of sand, left by a careless child too near the water" powerfully illustrates the character's sense of helplessness This vivid imagery enables readers to deeply empathize with the character's feelings of being overwhelmed and insignificant, effectively conveying the emotional weight of her experience.
A simile is figurative language Hyperbole is figurative language, too Therefore, the meaning is also figurative, not literal
Simile and hyperbole are frequently mistaken for one another, as hyperbole can whimsically compare its subject to something else Hyperbole typically makes exaggerated claims that are not meant to be taken literally In contrast, similes emphasize specific aspects of a comparison, which helps prevent hyperbolic statements from appearing excessive.
Irony
Irony, as a literary device, refers to the contrast between expectation and reality, highlighting the difference between appearances and their literal meanings This device often intertwines with elements of both tragedy and humor, enriching the narrative by revealing deeper truths through unexpected twists.
The term "irony" has its roots in the sixteenth century, derived from the French word "ironie" and the Latin "ironia," ultimately tracing back to the ancient Greek character Eiron This Eiron archetype employs understatement to diminish an opponent's abilities, exemplifying a form of irony by conveying less than what is intended.
Irony is a powerful storytelling device that highlights the difference between appearances and underlying realities Derived from the Latin term "ironia," this technique effectively engages audiences by revealing deeper truths hidden beneath the surface.
“feigned ignorance.” The three main types used in literature are dramatic, situational, and verbal, as mentioned above
Dramatic irony is a literary device where the audience possesses greater knowledge about the unfolding events than the characters themselves This disparity generates suspense as viewers anticipate whether the characters will uncover the truth in time to avert tragic consequences.
In a gripping narrative twist, the novel's heroine reaches out to her boyfriend for a long-awaited date, motivated by her desire to reconnect amidst their busy lives Concerned that his recent distracted and distant behavior signals an impending breakup, she hopes to strengthen their bond However, her anticipation turns to disappointment as she waits for two hours at the café, unaware that he is unable to meet her due to a serious car accident.
Situational irony occurs when an event unfolds in a way that starkly contrasts with what was anticipated, often leading to a surprising or shocking outcome These unexpected situations typically involve a contradiction that enhances the element of surprise.
For example, “A police station being burglarized”, “A fire station that burns down” or
After decades of diligent work and frugal living to save for retirement, an individual faces a tragic turn of events just a week before their planned retirement, as an unforeseen car accident leads to their untimely death.
Verbal irony occurs when a character expresses a statement that appears straightforward but conveys a meaning that is actually the opposite For example, telling a rude customer to "have a good day" or commenting on a rainy day by saying, "What beautiful weather!" exemplifies this literary device, highlighting the contrast between the words spoken and the true situation.
Philosophers like Goodman, Fogelin, Stern, and Guttenplan view hyperbole as a distinct concept that shares similarities with irony In contrast, some psychologists argue that hyperbole is a form of irony However, Deirdre Wilson (2013) contends that equating hyperbole with irony is incorrect, as hyperbole lacks key characteristics that define irony.
THE STUDY
Uses of hyperbole in literary works
Hyperbole’ uses can be presented by four functions: literature of praise, characterisation, setting the scene and humor and satire
Hyperbole has a big role in praising a thing or a character in order to make them stand out in an extraordinary way
Epic literature often highlights the valor of its heroes, as seen in "Beowulf" (Wrenn and Bolton, 1973), where the protagonist is celebrated by warriors upon his return from battle The use of hyperbole emphasizes Beowulf's unmatched prowess, with warriors proclaiming that there was no greater warrior in the entire world, underscoring his worthiness of the kingdom.
Paying homage to an individual often employs hyperbole as a means of praise A notable instance of this can be found in the opening of Shakespeare's "King Lear" (I, i), where Lear inquires about the love his three daughters have for him, prompting Goneril to respond dramatically.
“Sir, I love you more than [words] can wield the matter, Dearer than eyesight, space, and liberty,
Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare,
No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honor;
As much as child e’er lov’d, or father found;
A love that makes breath poor, and speech unable:
Beyond all manner of so much I love you.”
Goneril expresses her love through emphatic comparisons and universal terms, highlighting its profound inexpressibility These techniques are typical examples of hyperbole, which is a key element in grand or high style rhetoric, relying heavily on rhetorical amplification.
Hyperbole is often employed in love poetry and novels to extol the beauty of a beloved or to highlight the significance of love A prime example can be found in William Shakespeare’s sonnets, particularly in Sonnet 99, where he vividly illustrates the extraordinary qualities of love and beauty through exaggerated expressions.
“The forward violet thus did I chide:
Sweet thief, whence didst thou steal thy sweet that smells,
If not from my love’s breath?”
In this excerpt, Shakespeare employs hyperbole by suggesting that the sweet scent of a violet originates from "lover’s breath," highlighting the power of deep love that transcends reason and reality It is evident that such a comparison is impossible, as "lover’s breath" cannot genuinely match the fragrance of a violet, yet this exaggeration serves to elevate the beloved in the poem.
Shakespeare often employs hyperbole in his sonnets to draw comparisons between his lovers and elements of nature, suggesting they shine brighter than the sun or possess more beauty than a rose A notable example is found in "Romeo and Juliet," where Romeo declares, "The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars," vividly illustrating Juliet's beauty and conveying the depth of his feelings for her through such exalted praise.
In the poem "My Heart Beats for You" by Kelly Roper, hyperbole is effectively employed to express the intensity of romantic love, symbolized by the passionate beating of a heart.
“One thousand stampeding bison thundering across the plains Couldn't drown out the sound of my heart beating for you
Its rhythm feeds the greatest symphony ever known to man, Yet such life-transforming love is experienced by so few.”
Moreover, W.H Auden writes in “As I walked out one evening”
“Auden on Endless Love I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love you Till China and Africa meet,
And the river jumps over the mountain And the salmon sing in the street, I’ll love you till the ocean
Is folded and hung up to dry And the seven stars go squawking Like geese about the sky.”
The poet employs hyperbole to convey the profound depth of his love, illustrating the idea that the connection between China and Africa is as unattainable as the oceans drying up.
Characterization is often mistaken for praise, especially when describing a person who is admired; however, characterization encompasses a broader concept Writers frequently employ hyperbole to highlight both the positive and negative traits of characters, enhancing their qualities and personalities.
In the "General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales," Chaucer employs hyperbolic descriptions to illustrate idealized archetypes, where each pilgrim symbolizes a specific social class For instance, the knight embodies the quintessential warrior, with his adventures reflecting a broad spectrum of worldly experiences.
“And therto hadde he riden, no man ferre,
As wel in cristendom as in hethenesse”
(And for that he had ridden, no man farther
As well in Christendom as in heathen lands)
By exaggerating the Knight’s exploits and his positive features, the author creates an ideal person
- If Chaucer describes his characters hyperbolically, the characters can betray themselves by their own hyperbolic speech The introduction of Miss Pross, a character in
“Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities”, into the novel can serve as an illustration here Chapter 6 gets its name ‘Hundreds of People’ from a hyperbolic claim made by Miss Pross
“I don’t want dozens of people who are not at all worthy of Ladybird, to come here looking after her,” said Miss Pross
“Do dozens come for that purpose?” [spoken by Mr Lorry, CC]
Miss Pross is known for her exaggerated statements, which the author identifies as hyperbolic This tendency not only highlights her expressive nature but also allows the author to draw a broader evaluative conclusion about her character.
Or in “Slaughterhouse Five”, hyperbole helps Vonnegut to write about violence on a huge scale, and to build a twisted genius who invented the bomb with vividness and emotion
In the below excerpt, the novel's narrator has a conversation with Dr Hoenniker's former research supervisor in search of clues to Hoenniker's personality:
"I understand you were Dr Hoenikker's supervisor during most of his professional life," I said to Dr Breed on the telephone
The speaker expresses confidence in their ability to manage natural phenomena, claiming that if they could supervise Felix, they are now prepared to oversee volcanoes, tides, and animal migrations They emphasize Felix's immense power, stating that he was a force of nature beyond human control.
Of course, Dr Breed cannot be actually willing to take charge of lots of thing:
Felix Hoenikker is likened to natural forces such as volcanoes, tides, and the migrations of birds and lemmings, highlighting his brilliance, self-sufficiency, and uncontrollable nature.
Hyperbole serves as a powerful tool for setting the scene in writing, allowing authors to create extraordinary environments that distinguish their fictional worlds from ordinary ones By employing hyperbole, writers can enhance the atmosphere, whether it’s evoking a sense of joy or melancholy, thereby enriching the backdrop that emphasizes the characters' emotions and experiences.
For example, in Jeanette Winterson’s novel “Gut Symmetries”, Stella, one of the narrators, talks about what life was like at the time of her birth:
A severe winter had gripped New York, with the cold dominating the city and heat struggling to keep up The extreme temperatures took a toll on furnaces and boilers, causing them to malfunction and fail, and frozen workers in overalls were left to drag the lifeless machinery out of basements Meanwhile, traffic cops, tasked with maintaining order amidst the chaos, found their bodies stiffening from the cold, with some even being carried away like statues on wheezing trucks during shift changes.
Hyperbole in “English and American literature” book used at UTEHY
"Daffodils," also known as "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," is a cherished poem by Romantic poet William Wordsworth that captures the poet's spontaneous emotions inspired by the enchanting dance of daffodils Wordsworth effectively employs hyperbole to enhance the emotional resonance of his poetry, allowing readers to experience the profound feelings he encountered during these delightful moments A striking example of hyperbole in this poem is the persona's exaggerated claim regarding the vast number of daffodils.
Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance
The author draws a parallel between the vastness of the Milky Way and a field of daffodils, suggesting that just as the galaxy is filled with countless stars, the flowers create a mesmerizing scene The daffodils, described as "continuous" and stretching in a "never-ending line," captivate the poet's attention, allowing him to perceive "ten thousand" blooms at a glance This hyperbolic expression emphasizes the overwhelming beauty of the sight, enchanting both the artist and the readers with its splendor.
In "The Gift of the Magi," hyperbole is vividly demonstrated through the narrator's depiction of Della and Jim's perceptions of their most prized possessions: Della's beautiful long hair and Jim's gold watch.
If the Queen of Sheba had lived nearby, Della would have intentionally let her hair dry out the window to diminish the value of the queen's jewels Similarly, if King Solomon were the janitor with his riches stored away, Jim would have flaunted his watch whenever he walked by, provoking envy in the king.
In this story, hyperbole is employed to humorously emphasize the extraordinary value of Della's hair, which is said to surpass all the Queen of Sheba's jewels and gifts to King Solomon, while Jim's gold watch is described as being more precious than King Solomon's treasures This exaggeration suggests that even the legendary figures of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon would envy Della's hair and Jim's watch.
O Henry, obviously, doesn't expect his exaggeration to be fully trusted He only just wants to convey an idea of how much Della treasures her beautiful hair and how much Jim treasures the fine watch he has inherited from his father, who inherited the watch from Jim's grandfather Therefore, readers can appreciate the sacrifices the two young people make as they part with their only treasures c The Last Leaf
"The Last Leaf," a poignant short story by O Henry, showcases the renowned American author's skill in crafting surprise endings and employing figures of speech, particularly hyperbole O Henry, a master of early 20th-century literature, captivates readers with his unique narrative style and emotional depth.
“He was past sixty and had a Michael Angelo's Moses beard curling down from the head of a satyr along with the body of an imp.”
Mr Berhman is depicted as an elderly man who neglects his appearance, with hyperbole employed to create a humorous effect This characterization highlights his carefree attitude towards personal grooming, emphasizing his age and whimsical nature.
The relationship between hyperbole and metaphor in literature
Metaphor and hyperbole share a common trait in that both convey meanings that are not meant to be taken literally, instead inviting readers to interpret them figuratively.
“This baby is an angel.”
Or for another example, in “Romeo and Juliet” written by William Shakespeare, when Romeo sees Juliet at the beginning of the famous balcony scene, he speaks the iconic line,
In this famous line, the author employs metaphor and hyperbole to liken Juliet's beauty to the sun, emphasizing her radiant presence as a source of light and warmth This vivid comparison not only highlights Juliet's allure but also elevates her significance in the speaker's life, portraying her as a vital force that brightens the world around her.
Hyperbole and metaphor, while sometimes appearing similar, are distinct figures of speech Hyperbole involves exaggeration, whereas metaphor represents one thing as another to convey an idea or experience without literal expression Metaphors aim for precise articulation, while hyperbole focuses on expressing evaluations—both positive and negative—of a situation Understanding these differences is crucial for effective communication.
If a metaphor is clearly an exaggeration, it can be described as a hyperbolic metaphor For example, “cry me a river.” Of course, nobody can possibly shed that many tears
And “This bag weighs a ton” or “I have a thousand works to do this morning.” is obviously a hyperbole, not a metaphor because there is no comparison here,
The phrase "Is there a black sheep in your family?" is a metaphor that signifies a family member who is different or unconventional This term does not imply that a person is literally a black sheep, as humans cannot be sheep, unless in a fictional context Instead, the "black sheep" symbolizes traits that set this individual apart from the rest of the family Just as a black sheep stands out in a flock of white sheep, a family member labeled as such may possess unique characteristics that lead to their lack of acceptance within the family.
This example illustrates that hyperbole is not present, as the person's characteristics are not exaggerated In contrast, a hyperbolic statement like, "He shares absolutely nothing in common with our family!" is misleading because all family members share DNA and experiences This exaggerated claim highlights the perceived differences between this individual and the rest of the family.
The relationship between hyperbole and simile in literature
Hyperbole emphasizes a particular trait through exaggeration, as seen in phrases like "His brain's size is as small as a pea," which highlights a lack of intelligence Similarly, in Flannery O'Connor's "Parker's Back," the description "The skin on her face was as thin and drawn as tight as the skin of an onion" illustrates a striking visual through hyperbolic comparison While hyperbole often employs similes, it is not always necessary, as demonstrated by the statement "I had a ton of homework," which conveys an overwhelming amount without direct comparison.
Similes differ from hyperboles in that they require a comparison using "like" or "as," and while they may involve exaggeration, it is not a necessity For instance, the phrase "she is as beautiful as the rose" exemplifies a simile but does not qualify as a hyperbole.
Understanding the difference between simile and hyperbole is often straightforward For example, the phrase “This bag weighs a ton” exemplifies hyperbole, as it exaggerates the weight for emphasis Hyperbole enhances descriptions through exaggeration, making them more vivid or persuasive Similarly, when someone claims, “If I ate all this food, I would be as big as an elephant,” it employs a simile structure but conveys hyperbole through the exaggerated comparison to a large animal.
A simile like "She is pretty as a flower" effectively compares a girl to a beautiful bloom, highlighting her attractiveness without exaggeration It suggests that women can be as stunning and charming as flowers, if not more so In contrast, a hyperbolic statement such as "She is the prettiest lady in the whole universe!" amplifies the praise to an extreme, showcasing the difference between subtle comparison and exaggerated expression in describing beauty.
The relationship between hyperbole and irony in literature
Hyperbole and irony have some importantly similar Basically, the listener understands both of them not intended literally or truthfully and rectifies them to have a more exact interpretation
Hyperbole serves as a valuable tool for creating irony by exaggerating and distorting key points necessary for ironic expression This often leads to confusion between hyperbole and irony For instance, a statement like, "You said you wanted to get fit, but I believe you could eat a horse right now," illustrates this blend of exaggeration and ironic commentary.
Here, hyperbole "you can eat a horse" supports for irony which is criticize the idea (want to lose weighs) of character in sentence
In "A Modest Proposal," Jonathan Swift employs hyperbole to highlight the irony of his argument, illustrating the desperate circumstances faced by the impoverished He suggests that a child can serve as a dish for entertainment, emphasizing the absurdity of his exaggerated solutions to poverty Swift's use of exaggeration effectively underscores the dire plight of those suffering from economic hardship.
Hyperbole and irony should not be conflated, as highlighted by Deirdre Wilson's recent research She argues that hyperbole lacks the defining characteristics of irony, which often conveys mockery or scorn towards the literal viewpoint expressed Wilson's findings emphasize the distinct nature of hyperbole, reinforcing that it does not fit within the ironic framework.
(1) Well done (said after someone clumsily drops and breaks something valuable)
(2) What lovely weather (said while it’s raining hard)
Irony is primarily employed to express criticism or grievances rather than to convey praise or positive sentiments In contrast, hyperbole lacks the inherent bias of irony and is equally effective for both negative and positive expressions Consequently, utilizing irony to communicate a positive viewpoint is quite rare.
Irony and hyperbole serve distinct purposes in language For instance, the phrase "You’re a wonderful friend" can be interpreted as irony, where the apparent praise is actually a form of criticism or satire In contrast, the statement "You are the best friend in the whole world" exemplifies hyperbole, emphasizing a positive sentiment through exaggerated expression.
Suggestions for using hyperbole
To effectively use hyperbole in writing, students should follow three essential steps: first, they must understand the concept of hyperbole; second, they should learn from skilled writers who excel in its use; and finally, they need to practice consistently until they can incorporate it seamlessly into their own work.
In order to use something, understanding it is basic first step, so the same to the hyperbole Above analysis provides the common knowledge about hyperbole
Students can effectively utilize simple one-word hyperboles, as they contribute to more extensive hyperbolic expressions Often, the hyperbolic potential is found within comparative phrases (like, as, than) and superlatives McCarthy and Carter (2004: 163) highlight the use of polysyndeton, or the repetition of conjunctions, as a syntactic tool that enhances hyperbole This repetition involves the sequential reoccurrence of the same item or phrase, creating a hyperbolic effect However, it is important to note that not all repetitions are hyperbolic; many serve a general emphatic and emotive purpose Therefore, students should exercise caution when employing this technique to create hyperbole.
When crafting hyperbolic statements, students should avoid clichés, as they are overused and fail to provide fresh language Instead, descriptions should evoke surprise and delight in the audience by employing comparisons and other literary devices to create vivid imagery.
Understanding hyperbole is crucial for students, as it helps them recognize when to avoid its use, particularly in formal writing contexts While hyperbole can enhance fiction and creative writing by creating strong effects, it is inappropriate for formal documents such as business contracts, letters, scientific reports, essays, or published articles Typically, hyperbole is reserved for informal settings or literary purposes, and its use in business English is considered unprofessional.
Understanding the applications and attitudes of hyperboles in American literature can be challenging due to their connections to various fields such as geography, social development, and culture Vietnamese learners often face significant difficulties in grasping English hyperboles To address these challenges, students should focus on studying the characteristics of hyperboles, consider cultural contexts, infer meanings, and engage in practical exercises.
• Reading and taking note of some good examples of hyperbole in literature
Exploring and reading are essential for enriching knowledge, particularly in understanding literary devices like hyperbole While students can find numerous excellent examples of hyperbole in literature, it's crucial for them to grasp the meaning and significance these exaggerations hold within the works By analyzing how authors employ hyperbole, learners can deepen their comprehension Additionally, taking notes on their reflections about hyperbole examples can help students retain this information more effectively.
There is no success without effort and practicing Day by day, time will give a good answer for the amazing hard- working efforts
Hyperbole is a powerful literary device that can enhance students' writing by creating vivid imagery and diverse descriptions To effectively practice using hyperbole, students should first identify an image or character that could benefit from exaggerated expressions Next, they should consider the key elements of that image or character that resonate with them and the emotions it evokes Afterward, students should compile a list of impactful phrases and illustrative comparisons Finally, they must select the most fitting examples of hyperbole that will best enhance their chosen character or image.
Incorporating hyperbole into students' writing can be an enjoyable and effective brainstorming exercise It's important to embrace the revision process, as crafting the perfect hyperbolic statement may require multiple iterations While writing humor can be challenging, dedicating time to select the right words can significantly enhance the overall impact of the piece.
CONCLUSION
Summary of the study
Hyperbole plays a crucial role in appreciating the beauty of language in literature, enhancing readers' comprehension of the meanings conveyed through imagery and word choice This literary device showcases the author's skill in language manipulation, while also providing students with valuable insights for their writing and analysis of literary works.
Students can explore the connections between hyperbole, metaphor, simile, and irony, enabling them to easily identify and analyze these literary devices in various works This understanding not only enhances their analytical skills but also empowers them to effectively use and creatively combine these techniques to produce unique effects in their own writing.
To effectively incorporate hyperbole in writing, students should first grasp its definition and analyze examples from notable literary works Additionally, consistent practice in using hyperbole is essential for mastering this expressive technique.
This paper focuses on a specific aspect of hyperbole in English, aiming to contribute to the understanding and research of the topic The insights presented are based on the author's limited knowledge and experience, and despite diligent efforts, some limitations and errors remain The author welcomes feedback from teachers, peers, and readers to enhance the quality of this research.
Limitation of the study
During the process of this research, the researcher takes some problem there
Lack of resources, which means there are not enough of them That is the reason why some data may be missing, not collected and included in the project
Researching literary works can be a time-consuming endeavor, often leaving writers feeling confused and leading to mistakes that require correction The process demands significant time investment to analyze and understand the material thoroughly.
Suggestion for further study
The author's diligent research highlights the intriguing yet underexplored topic of hyperbole, particularly within American literature Despite potential errors, this subject warrants further examination by scholars in the future.
- Hyperbole in some typical literary works of famous English and Vietnamese writers
- The similarities and differences between hyperbole in English literature and American literature
- A study on the different of hyperbole and idioms in English
In conclusion, despite its limitations, this study was conducted with the support of teachers and personal dedication The author sincerely welcomes feedback, critiques, and suggestions from educators, peers, and readers to enhance the quality of the research.
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