Hindawi Publishing Corporation Fixed Point Theory and Applications Volume 2009, Article ID 173028, 7 pages doi:10.1155/2009/173028 Research ArticleThe C 1 SolutionsoftheSeries-LikeIterativeEquationwithVariable Coefficients Yuzhen Mi, Xiaopei Li, and Ling Ma Mathematics and Computational School, Zhanjiang Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, China Correspondence should be addressed to Xiaopei Li, lixp27333@sina.com Received 23 March 2009; Revised 11 June 2009; Accepted 6 July 2009 Recommended by Tomas Dom ´ ınguez Benavides By constructing a structure operator quite different from that ofZhang and Baker 2000 and using the Schauder fixed point theory, the existence and uniqueness ofthe C 1 solutionsoftheseries-likeiterative equations withvariable coefficients are discussed. Copyright q 2009 Yuzhen Mi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1. Introduction An important form ofiterative equations is the polynomial-like iterativeequation λ 1 f x λ 2 f 2 x ··· λ n f n x F x ,x∈ I : a, b , 1.1 where F is a given function, f is an unknown function, λ i ∈ R 1 i 1, 2, ,n, and f k k 1, 2, ,n is the kth iterate of f, that is, f 0 xx, f k xf ◦ f k−1 x. The case of all constant λ i s was considered in 1–10. In 2000, W. N. Zhang and J. A. Baker first discussed the continuous solutionsof such an iterativeequationwithvariable coefficients λ i λ i x which are all continuous in interval a, b. In 2001, J. G. Si and X. P. Wang furthermore gave the continuously differentiable solution of such equation in the same conditions as in 11.In this paper, we continue the works of 11, 12, and consider theseries-likeiterativeequationwithvariable coefficients ∞ i1 λ i x f i x F x ,x∈ I : a, b , 1.2 2 Fixed Point Theory and Applications where λ i x : I → 0, 1 are given continuous functions and ∞ i1 λ i x1,λ 1 x ≥ c> 0 ∀x ∈ I, max x∈I λ i xc i . We improve the methods given by the authors in 11, 12,and the conditions of 11, 12 are weakened by constructing a new structure operator. 2. Preliminaries Let C 0 I,R{f : I → R,fis continuous}, clearly C 0 I,R, · c 0 is a Banach space, where f c 0 max x∈I |fx|,forf in C 0 I,R. Let C 1 I,R{f : I → R,f is continuous and continuously differentiable}, then C 1 I,R is a Banach space withthe norm · c 1 , wheref c 1 f c 0 f c 0 ,forf in C 1 I,R. Being a closed subset, C 1 I,I defined by C 1 I,I f ∈ C 1 I,R ,f I ⊆ I, ∀x ∈ I 2.1 is a complete space. The following lemmas are useful, and the methods of proof are similar to those of paper 4, but the conditions are weaker than those of 4. Lemma 2.1. Suppose that ϕ ∈ C 1 I,I and ϕ x ≤ M, ∀x ∈ I, 2.2 ϕ x 1 − ϕ x 2 ≤ M | x 1 − x 2 | , ∀x 1 ,x 2 ∈ I, 2.3 where M and M are positive constants.Then ϕ n x 1 − ϕ n x 2 ≤ M 2n−2 in−1 M i | x 1 − x 2 | , 2.4 for any x 1 ,x 2 in I,whereϕ n denotes dϕ n /dx. Lemma 2.2. Suppose that ϕ 1 ,ϕ 2 ∈ C 1 I,I satisfy 2.2.Then ϕ n 1 − ϕ n 2 c 0 ≤ n i1 M i−1 ϕ 1 − ϕ 2 c 0 . 2.5 Lemma 2.3. Suppose that ϕ 1 ,ϕ 2 ∈ C 1 I,I satisfy 2.2 and 2.3.Then ϕ k1 1 − ϕ k1 2 c 0 ≤ k 1 M k ϕ 1 − ϕ 2 c 0 Q k 1 M k i1 k − i 1 M ki−1 ϕ 1 − ϕ 2 c 0 , 2.6 for k 0, 1, 2, ,where Qs0 as s 1 and Qs1 as s 2, 3, Fixed Point Theory and Applications 3 3. Main Results For given constants M 1 > 0andM 2 > 0, let A M 1 ,M 2 ϕ ∈ C 1 I,I : ϕ x ≤ M 1 , ∀x ∈ I, ϕ x 1 − ϕ x 2 ≤ M 2 | x 1 − x 2 | , ∀x 1 ,x 2 ∈ I . 3.1 Theorem 3.1 existence. Given positive constants M 1 ,M 2 and F ∈AM 1 ,M 2 , if there exists constants N 1 ≥ 1 and N 2 > 0, such that P 1 c − ∞ i2 c i N i−1 1 ≥ M 1 /N 1 , P 2 c − ∞ i2 c i 2i−2 ji−1 N j 1 ≥ M 2 /N 2 , then 1.2 has a solution f in AN 1 ,N 2 . Proof. For convenience, let d max{|a|, |b|}. Define K : AN 1 ,N 2 → C 1 I,I such that K : f → K f , where K f t ∞ i1 λ i x f i t , ∀x, t ∈ I. 3.2 Since f ∈AN 1 ,N 2 , it is easy to see that |f i t|≤d for all t ∈ I,and|λ i xf i t|≤d|λ i x| for all x,t ∈ I. It follows from ∞ i1 λ i x1that ∞ i1 λ i xf i t is uniformly convergent. Then K f t is continuous for t ∈ I. Also we have a ∞ i1 λ i x a ≤ ∞ i1 λ i x f i t ≤ ∞ i1 λ i x b b, 3.3 thus K f ∈ C 0 I,I. For any f ∈AN 1 ,N 2 , we have d dt λ i x f i t λ i x f f i−1 t f i−1 t ≤ c i N i 1 . 3.4 By condition P 1 ,weseethat ∞ i1 c i N i 1 is convergent, therefore ∞ i1 c i f i t is uniformly convergent for t ∈ I,thisimpliesthatK f t is continuously differentiable for t ∈ I. Moreover d dt K f t ≤ ∞ i1 λ i x f i t ≤ ∞ i1 c i N i 1 : μ 1 . 3.5 4 Fixed Point Theory and Applications By Lemma 2.1, d dt K f t 1 − d dt K f t 2 ≤ ∞ i1 λ i x f i t 1 − f i t 2 ≤ ∞ i1 c i ⎛ ⎝ N 2 2i−2 ji−1 N j 1 ⎞ ⎠ | t 1 − t 2 | : μ 2 | t 1 − t 2 | . 3.6 Thus K f ∈Aμ 1 ,μ 2 . Define T : AN 1 ,N 2 → C 1 I,I as follows: Tf t 1 λ 1 x F t − 1 λ 1 x K f t f t , ∀t, x ∈ I, 3.7 where f ∈AN 1 ,N 2 . Because K f , F, and f are continuously differentiable for all t ∈ I, Tf is continuously differentiable for all t ∈ I. By conditions P 1 and P 2 , for any t 1 ,t 2 in I, we have d dt Tf t ≤ 1 λ 1 x F t 1 λ 1 x ∞ i2 λ i x f i t ≤ 1 c M 1 1 c ∞ i2 c i N i 1 ≤ 1 c M 1 1 c cN 1 − M 1 N 1 . 3.8 We furthermore have d dt Tf t 1 − d dt Tf t 2 ≤ 1 λ 1 x F t 1 − F t 2 1 λ 1 x ∞ i2 c i f i t 1 − f i t 2 ≤ 1 c M 2 | t 1 − t 2 | 1 c ∞ i2 c i N 2 ⎛ ⎝ 2i−2 ji−1 N j 1 ⎞ ⎠ | t 1 − t 2 | ≤ N 2 | x 1 − x 2 | . 3.9 Thus T : AN 1 ,N 2 →AN 1 ,N 2 is a self-diffeomorphism. Now we prove the continuity of T under the norm · c 1 . For arbitrary f 1 ,f 2 ∈ AN 1 ,N 2 , Fixed Point Theory and Applications 5 Tf 1 − Tf 2 c 0 max t∈I − 1 λ 1 x K f 1 t f 1 t 1 λ 1 x K f 2 t − f 2 t ≤ 1 c max t∈I ∞ i2 λ i x f i 1 t − ∞ i2 λ i x f i 2 t ≤ 1 c ∞ i2 c i f i 1 − f i 2 c 0 ≤ 1 c ∞ i2 c i i k1 N k−1 1 f 1 − f 2 c 0 , d dt Tf 1 − d dt Tf 2 c 0 max t∈I − 1 λ 1 x K f 1 t f 1 t 1 λ 1 x K f 2 t − f 2 t ≤ 1 c max t∈I ∞ i2 λ i x f i 1 t − ∞ i2 λ i x f i 2 t ≤ 1 c ∞ i2 c i f i 1 − f i 2 c 0 ≤ 1 c ∞ i2 c i iN i−1 1 f 1 − f 2 c 0 Q i N 2 i−1 k1 i − k N ik−2 1 f 1 − f 2 c 0 . 3.10 Let E 1 1 c ∞ i2 c i i k1 N k−1 1 Q i N 2 i−1 k1 i − k N ik−2 1 , E 2 1 c ∞ i2 c i iN i−1 1 ,E max { E 1 ,E 2 } . 3.11 Then we have Tf 1 − Tf 2 c 1 Tf 1 − Tf 2 c 0 Tf 1 − Tf 2 c 0 ≤ E 1 f 1 − f 2 c 0 E 2 f 1 − f 2 c 0 ≤ E f 1 − f 2 c 0 E f 1 − f 2 c 0 E f 1 − f 2 c 1 , 3.12 which gives continuity of T. It is easy to show that AN 1 ,N 2 is a compact convex subset of C 1 I,I. By Schauder’s fixed point theorem, we assert that there is a mapping f ∈AN 1 ,N 2 such that f t Tf t 1 λ 1 x F t − 1 λ 1 x K f t f t , ∀t ∈ I. 3.13 Let t x, we have fx as a solution of 1.2 in AN 1 ,N 2 . This completes the proof. 6 Fixed Point Theory and Applications Theorem 3.2 Uniqueness. Suppose that (P 1 ) and (P 2 ) are satisfied, also one supposes that P 3 E<1, then for arbitrary function F in AM 1 ,M 2 , 1.2 has a unique solution f ∈AN 1 ,N 2 . Proof. The existence of 1.2 in AN 1 ,N 2 is given by Theorem 3.1, from the proof of Theorem 3.1,weseethatAN 1 ,N 2 is a closed subset of C 1 I,I,by3.12 and P 3 ,wesee that T : AN 1 ,N 2 →AN 1 ,N 2 is a contraction. Therefore T has a unique fixed point fx in AN 1 ,N 2 ,thatis,1.2 has a unique solution in AN 1 ,N 2 , this proves the theorem. 4. Example Consider theequation ∞ i1 λ i x f i x 1 4 x 2 ,x∈ I : −1, 1 , 4.1 where λ 1 x33/36 1/36 cos 2 πx/2,λ 2 x1/36 1/36 sin 2 πx/2,λ 3 x1/36, λ 4 xλ 5 x··· 0. It is easy to see that 0 ≤ λ i x ≤ 1, ∞ i1 λ i x1,c 33/36,c 2 2/36,c 3 1/36,c 4 c 5 ··· 0. For any x, y in −1, 1, F x | 0.5x | ≤ 0.5, F x − F y ≤ | 0.5x | 0.5y ≤ 1, 4.2 thus F ∈A0.5, 1. By condition P 1 , we can choose N 1 1.1, and by condition P 1 , we can choose N 2 1.5. Then by Theorem 3.1, there is a continuously differentiable solution of 4.1 in A1.1, 1.5. Remark 4.1. Here Fx is not monotone for x ∈ −1, 1, hence it cannot be concluded by 11, 12. Acknowledgments This work was supported by Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation 07301595 and Zhan-jiang Normal University Science Research Project L0804. References 1 J. Z. Zhang and L. Yang, “Disscussion on iterative roots of continuous and piecewise monotone functions,” Acta Mathematica Sinica, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 398–412, 1983 Chinese. 2 W. N. Zhang, “Discussion on the iterated equation n i1 λ i f i xFx,” Chinese Science Bulletin, vol. 32, pp. 1441–1451, 1987 Chinese. 3 W. N. 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Wang, “Differentiable solutionsof a polynomial-like iterativeequationwithvariable coefficients,” Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen, vol. 58, no. 1-2, pp. 57–72, 2001. . different from that ofZhang and Baker 2000 and using the Schauder fixed point theory, the existence and uniqueness of the C 1 solutions of the series-like iterative equations with variable coefficients. Corporation Fixed Point Theory and Applications Volume 2009, Article ID 173028, 7 pages doi:10.1155/2009/173028 Research Article The C 1 Solutions of the Series-Like Iterative Equation with Variable Coefficients Yuzhen. differentiable solution of such equation in the same conditions as in 11.In this paper, we continue the works of 11, 12, and consider the series-like iterative equation with variable coefficients ∞ i1 λ i x f i x