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DUY TÂN UNIVERSITY COMPUTER SCIENCE UNIVERSITY PROJECT REPORT SUBJECT: BLOCKCHAIN TOPIC: BLOCKCHAIN AND ICT TECNIQUES FOR EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY Teacher: Dr Anand Ayyar Student: Nguyễn Thị Hồng ID: 27301510059 Class: K24MCS1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I THE INTRODUCTION II CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO BLOCKCHAIN AND ICT 2.1 What is blockchain? 2.2 How does blockchain work? 2.3 The The benefits of blockchain for education .4 2.4 The challenges of using blockchain in education III CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF BLOCKCHAIN IN EDUCATION 3.1 Credential management 3.2 Digital learning resources .9 3.3 Online payments 11 3.4 Academic research 12 3.5 Gamification 14 IV CHAPTER ICT TECHNIQUES FOR EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY 15 4.1 Cloud computing 15 4.2 Big data analytics 16 4.3 Artificial intelligence .18 4.4 Virtual reality 19 4.5 Augmented reality 20 V CHAPTER THE FUTURE OF BLOCKCHAIN AND ICT IN EDUCATION 21 5.1 The potential of blockchain to transform education 21 5.2 The challenges that need to be addressed 23 VI CONCLUSION 24 REFERENCES 26 I THE INTRODUCTION Today, with the explosion of technology, information can be sent quickly around the world through the internet On November 19, 1997, Vietnam officially connected to the global internet As of September 2023, with a population of 96.824 million, 78.59 million people are using the internet, accounting for 79.1%, an increase of 5.3 million (7.3%) from the beginning of 2022 This number shows the impact of the internet, which has made people's lives easier than ever before We can send messages using email tools, and we can update information that is thousands of kilometers away In addition, the internet has become a useful tool when the Industrial Revolution 4.0 is booming However, the development of the internet has led to many major risks for people and has affected the development of the economy and society According to a report by Kaspersky, Vietnam ranks 25th out of 193 countries and territories in terms of the risk of being affected by internet attacks Vietnam is in the group of countries with a high risk, along with countries like the United States, China, Russia, South Korea, Japan, etc Internet attacks in Vietnam are mainly concentrated in the financial, telecommunications, government, and business sectors Common forms of attack include network attacks, malware attacks, and phishing attacks Some of the reasons why Vietnam is at high risk of internet attacks include the limited awareness of internet users and businesses about cybersecurity With the urgency of this issue, it requires humans to develop new technologies that can meet all the needs of humans in the new era New technology trends have emerged and are changing the global economy, from cloud computing to IoT, including blockchain Blockchain has and is promising to be a revolutionary technology, leading to dramatic changes in the future for many different fields such as: finance, banking, agriculture, industry, etc and education The application of technology in education is not too strange, and this is seen as the general trend of the era Understanding the great role of blockchain in the present day, I decided to choose the topic: "Blockchain and ICT techniques for education technology" The content of this essay partially helps to understand the capabilities of this technology when applied in education and training II CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO BLOCKCHAIN AND ICT 2.1 What is blockchain? A blockchain is a distributed database that maintains a continuously growing list of ordered records called blocks Each block contains a timestamp and a link to the previous block The blocks are linked together using cryptography, and each block contains a hash of the previous block This makes it very difficult to change or hack the blockchain a Some of the key features of blockchain: Decentralization: The blockchain is not controlled by any single entity It is a distributed database that is maintained by a network of computers Immutability: Once data is added to the blockchain, it cannot be changed or deleted This makes it a very secure way to store data Transparency: All transactions on the blockchain are public and can be viewed by anyone This makes it a very transparent way to record information Security: The blockchain uses cryptography to secure the data This makes it very difficult to hack or tamper with the data Blockchain is a powerful technology with a wide range of potential applications It is still in its early stages of development, but it has the potential to revolutionize the way we store and manage data b Some of the potential applications of blockchain: Cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin is the most well-known cryptocurrency It is a digital currency that uses blockchain technology to record transactions Supply chain management: Blockchain can be used to track the movement of goods and materials through a supply chain This can help to improve efficiency and transparency Healthcare: Blockchain can be used to store medical records and other sensitive data This can help to improve patient care and security Voting: Blockchain can be used to conduct secure and transparent elections Intellectual property: Blockchain can be used to track the ownership of intellectual property This can help to prevent counterfeiting and plagiarism 2.2 How does blockchain work? Blockchain works by creating a chain of blocks, each of which contains a set of data The blocks are linked together using cryptography, and each block contains a hash of the previous block This makes it very difficult to change or hack the blockchain, as any changes would be reflected in all subsequent blocks Here is a simplified overview of how blockchain works: A user creates a new transaction and submits it to the network The transaction is verified by the network nodes The transaction is added to a new block The block is encrypted and linked to the previous block The block is broadcast to the network The block is added to the blockchain The blockchain is a distributed database, which means that it is not stored on any single computer Instead, it is stored on a network of computers This makes it very difficult to hack or tamper with the blockchain, as any changes would need to be made to all copies of the blockchain Blockchain is a secure and transparent way to store data It is tamperproof and can be used to track transactions, ownership, and other information Blockchain is used in a variety of applications, including cryptocurrencies, supply chain management, and healthcare 2.3 The The benefits of blockchain for education Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the education sector by providing a secure, transparent, and tamper-proof way to store and manage educational records Here are some of the benefits of blockchain for education: Secure and tamper-proof records: Blockchain is a very secure way to store data It is tamper-proof and cannot be changed or deleted without the consensus of the network This makes it an ideal way to store sensitive educational records, such as transcripts, diplomas, and grades Transparent and auditable records: All transactions on the blockchain are public and can be viewed by anyone This makes it a very transparent way to record information This can help to prevent fraud and ensure that educational records are accurate Document continues below Discover more from: Computer Science Trường Đại Học… 30 documents Go to course Solutions Prac 19 Problems Visit Computer Science 100% (2) Bao Cao Khai Mo Du 21 Lieu - Khai mỏ dữ… Computer Science None Ton That Nguyen Hong - good Computer Science None [123doc] - quan-li175 ung-dung-cong-… Computer Science None Hướng dẫn chăm 11 sóc điều trị F0 tại… Computer Science None Khai thác internet Decentralized control: The blockchain is not controlled by any single entity It is a distributed database that is maintained by a mang networklại of nhiều computers lợi íc… This makes it very difficult to censor or control the blockchain This can help to Computer None ensure that educational records are accessible to everyone, regardless of their Science location or circumstances Cost-effective: Blockchain can be a cost-effective way to store and manage educational records This is because the blockchain is a distributed database, which means that there is no need for a central server 2.4 The challenges of using blockchain in education Blockchain is a relatively new technology, and there are still some challenges to overcome before it can be widely adopted in education Here are some of the challenges of using blockchain in education: Complexity: Blockchain is a complex technology, and it can be difficult to understand and implement This can be a barrier to adoption, especially for educational institutions that are not familiar with the technology Cost: Blockchain can be a costly technology to implement, especially for large educational institutions This can be a barrier to adoption, especially for institutions that are already facing financial constraints Lack of standards: There are currently no widely accepted standards for blockchain in education This can make it difficult to develop and implement blockchain-based applications Security: Blockchain is a secure technology, but it is not immune to attack There have been some high-profile security breaches involving blockchain-based applications This can be a concern for educational institutions that are storing sensitive data on the blockchain Privacy: Blockchain is a transparent technology, which means that all transactions are public This can be a concern for educational institutions that are storing sensitive data on the blockchain III CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF BLOCKCHAIN IN EDUCATION 3.1 Credential management Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the way we manage educational credentials a Some of the applications of blockchain in credential management: Record-keeping: Blockchain can be used to store educational records, such as transcripts, diplomas, and grades This can help to prevent fraud and ensure that educational records are accurate Blockchain technology holds the promise of long-overdue changes to record-keeping practices, which have traditionally been primarily unreliable A diverse set of educational documents, like diplomas, certificates, or credentials, that presently require validators can be verified and kept on file automatically by blockchain Once the predefined parameters are satisfied, smart contracts powered by blockchain can handle all the work with instant, selftriggered approval of documents It enables students and learners to quickly access their records and securely share them with prospective employers Additionally, it lessens the strain on employers because they no longer need to laborious background checks to authenticate the applicant’s accomplishments The good thing about it is that it stays intact regardless of external problems Decentralization of the institution: Due to its vast potential, blockchain can create a new business model and serve as an entire infrastructure for universities rather than just a tool Blockchain-based donations: There are a number of companies that are developing blockchain-based donation systems These systems allow people to donate money to educational institutions or organizations in a secure and transparent way Blockchain-based fundraising: There are a number of companies that are developing blockchain-based fundraising systems These systems allow people to donate money to educational projects in a secure and transparent way c Some of the benefits of using blockchain for online payments in education: Security: Blockchain is a secure technology, and it can help to protect users' financial information Transparency: Blockchain is a transparent technology, and it can help to ensure that payments are made in a fair and equitable way Efficiency: Blockchain can help to streamline the process of making and receiving payments Cost-effectiveness: Blockchain can be a cost-effective way to make and receive payments 3.4 Academic research Blockchain can be used to improve the way academic research is conducted and managed a Some of the applications of blockchain in academic research: Storing research data: Blockchain can be used to store research data, such as data sets, code, and publications This can help to prevent data tampering and ensure that research data is accessible to everyone Providing provenance: Blockchain can be used to provide provenance for research data, which means that it can be tracked and traced back to its original source This can help to ensure that research data is authentic and reliable Collaborating on research: Blockchain can be used to collaborate on research projects This can help to make research more efficient and effective Funding research: Blockchain can be used to fund research projects This can help to make research more accessible and equitable Rewarding researchers: Blockchain can be used to reward researchers for their contributions to research This can help to motivate researchers and encourage them to share their work b Some specific examples of how blockchain is being used in academic research: Storing research data: There are a number of companies that are developing blockchain-based platforms for storing research data These platforms allow researchers to store their data securely and access it from anywhere in the world Providing provenance: There are a number of companies that are developing blockchain-based solutions for providing provenance for research data These solutions allow researchers to track and trace their data back to its original source Collaborating on research: There are a number of companies that are developing blockchain-based platforms for collaborating on research projects These platforms allow researchers to work together on projects in a secure and efficient way Funding research: There are a number of companies that are developing blockchain-based solutions for funding research projects These solutions allow researchers to raise funds from a wider range of sources Rewarding researchers: There are a number of companies that are developing blockchain-based solutions for rewarding researchers for their contributions to research These solutions allow researchers to be rewarded for their work in a transparent and equitable way b Some of the benefits of using blockchain for academic research: Security: Blockchain is a secure technology, and it can help to protect research data from tampering and theft Transparency: Blockchain is a transparent technology, and it can help to ensure that research data is accessible to everyone Efficiency: Blockchain can help to streamline the process of storing, sharing, and managing research data Cost-effectiveness: Blockchain can be a cost-effective way to store, share, and manage research data 3.5 Gamification Blockchain can be used to gamify education, which can make learning more fun and engaging for students a Some of the applications of blockchain in gamification in education: Creating educational games: Blockchain can be used to create educational games that are more engaging and rewarding for students Providing rewards: Blockchain can be used to provide rewards for students who complete educational activities, such as badges, points, or tokens Tracking progress: Blockchain can be used to track students' progress in educational games, which can help them to stay motivated Collaborating on games: Blockchain can be used to collaborate on educational games, which can help students to learn from each other Creating a virtual economy: Blockchain can be used to create a virtual economy in educational games, which can help students to learn about economics and financial literacy b Some specific examples of how blockchain is being used in gamification in education: Educoin: Educoin is a blockchain-based platform that allows students to earn and spend cryptocurrency for completing educational activities Blockchain Heroes: Blockchain Heroes is an educational game that teaches students about blockchain technology The CryptoKids Club: The CryptoKids Club is an educational game that teaches children about cryptocurrency The Decentraland University: The Decentraland University is a virtual university that uses blockchain technology to deliver educational content The Axie Infinity Scholarship Program: The Axie Infinity Scholarship Program is a program that provides scholarships to students who want to play the Axie Infinity game c Some of the benefits of using blockchain for gamification in education: Engagement: Blockchain can make educational games more engaging for students by providing them with rewards and opportunities to collaborate with each other Motivation: Blockchain can motivate students to learn by providing them with rewards for completing educational activities Tracking: Blockchain can track students' progress in educational games, which can help them to stay motivated and identify areas where they need more help Collaboration: Blockchain can help students to collaborate on educational games, which can help them to learn from each other and develop their problem-solving skills Economics: Blockchain can help students to learn about economics and financial literacy by creating a virtual economy in educational games IV CHAPTER TECHNOLOGY ICT TECHNIQUES FOR EDUCATION 4.1 Cloud computing Cloud computing is a technology that allows users to access data and applications over the internet It is a powerful tool that can be used to improve education technology in a number of ways a Some of the ICT techniques for education technology with cloud computing: Collaboration: Cloud computing can help students collaborate on projects by providing them with a shared space to work together This can be done through cloud-based platforms such as Google Drive or Microsoft Teams Remote learning: Cloud computing can make remote learning more accessible by providing students with access to educational resources and applications from anywhere in the world This can be done through cloud-based learning platforms such as Coursera or edX Personalized learning: Cloud computing can help personalize learning by providing students with tailored content and assessments This can be done through cloud-based learning platforms that use artificial intelligence to track students' progress and adapt their learning experiences accordingly Data analytics: Cloud computing can be used to collect and analyze data about students' learning This data can be used to improve teaching and learning by identifying areas where students need more help Security: Cloud computing can provide a secure environment for storing and accessing educational data This is because cloud providers typically have robust security measures in place to protect their data b Some specific examples of how cloud computing is being used in education: The Khan Academy: The Khan Academy is a non-profit organization that provides free educational resources online The Khan Academy uses cloud computing to store and deliver its educational content to students all over the world Google Classroom: Google Classroom is a cloud-based learning platform that allows teachers to create and manage online courses Google Classroom makes it easy for teachers to share resources, assign homework, and track student progress Microsoft Teams: Microsoft Teams is a cloud-based collaboration platform that allows students to work together on projects Microsoft Teams makes it easy for students to share files, chat, and video conference with each other edX: edX is a non-profit organization that offers online courses from top universities around the world edX uses cloud computing to deliver its courses to students all over the world Coursera: Coursera is a for-profit company that offers online courses from top universities around the world Coursera uses cloud computing to deliver its courses to students all over the world 4.2 Big data analytics Big data analytics is the process of collecting, storing, and analyzing large amounts of data to extract insights and make informed decisions It is a powerful tool that can be used to improve education technology in a number of ways a Some of the ICT techniques for education technology with big data analytics: Personalized learning: Big data analytics can be used to personalize learning by providing students with tailored content and assessments This can be done by analyzing students' past performance, interests, and learning styles Identifying at-risk students: Big data analytics can be used to identify students who are at risk of failing This can be done by analyzing students' attendance records, test scores, and grades Improving teaching: Big data analytics can be used to improve teaching by providing teachers with insights into how their students are learning This can be done by analyzing students' engagement levels, time spent on tasks, and progress over time Improving school management: Big data analytics can be used to improve school management by providing insights into how schools are performing This can be done by analyzing data such as student test scores, graduation rates, and teacher turnover Improving research: Big data analytics can be used to improve research by providing researchers with insights into educational trends and issues This can be done by analyzing data such as student surveys, transcripts, and social media posts b Some specific examples of how big data analytics is being used in education: The University of California, Berkeley: The University of California, Berkeley is using big data analytics to personalize learning for its students The university is using data such as students' past performance, interests, and learning styles to create personalized learning plans for each student The Gates Foundation: The Gates Foundation is using big data analytics to identify at-risk students The foundation is using data such as students' attendance records, test scores, and grades to identify students who are at risk of dropping out of school The Khan Academy: The Khan Academy is using big data analytics to improve its teaching The academy is using data such as students' engagement levels, time spent on tasks, and progress over time to improve the way its content is presented and delivered The New York City Department of Education: The New York City Department of Education is using big data analytics to improve school management The department is using data such as student test scores, graduation rates, and teacher turnover to identify schools that need improvement The National Center for Education Statistics: The National Center for Education Statistics is using big data analytics to improve research The center is using data such as student surveys, transcripts, and social media posts to study educational trends and issues 4.3 Artificial intelligence Here are some ICT techniques for education technology with AI: Personalized learning: AI can be used to personalize learning by providing students with tailored content and assessments This can be done by analyzing students' past performance, interests, and learning styles For example, an AI-powered tutoring system can identify which concepts a student is struggling with and provide them with personalized instruction Adaptive learning: AI can be used to create adaptive learning experiences that adjust to each student's individual needs This can be done by tracking students' progress and providing them with more challenging or easier content as needed For example, an AI-powered math learning app can adjust the difficulty of the problems based on how well a student is doing Virtual assistants: AI can be used to create virtual assistants that can help students with their studies These assistants can answer questions, provide feedback, and even help students stay on track with their assignments For example, an AI-powered chatbot can answer students' questions about a particular topic or provide them with reminders about upcoming deadlines Gamification: AI can be used to gamify learning experiences, making them more engaging and motivating for students This can be done by using game-like elements such as points, badges, and leaderboards For example, an AI-powered learning game can reward students with points for completing activities and badges for mastering concepts Virtual reality: AI can be used to create virtual reality (VR) experiences that can transport students to different worlds and help them learn in a more immersive way For example, an AI-powered VR experience can allow students to explore a historical site or learn about a science concept in a way that is not possible in a traditional classroom setting Machine learning: Machine learning is a type of AI that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed This can be used to develop educational applications that can adapt and improve over time For example, a machine learning-powered tutoring system can learn from students' mistakes and adjust its teaching methods accordingly 4.4 Virtual reality Here are some ICT techniques for education technology with virtual reality: Simulations: VR can be used to create simulations of real-world environments, which can be used to train students in a safe and controlled environment For example, VR can be used to train surgeons on how to perform surgery or firefighters on how to put out a fire Exploration: VR can be used to take students on virtual field trips to places that they would not otherwise be able to visit, such as the surface of Mars or the inside of a human cell This can help students to learn about different cultures and environments in a more immersive way Problem-solving: VR can be used to create problem-solving experiences that require students to use their critical thinking skills For example, VR can be used to create a virtual escape room where students must solve puzzles to escape Collaboration: VR can be used to create collaborative learning experiences where students can work together to solve problems or complete tasks For example, VR can be used to create a virtual classroom where students can work together on a group project Assessment: VR can be used to assess students' learning in a more engaging and immersive way For example, VR can be used to create a virtual quiz where students must answer questions by interacting with objects in the environment Here are some specific examples of how VR is being used in education: The University of Southern California: The University of Southern California is using VR to train surgeons in how to perform surgery The university has created a VR simulator that allows surgeons to practice on virtual patients The Mayo Clinic: The Mayo Clinic is using VR to train firefighters on how to put out a fire The clinic has created a VR simulator that allows firefighters to practice putting out a fire in a safe and controlled environment The National Geographic Society: The National Geographic Society is using VR to take students on virtual field trips to different parts of the world The society has created a VR experience that allows students to explore the Great Barrier Reef or the Amazon rainforest The Khan Academy: The Khan Academy is using VR to create problemsolving experiences for students The academy has created a VR experience that allows students to solve puzzles in a virtual world Microsoft: Microsoft is using VR to create collaborative learning experiences for students The company has created a VR platform that allows students to work together on a group project in a virtual classroom 4.5 Augmented reality Here are some ICT techniques for education technology with augmented reality: Visualization: AR can be used to visualize abstract concepts in a way that is easier for students to understand For example, AR can be used to visualize the solar system or the human body Hands-on learning: AR can be used to provide students with hands-on learning experiences For example, AR can be used to allow students to interact with virtual objects or simulations Assessment: AR can be used to assess students' learning in a more engaging and immersive way For example, AR can be used to create quizzes or games where students must interact with virtual objects Collaboration: AR can be used to create collaborative learning experiences where students can work together to solve problems or complete tasks For example, AR can be used to create a virtual classroom where students can work together on a group project Personalization: AR can be used to personalize learning experiences by providing students with tailored content and assessments This can be done by tracking students' progress and providing them with more challenging or easier content as needed Here are some specific examples of how AR is being used in education: The University of Arizona: The University of Arizona is using AR to visualize the solar system for students The university has created an AR app that allows students to see the planets and moons in their actual size and location The Cleveland Museum of Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art is using AR to allow students to interact with virtual artworks The museum has created an AR app that allows students to see the artworks in 3D and learn about their history and meaning The Mayo Clinic: The Mayo Clinic is using AR to train surgeons in how to perform surgery The clinic has created an AR app that allows surgeons to practice on virtual patients The Khan Academy: The Khan Academy is using AR to create interactive math lessons The academy has created an AR app that allows students to see math problems in 3D and interact with them Microsoft: Microsoft is using AR to create collaborative learning experiences for students The company has created an AR platform that allows students to work together on a group project in a virtual classroom V CHAPTER THE FUTURE OF BLOCKCHAIN AND ICT IN EDUCATION 5.1 The potential of blockchain to transform education The technological advancements in the education sector will completely change the way courses are taken up and consumed by learners Blockchain disruption in edtech will automate the course progression and learning path of the learners with the help of smart contracts developed on blocks providing complete control to the learners Blockchain technology act as an effective educational resource in the process of learning which allows educators to publish content openly as well as tracking any re-use, without putting limitations on the source material With Blockchain, the agreements of automatic transfer of credits can be written as smart-contracts Historically, universities have owned and controlled student records, leaving students to rely on institutions to access and share their academic history and achievements Blockchain allows students to have complete ownership of their personal records, allowing them to control their academic identity In the last few years, digital diplomas have become the foremost examples of how blockchain can be used in education Because of the inherent permanence, convenience, and security associated with blockchain, using this technology to store and share academic credentials, particularly diplomas, benefits students, institutions, and employers The impact of blockchain in education goes beyond record keeping The technology also has the potential to transform the management of school & university curriculum For one thing, blockchain offers secure storage capabilities for digital syllabi and coursework Blockchains could also make educators' jobs easier via the use of smart contracts A smart contract consists of lines of code programmed into a blockchain that automatically execute when certain conditions are met Another prominent these technologies in a developing nation like India is the role it will play in lowering educational costs in the future to some extent Managing student tuition payments is a labour-intensive process that involves multiple parties — students, parents, scholarship foundations, private loan companies, federal and state institutions, and the often-massive bureaucracy of university financial departments Meteverse opportunities for education: Future education technology will transform learning by giving teachers and students a variety of new tools to work with The pandemic, no matter how unfortunate definitely opened avenues for digitalization of education Through Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and blockchain technology, the metaverse can bridge the gap between the physical realm and the virtual world And as such, its applications could be endless One of the many applications of the metaverse could be its role in the future of education The remote competencies of technology, combined with ever evolving digital possibilities, can transform school learning to a great extent The metaverse necessitates the evolution of new technologies for its execution ranging from virtual tours to conducting absolutely digital events with huge footfall of students These metaverse tours can help students improve their learning journeys by leaps and bounds by providing immersive and interactive experiences This will not only promote cultural diversity amidst students but also foster immersive learning beyond classroom environments The convergence of the physical world with virtual and augmented reality has picked up the pace to create disruptions in different economic sectors across the globe The newer technology when compared to traditional centralized databases, blockchains offer increased efficiency and storage capacity Blockchain and metaverse initiations are already changing the financial industry via cryptocurrencies Thereby, imbibing these in an academic curriculum will not only present more opportunities to the youth of our developing nation but also set a frame-work which is effective, economical and serves all stratas with ease and provides more outreach for all students around the globe while making learning a pleasant tread 5.2 The challenges that need to be addressed One does face challenges in adopting blockchain despite its benefits There is little hesitation among educators and students in using a revolutionary technology that might have roots in the challenges that occur at implementation, including those with security and cost Let us explore what these challenges are: Security issues: Blockchain is known to be one of the most secure technologies However, it is not impervious Finance and education are two entirely different sectors; the security parameters also should be according to the specific sectors The flexibility and vulnerability of blockchain currency might not fit into the security parameters of blockchain for edtech The student’s education credentials and reports are sensitive and should be stored in a manner that is in sync with state and federal data protection laws Thus, it is important for institutions to be extra careful of the information and the way it is stored Additional security measures like providing permissions and more robust data encryption should be implemented for better security Scalability concerns: The scope of student data and certification is evergrowing Education institutions find it challenging to scale up the capabilities of blockchain with ever-growing needs The simple logic is as the data increases, more blocks are added, which tends to slow down transactions on the blockchain platform Additionally, peer to peer verification process makes the transaction process lengthier Low adoption rate: The benefit of blockchain is currently limited to a smaller group of students; majorly graduates, who can store their achievements and accolades in it For organizations to use this feature of blockchain in education to ease their hiring process will need to adopt blockchain technology The businesses will have to make additional investments for the same that might not be feasible or even beneficial for some organizations This apprehension of additional costs might lead to low adoption rates Cost: Adoption of blockchain eventually saves costs in administrative activities However, the scale at which this technology needs to be adopted and implemented is gigantic This will, obviously, involve huge costs While it might be difficult for some institutions to spend a huge amount of money, others might find it challenging as blockchain implementation will also require a huge change in existing infrastructure Overall, the digital transformation of the education industry towards blockchain adoption will require humongous investment initially, which might refrain education institutions from adopting blockchain technology VI CONCLUSION Today, the mainstream perception of educational technology is usually through the prisms of Big Data, participatory social media, STEM education and data mining/analytics with subservient technologies such as Artifcial Intelligence and Machine Learning Te extant literature on harnessing its potentials for education speculate on the prodigious potentials of this technology Tey conjecture on how industrial and fnancial blockchain can be adopted by education, and across almost all of its subdomains such as fnancial procurement, school funding, donations, school payroll, teacher professional training, human resource management, crossborder academic credit recognition, certification and degree transfers, monitoring students’ learning and attesting their actual capabilities Blockchain with its distributed ledgers certainly promises greater efciency and control over educational administration and management However, its real life application is almost exclusively reduced to identity authentication, degree certifcation attesting and a few cases of cryptocurrency-mediated monetary transactions in terms of school fees and donations Two main causes of this lagging adoption rate of blockchain in education have been identifed and discussed, namely, the technical and philosophical constraints Technically, blockchain is yet to be adopted by the mainstream industries due to its scalability issues and still limited technical familiarity and skills (Gatteschi et al., 2020) The phenomenon of an even smaller number of applications in education is, it was argued, due to the problem of proof-of-work, which is greater, the bigger is the number of blockchain Nodes It is not possible to fnd any real life example of massive and global education blockchain at a comparable scale of cryptocurrencies (in millions) Tere is simply no clear and appealing incentive and motivation for performing its proof-of-work although this situation might change with the upcoming merging of Ethereum 1.0 and Ethereum 2.0 with a new technique of verifcation called ‘proof-of-stake’ expected to occur in 2022 Philosophically, existing education blockchain usages tend to be excessively pragmatic in trying to give solutions to a limited range of administrative and managerial tasks, and within an institution or within small consortium of institutions at most More glaringly, education blockchain lacks a robust philosophy of education aligned with sustainable development It was suggested that perhaps a cooperative-common sort of education blockchain where resources are shared for collaborative and sustainable development might be more salutary for our common future, and it should be not only for the global metropoles but for all open societies To conclude, blockchain in and for education is a plausible forecast of an upcoming all–encompassing mega transformation yet, as a technology, it is subject to the principle of magnifcation and reduction, that is, “For every enhancement of some feature, perhaps never before seen, there is also a reduction of other features” (Ihde, 1993, p 111) REFERENCES [1] Dr Anand Nayyar Blockchain-corse documents [2] Jea Pack (2021) Promises and challenges of Blockchain in education https://slejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40561-021-00179-2#Bib1 [3] Guang Cheng, Bing Xu, Mani Lu & Nian-Shing Chen (2018) Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education https://slejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40561-017-0050-x [4] Patrick Ocheia, Brendan Flanagan, Hiroshi Ueda & Hiroaki Ogata (2019) Managing lifelong learning records through blockchain https://telrp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41039-019-0097-0 [5] T.Rama Reddy, P.V.G.D Prasad Reddy, Rayudu Srinivas, Ch.V.Raghavendran, R.V.S.Lalitha & B Annapurna (2021) Proposing a reliable method of securing and verifying the credentials of graduates through blockchain https://jiseurasipjournals.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13635-021-00122-5
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