A study on hyperbole in english american literary works

Trang 1 --- GRADUATION PAPER FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS A STUDY ON HYPERBOLE IN ENGLISH AMERICAN LITERARY WORKS.. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family who has facilitated

HUNG YEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES - GRADUATION PAPER FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS A STUDY ON HYPERBOLE IN ENGLISH AMERICAN LITERARY WORKS (NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ BIỆN PHÁP NÓI QUÁ TRONG CÁC TÁC PHẨM VĂN HỌC ANH MỸ) Supervisor: Hoang Thi Huyen, MA Student: Lai Mai Anh Student number: 11317123 Hai Duong – 2021 HUNG YEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES - GRADUATION PAPER FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS A STUDY ON HYPERBOLE IN ENGLISH AMERICAN LITERARY WORKS (NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ BIỆN PHÁP NÓI QUÁ TRONG CÁC TÁC PHẨM VĂN HỌC ANH MỸ) Student: Lai Mai Anh Student number: 11317123 Supervisor: Hoang Thi Huyen, MA ( Ký tên ) Hai Duong – 2021 i DECLARATION I certify that the thesis “A study on hyperbole in English American literary works” and the substance of this thesis has not been submitted for a degree to any other university or institution Hai Duong , June 2021 Lai Mai Anh ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the completion of this thesis, I have received a great support from a number of people Firstly, I wish to express deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs Hoang Thi Huyen from Faculty of Foreign Languages at Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, for her precious instructions and suggestions Her guidance, encouragement and critical feedback have been most valuable My thesis would be far from completed without her supervisor during working I would also like to express my sincere thanks to all lecturers of Faculty of Foreign Languages at UTEHY for their useful materials, instructions and enthusiasm that have a great influence on my thesis I also want to express my sincere thanks to my friends who have always shared to me their interests, concerns and supports to this study Last but not least, I would like to thank my family who has facilitated me to complete this study iii ABSTRACT While learning English, students can easily recognize that hyperbole is used commonly, even in literature, so that studying hyperbole is necessary and important because of the reason that if learners understand this field, they can broaden their vocabulary and enhance writing skill, especially their ideas when study literary works This study focus on analyzing hyperbole and its uses in famous literary works and specially works in “American and English literature” to help student recognizing effects of hyperbole in literature Moreover, the study also shows the relationships between hyperbole and metaphor, simile and irony Through this study, students can understand what the author implied in their works through hyperbole and then, they can get more ideas for their writing iv Table of Contents DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aim of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Method of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Design of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Literature 2.1.1 What is literature? 2.1.2 Literary study 2.2 Figure of speech 2.3 Hyperbole 2.3.1 What is hyperbole? 2.3.2 Hyperbole identification 2.3.3 Hyperbole forms 10 2.3.4 The uses of hyperbole 11 2.4 Metaphor 12 2.5 Simile 15 2.6 Irony 16 CHAPTER 3: THE STUDY 18 3.1 Uses of hyperbole in literary works 18 3.1.1 Literature of praise 18 v 3.1.2 Characterization 20 3.1.3 Setting the scene 21 3.1.4 Humor and satire 23 3.2 Hyperbole in “English and American literature” book used at UTEHY 24 3.3 The relationship between hyperbole and metaphor in literature 26 3.4 The relationship between hyperbole and simile in literature 28 3.5 The relationship between hyperbole and irony in literature 28 3.6 Suggestions for using hyperbole 29 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 32 4.1 Summary of the study 32 4.2 Limitation of the study 32 4.3 Suggestion for further study 33 REFERENCE 36 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS UTEHY: Hung Yen University of Technology and Education CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale It can’t be deny that English is one of the most popular languages in the world The number of people learning and using English is increasing day by day One of useful ways to help students improve and enhance knowledge of English is learning and exploring the beauty of figures of speech which are used commonly in language to convey ideas and messages in a persuasive way Thank to that, students can not only get better at English but also understand deeply the cultural and the ideas of authors, then comprehend and love this awesome language In fact, the most used figurative language that we often don't realize is hyperbole which helps to increase the expression of words and the artistry of the work Hyperbole is used widely in work, daily communication and a lot around us Because of that reason, understanding hyperbole is one way to help students know how people communicate and the messages that the author conveyed through words, which shows the beauty of the literary talents of writers But depending on the different circumstances, the situation and the subject, we should use hyperbole in an appropriate way to avoid undesirable misunderstandings Therefore, understanding the hyperbole, students can find easier to talk or write essays with no longer stuck in thought However, it is true that nowadays, some students often ignore learning about hyperbole One of the most popular reasons leading to that issue may be the afraid of students when encountering hyperbole-related problems because they think that it is required a high level Besides, some other students think that learning about literary devices, especially hyperbole is time-consuming Therefore, most students may have some difficulties such as misunderstanding the meanings of works while studying them or lack of ideas to write essay on perceptive literature In reality, using hyperbole is not truly hard if we can cultivate the basic knowledge about it For this reason, in this study I will help the readers understand more about hyperbole as well as give some suggestions on how to use it well 1.2 Aim of the study For some reasons mentioned above, the study aims: - To help students get basic knowledge about hyperbole’s uses in literature via famous literary works, especially in “English and American literature” book used at UTEHY - To show relationships of hyperbole with simile, metaphor, irony in literature - To suggest some ways for students using hyperbole in writing 1.3 Research questions In order to achieve the aims above, the following questions will be raised in this study: - What are hyperbole's uses in literature? - What are the relationships between hyperbole and simile, metaphor, irony in literature? - What are suggestions for using hyperbole in writing? 1.4 Method of the study - Collecting materials from internet, reference books - Searching hyperbole appearance in “American and English literature” book used at UTEHY and other famous works on internet - Dissecting the functions of hyperbole and giving suggestion to use it - Comparative analysis to point out similarities and differences between hyperbole and metaphor, simile and irony 1.5 Scope of the study In this study, the researcher will concern on hyperbole artistic that used in English and American literary works, especially the literary works in the book named “English American literature” which is used in Hung Yen University of technology and education The study will focus on analyzing hyperbole’s uses and point out the relationships of hyperbole to simile, metaphor, irony However, because of the limited time and personal knowledge, this study only concentrates on some most common cases of hyperbole used in literary works 22 “It was a cold and snowy winter New York Cold was master Heat was servant (…) Furnaces and boilers committed suicide under the strain and were dragged lifeless from the zero basements by frozen men in frozen overalls The traffic cops, trying to keep order in the chaos cold, felt their semaphoring arm stiffen away from their bodies It was a common sight, at shift change, to see them shifted like statues off their podiums, and laid horizontally in a wheezing truck.” In above paragraph, the cold weather is exaggerated to absurd heights by culminating in the image of the completely frozen policemen Hyperbole here brings a scene that has vivid visual qualities In addition, in the opening of the American folktale ‘Babe the Blue Ox’, there is a paragraph: “Well now, one winter it was so cold that all the geese flew backward and all the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue Late at night, it got so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking about the night before.” Here, the ‘geese flying backward’, ‘snow turning blue’, ‘words freezing’, and ‘waiting for sunrise to find out what was being said’ are all hyperboles, because of the fact that none of these actually happen The author is successful to draw a picture about the setting of this story by using hyperbole - By using hyperbole to setting the scene, especially at the beginning of the fictional works, writers can draw the reader into the world they create The beginning of Rushdie’s “Haroun and the Sea of Stories”, written as a children’s book, can serve as another typical illustration: “There was once, in the country of Alifbay, a sad city, the saddest of cities, a city so ruinously sad that it had forgotten its name It stood by a mournful sea full of glumfish, which were so miserable to eat that they made people belch with melancholy even though the skies were blue In the north of the sad city stood mighty factories in which (so I’m told) sadness was actually manufactured, packaged and sent all over the world, which seemed never to get 23 enough of it Black smoke poured out of the chimneys of the sadness factories and over the city like bad news.” With hyperbole, Rushdie sketches out an unpleasant world The characteristics of the sad environment can be read as a sign of things to come Furthermore, the improbabilities mentioned here prepare the reader for a world in which all sorts of unlikely and fantastic things can happen In ‘To kill a mockingbird’, the author Harper Lee writes: “A day was twenty-four hours long but seemed longer There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County.” In this example, the author is using hyperbole to emphasize how slow and boring the town is: “nothing to buy, no money to buy it, nowhere to go” - links the difficult economic situation to the townspeople's pace of life, together with the insular, isolated nature of this community The hyperbolic phrases in this sentence help the reader to understand the situation as, without them, the sentence doesn’t appear as emotive 3.1.4 Humor and satire - Humor: hyperbole is everywhere, used to tickle the audience's funny bone by putting a surprising image into people's imagination Take the genre of "Your mama" jokes, for example, "Your mama's hair is so short she could stand on her head and her hair wouldn't touch the ground" or "Your father is so low he has to look up to tie his shoes," quoted in author Onwuchekwa Jemie's book "Yo Mama! New Raps, Toasts, Dozens, Jokes, and Children's Rhymes From Urban Black America" (Temple Univ Press, 2003) Humor writer Dave Barry, a master at hyperbole, uses it with flair: "My wife believes that men tend to have insanely high physical standards regarding the kind of woman they're willing to settle for She notes that a middle-aged man can have tarantula-grade nose hair, b.o that can cause migrating geese to change course, and enough spare tissue to form a whole new middle-aged man, but this man can still believe he is physically qualified to date Scarlett Johansson." ("I'll Mature When I'm Dead." Berkley, 2010) 24 - In contrast to humor, satire aims at criticizing Hyperbole related to it, because exaggeration is one of common satirical techniques It is not denied that hyperbole plays a role in irony, often a necessary ingredient of satires Hyperbole can make striking and emphatic effects, which helps the readers more easily to recognize the satirical aim and intention Satirists regularly use hyperbole to emphasize and make readers pay attention on a socio-political or economic problem A Modest Proposal (by Jonathan Swift) is a well-known and typical illustration for this use of hyperbole, like this excerpt below “I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasie, or a ragoust.” Swift’s satirical essay shows his perspective on the oppressive policies and attitudes toward Ireland and the poor in specific of the British people and on general aristocracy in the early eighteenth century This is perhaps the most famous hyperbolic passages in literature, because Swift suggests selling and using Irish children as a food source to diminish the financial burden of the Irish people Swift’s implication was that if his essay annoyed and offended, then England’s oppressive policies regarding Ireland and the poor at the time did, too Obviously, this “proposal” is a hyperbole to make an extreme exaggeration rather than a literal solution However, the practical and almost casual tone with which Swift delivers his hyperbole is as shocking for readers as what he appears to be suggesting As a literary and rhetorical device in the essay, hyperbole successfully creates a genuine and unexpected impact about serious and ironic effect for the reader All in all, hyperbole has traditionally been examined as a creative literary device and is still nowadays almost invariably associated to the production of literary works 3.2 Hyperbole in “English and American literature” book used at UTEHY a The Daffodils 25 “Daffodils” (also known as "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud") is one of the best-loved poems of the romanticism poet William Wordsworth This poem describes how the spontaneous emotions of the poet’s heart sparked by the amazing dance of daffodils which helps him to write down this excellent little piece Wordsworth regularly utilized hyperbole to broaden his poems' emotional impact as well as help the readers feel what he felt during these sweet scenes The most glaring illustration of hyperbole in this poem is the persona's statement about the number of daffodils: Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance The author makes a mention to the Milky Way, the galaxy loaded up with its own planetary solar systems extended beyond infinity Along the Milky Way’s premises lie countless stars which the writer implies the daffodils fluttering alongside the lake The flowers filled a whole field They were “continuous,” they “stretched in a never-ending line,” In fact, the poet of course could not know the exact number of flowers that stood before him, especially since he only saw them "at a glance." But at that single glance, he can see “ten thousand” of them By terms of hyperbole (because it would be impossible to find a field of 10,000 daffodils in real life), he means a collection of daffodils fluttering in the air, entrancing the artist at the excellence of that sight as well as spellbinding the readers at the beauty of the scene b The gift of the Magi The clearest utilization of hyperbole in "The Gift of the Magi" occurs when the narrator portrays Della's and Jim's assessments of their two treasures—her long, luxuriant hair and his gold watch 26 “Had the Queen of Sheba lived in the flat across the airshaft, Della would have let her hair hang out the window some day to dry just to depreciate Her Majesty's jewels and gifts Had King Solomon been the janitor, with all his treasures piled up in the basement, Jim would have pulled out his watch every time he passed, just to see him pluck at his beard from envy.” This may be the wildest kind of hyperbole in this story This excerpt claims Della's hair is more valuable than all the Queen of Sheba's jewels and her fabulous gifts to King Solomon The passage also says Jim's gold watch is more precious than all the treasures of King Solomon Hyperbole is used for a humorous effect Queen of Sheba and King Soloman would be jealous of Della’s hair and Jim’s watch O Henry, obviously, doesn't expect his exaggeration to be fully trusted He only just wants to convey an idea of how much Della treasures her beautiful hair and how much Jim treasures the fine watch he has inherited from his father, who inherited the watch from Jim's grandfather Therefore, readers can appreciate the sacrifices the two young people make as they part with their only treasures c The Last Leaf The short story “The Last Leaf” is written by O’Henry - an author who is a distinguished American writer of the early 20th century He is a master of surprise endings but this author is excellent at using figures of speech, too, including hyperbole This sentence below can serve as an example for hyperbole “He was past sixty and had a Michael Angelo's Moses beard curling down from the head of a satyr along with the body of an imp.” This text shows readers the appearance of Mr Berhman Hyperbole here is used to produce a humorous effect of his out- look Therefore, readers can understand that he is an old ageing man, who doesn’t want to carry about himself 3.3 The relationship between hyperbole and metaphor in literature When putting metaphor and hyperbole together, the similar point of them is easily found out It is that both say something literally which is meant to be taken figuratively Such as “This baby is an angel.” 27 Or for another example, in “Romeo and Juliet” written by William Shakespeare, when Romeo sees Juliet at the beginning of the famous balcony scene, he speaks the iconic line, “But soft! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun!” Author uses metaphor and hyperbole to compare her visage to the sun in order to praise her beauty The fact that something looks hyperbolic and at the same time looks like a metaphor is not a proof which shows that there is no distinction between those two figures of speech Many hyperboles may use metaphor and metaphors may use hyperbole, but actually they are quite different While metaphor is using one thing to represent something, hyperbole is exaggeration Metaphor is a bid to give precise expression to an idea, a thought or an experience without literal linguistic encoding, while what is basic and central to hyperbole is the expression of an evaluation (both positive and negative) of a state of affairs If a metaphor is clearly an exaggeration, it can be described as a hyperbolic metaphor For example, “cry me a river.” Of course, nobody can possibly shed that many tears And “This bag weighs a ton” or “I have a thousand works to this morning.” is obviously a hyperbole, not a metaphor because there is no comparison here, Moreover, a typical metaphor is “Is there a black sheep in your family?” It cannot understand according the literally mean that someone is a black sheep because the fact that a human being cannot be a sheep, except this is a really strange science-fiction story or film Therefore, the "black sheep" here represents certain characteristics of the family member being referred to An odd black sheep is unusual and strange because of having an anomalous black wool in a herd of common white sheep, so it perhaps not accepted by its herd Someone who is called a black sheep may not be the same with other family members in some way and may not also be accepted by family members because of that reason This example does not use hyperbole as no characteristics of the person in question are being exaggerated An illustration of hyperbole in this situation would be “He shares absolutely nothing in common with our family!” This cannot be true because all family members share DNA and of course many experiences, but this sentence use hyperbole to emphasize how different this one feels from the rest of the family 28 3.4 The relationship between hyperbole and simile in literature Hyperbole likewise underlines a specific characteristic of something For example, "His brain's size is as small as a pea" It is a hyperbole, which is an exaggeration for effect A pea is, in fact, tiny, so it does exaggerate how small the size of his brain is, which shows that he is not too smart; or “The skin on her face was as thin and drawn as tight as the skin of onion and her eyes were gray and sharp like the points of two picks.” in “Parker's Back” by Flannery O'Connor Hyperbole sometimes uses comparison, but it is not necessary for writer to use simile to create hyperbole, such as: "I had a ton of homework." Besides, simile is different from hyperbole in that it must use a “like” or “as” comparison and also does not necessarily (but may) use exaggeration For example, “she is as beautiful as the rose” is also a simile, but perhaps not a hyperbole In most cases, it is not too hard to determine the difference between simile and hyperbole The sentence, “This bag weighs a ton,” is clearly hyperbole because nobody anticipates that the bag should really weigh till a ton Hyperbole exaggerates the features being described, usually for colorful or persuasive effect A person may say, “If I ate all these food, I would be as big as an elephant.” Although using the word “as” the way a simile does, the comparison to a gigantic animal reveals that the sentence uses clearly hyperbole For example, “She is pretty as a flower” is a simile which compares a girl to a flower (a wonderful bloom), describing the girl who is beautiful This normal simile emphasizes her excellent out-look, but does not necessarily exaggerate it After all ladies are generally at least as beautiful and delightful as flowers if not more so An example of hyperbole in this same situation would be “She is the prettiest lady in the whole universe!” 3.5 The relationship between hyperbole and irony in literature Hyperbole and irony have some importantly similar Basically, the listener understands both of them not intended literally or truthfully and rectifies them to have a more exact interpretation In fact, hyperbole is the useful device to make an irony because it can exaggerate and distort the points that irony needs So sometimes, hyperbole is confused with irony For example: "You said you wanted to get fit But in fact, I think that you can eat a horse now." 29 Here, hyperbole "you can eat a horse" supports for irony which is criticize the idea (want to lose weighs) of character in sentence Or Jonathan Swift writes in “A Modest Proposal”: “A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends; and when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter.” Swift makes use of hyperbole to emphasize his irony in the essay to showcase the dire situations of those who are impoverished by exaggeration their limited unreal solutions However, any outright assimilation of hyperbole to irony cannot be right This conclusion is further supported by recent work of Deirdre Wilson, in which she argues against treating hyperbole as a species of irony on the grounds that it does not exhibit any of the characteristic features of irony (Wilson, 2013) According to her, irony typically involves the expression of an attitude of mockery or scorn toward (or at least demurral from) the viewpoint literally expressed: (1) Well done (said after someone clumsily drops and breaks something valuable) (2) What lovely weather (said while it’s raining hard) Irony is all the more regularly used to register a criticism, a complaint or a grievance than to pass on acclaim or some other positive position Hyperbole doesn't always have the bias that irony has it does not work much better when expressing something negative (that is, something that conflicts with the norm or universal expectation) than something positive Using irony to convey a positive assessment is uncommon Here is an example for different between irony and hyperbole "You’re a wonderful friend" can be an irony, which sounds like praise is understood to be blame or satire By contrast, "You are the best friend in the whole world" is a hyperbole brings a positive side 3.6 Suggestions for using hyperbole To be good at using something, a person needs to follow three steps: understanding, learning from the people who it well, and then practicing until using it well So the same to the students who want to use hyperbole in their writing • Understanding hyperbole is important 30 In order to use something, understanding it is basic first step, so the same to the hyperbole Above analysis provides the common knowledge about hyperbole Students can use the number which represent a simple one-word hyperbole, because it contributes to larger-scale hyperboles In fact, very often the hyperbolic potential is contained solely within the comparative phrase (such as like, as, than) and the superlatives Moreover, McCarthy and Carter (2004: 163) mention polysendeton, i.e., the repetition of conjunctions, as a supportive syntactic device for hyperbole What is meant by repetition here is the reoccurrence of the same item or phrase in strict sequence without interruption by other material and it can cause a hyperbolic effect However, not all, perhaps even rather few, repetitions are necessarily hyperbolic; many are just generally emphatic and emotive, which is certainly the prototypical function of repetition, so students need to be careful when using this way to create hyperbole When composing hyperbolic statements, students should stay away from cliches, due to the reason that those just cause tired and are overused, which is the opposite of fresh language Specially, the description needs to bring forth surprise and delight in audience at the image portrayed, such as by using the comparison or other literary devices Understanding hyperbole can also help students avoid using it in the wrong situation, like in formal writing It could have its place in fiction or different kinds of creative writing when utilized for strong effect However, hyperbole wouldn't be used in formal writing, such as a business contract, a letter to a business, a scientific report, an essay, or an article for publication Hyperbole tends to be used within informal settings or for literary effect It is not, for example, regarded as good practice to use hyperbole within business English because it could be regarded as unprofessional In general, to understand fully and profoundly those application of meanings as well as attitudes of hyperboles in English American literature is very difficult due to the reason that they relate to a lot of fields such as geographical feature, social development, culture, etc… Therefore, the difficulties in learning English hyperboles that Vietnamese learners may deal with are undeniable To overcome these difficulties, students should study deeply the feature 31 of hyperboles, take care of cultural, guess their meaning in the contexts and practice the exercises • Reading and taking note of some good examples of hyperbole in literature Exploring and reading are necessary ways to enrich knowledge There are lots of excellent examples about hyperbole in literary works that students can find However, just reading is not enough, learners should understand the meaning of this hyperbole brings for this works, and then can understand the ways authors use it Even students can take notes about their thinking of hyperbole examples to remember them deeply • Practicing There is no success without effort and practicing Day by day, time will give a good answer for the amazing hard- working efforts Hyperbole is known a very effective tool for literary writers Hyperbole can elevate students’ works with evocative images and comparisons, and unlock a greater diversity of descriptions and phrases Students can follow some following steps to practice using hyperbole Firstly, decide on an image or character writers think would be helped through use of hyperbole Secondly, think about what elements of an image or character students find most important or informative, and the subject matter resonates with writes and what images it brings to mind Next, make a list of phrases, images or illustrative comparisons might be resonant and powerful, and of course then, choose the most applicable and effective examples of hyperbole which can best complement the character or image to use Using hyperbole to include in students’ piece can be a really fun and helpful brainstorming activity Don't be afraid or lazy to revise a sentence or passage numerous times before hitting on the hyperbolic statement and description which are going to be used in the final version Humor writing may be complex, and it takes time to put just the right words together for the greatest effect 32 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 4.1 Summary of the study Hyperbole is truly important in understanding the beauty of using language in literature Hyperbole not only helps readers understand the meanings expressed in each image and word but also shows the author's talent in manipulating language Moreover, having deep understanding about hyperbole also helps students get more ideas for their writing or analytical essays of literary works Besides, students can know the relationships of hyperbole with metaphor, simile and irony Through this knowledge, learners can distinguish and recognize them more easily while analyzing literary works as well as know how to use them, even that students can combine them together to create special effects for their own works Moreover, some recommendations are suggested for the students to help them use hyperbole in their writing Understanding hyperbole as well as finding and analyzing examples of hyperbole in nice literary works are necessary And of course practicing using hyperbole cannot be skipped for who wants to using it well This paper only studies a small part of hyperbole in English, but the writer hopes that it can help readers to part of the study and research in this subject All what have been referred to in this paper come from the limited understanding and ability of author And despite of the hard efforts while doing this study, the limitations and errors could not be avoided Therefore, the writer hopes to receive comments from teachers, friends and readers to improve the research 4.2 Limitation of the study During the process of this research, the researcher takes some problem there Lack of resources, which means there are not enough of them That is the reason why some data may be missing, not collected and included in the project Time-consuming process: sometimes, during the research, the writer still is confused while analyzing literary works leading to some mistakes that need to be corrected This process is also quite time consuming Research requires a lot of time to work on them 33 4.3 Suggestion for further study The research has been completed with the author’s great efforts, though mistakes may not be avoided Hyperbole, in general, and hyperbole in English American literary works, in particular, is an interesting subject that needs more investigation from authors On the coming time, researchers may study: - Hyperbole in some typical literary works of famous English and Vietnamese writers - The similarities and differences between hyperbole in English literature and American literature - A study on the different of hyperbole and idioms in English In conclude, besides the limitations, this study was completed under the guidance of teachers and self-effort Therefore, the writer greatly does hope to receive any remarks, criticisms and suggestions from teachers, friends and readers to make the research better 36 REFERENCE Aristotle (350 B.C.E) Poetics Translated by S H Butcher Barry, P (2002) Beginning Theory: An introduction to literary and cultural theory, Manchester University Press Claridge, C (2010) Hyperbole in English: A Corpus-based Study of Exaggeration New York: Cambridge University Press Eagleton, T (1996) Literary theory: An introduction Blackwell Publishing McCarthy, M and Carter, R (2004) “There’s millions of them”: hyperbole in everyday conversation Journal of Pragmatics Preminger, A (1974) Princeton encyclopedia of poetry and poetics Princeton: Princeton Univeristy Press Quintilianus, M.F (1829) Institutes of oratory Sert, O (2008) An interactive analysis of hyperboles in a British TV series: implications for EFL classes ARECLS: Annual Review of Education, Communication, and Language Sciences Sperber, D and Wilson, D (2008) A deflationary account of metaphors In: Gibbs R The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 10 Teofilo, C T and Buenaventura, M (1964) Philippine Literature from Ancient Times to the present Quezon City Del Castillo and Sons 11 Turner, K and Jaszczolt, K M (2003) Meaning through language contrast Volume Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company 12 Wilson, D (2013) Irony comprehension: a development perspective 13 Oxford Dictionary 14 Webster‘s Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1993) 15 https://literarydevices.net/figure-of-speech/ 16 https://literaryterms.net/hyperbole/ 37 17 https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-metaphor-examples-definition-typesvideo.html) 18 https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-irony-different-types-of-irony-inliterature-plus-tips-on-how-to-use-irony-in-writing#what-is-irony 19 https://examples.yourdictionary.com/metaphor-examples.html 20 https://literarydevices.com/simile/ Literary sources Auden, W.H., (1937), As I walked out one evening Berkley, D (2010), I'll Mature When I'm Dead Chaucer, G., General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales Dickens, C (1859), A Tale of Two Cities Jemie, O (2003), Yo Mama! New Raps, Toasts, Dozens, Jokes, and Children's Rhymes From Urban Black America, Temple University Press Lee, H (1960), To kill a mockingbird, United States Flannery O'Connor, F (1965), Parker's Back O Henry: The Gift of the Magi, The Last Leaf, The Poet and The Peasant, The Day Resurgent, The Fifth Wheel, The Thing‘s The Play, Make the Whole World Kind Roper, K., My Heart Beats for You, (https://www.lovetoknow.com/member/40~kelly-roper) 10 Rushdie, S (1991), Haroun and the Sea of Stories, Penguin Publishing Group 11 Shakespeare, W: Sonnets, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet 12 Swift, J (1729), A Modest Proposal 13 Vonnegut, K (1969), Slaughterhouse Five 14 Winterson, J (1997) Gut Symmetries 15 Wordsworth, W (1807), The Daffodils 16 Wrenn, C L and Bolton, W F (1973) Beowulf, London : Harrap 17 Babe the Blue Ox’ 38 18 “English and American literature” book used at UTEHY