(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) gender differences between vietnamese and australian speakers in making apologies

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ĐOÀN THỊ PHƯƠNG GENDER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND AUSTRALIAN SPEAKERS IN MAKING APOLOGIES SỰ KHÁC BIỆT VỀ GIỚI GIỮA NGƯỜI VIỆT VÀ NGƯỜI ÚC TRONG CÁCH XIN LỖI M.A Minor Thesis Field: English linguistics Code: 60 22 02 01 HANOI - 2018 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ĐOÀN THỊ PHƯƠNG GENDER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND AUSTRALIAN SPEAKERS IN MAKING APOLOGIES SỰ KHÁC BIỆT VỀ GIỚI GIỮA NGƯỜI VIỆT VÀ NGƯỜI ÚC TRONG CÁCH XIN LỖI M.A Minor Thesis Field: English linguistics Code: 60 22 02 01 Supervisor: Dr Hà Cẩm Tâm HANOI - 2018 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com DECLARATION I certify that the work contained in this thesis is the result of my own research, and this thesis has not been submitted for any degree at any other university or institution Hanoi, September 2018 Signature Đoàn Thị Phương i TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Ha Cam Tam I am blessed to have known you and to have been accepted as your student in this MA coursework program My professional development has been growing increasingly with your precious guidance and continuous motivation My special thanks also go to Prof Gary Carkin for his suggestions, and comments, which all helped to make this thesis I wish to thank Ms Hien for releasing the burden of data collection in Australia I would also like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all the Australian and Vienamese respondents for their willingness to have their apology expressions and complete the questionnaires for the data of the present study I would like to express my thanks to my mother and father for their whole hearted encouragement without which I would not be able to accomplish this study Hanoi, September 2018 Đoàn Thị Phương ii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies ABSTRACT The present study investigates gender differences in the use of apologies between Vietnamese and Australian speakers via a Discourse Completion Task questionnaire The questionnaire consists of four situations Forty informants were divided into groups, Australian and Vietnamese and each group consists of ten males and ten females Data were analysed based on Holmes' (1990) model Findings reveal no fix or noticeable gender disparity between males and females within languages, however, there are differences in gender between the two languages, which may result in disparities between the cultures The results of this study contribute to the current theoretical debate on gender topics Keywords: Apology, Apology Strategies, Vietnamese, Australian English, gender iii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies TABLE OF CONTENS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES vii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Problem statement and background Aims of the study 3 Scope of the study .3 Research questions Significance of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .5 1.1 Theory of speech acts 1.2 Apology as a speech act 1.3 Apology strategies 1.4 Politeness 1.4.1 Politeness theory 10 1.4.2 Social variables affecting politeness in interaction .10 1.4.3 Politeness and gender 11 1.4.4 Politeness and culture 11 1.5 Previous studies on apologizing 12 Chapter 2: METHODOLOGY 15 2.1 Data collection instrument .15 2.2 Subjects 15 2.3 Discourse completion task (DCT) 16 2.4 Data collection procedure 17 iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies 2.5 Analytical framework 18 Chapter 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 20 3.1 Main strategies and sub-strategies by Vietnamese and Australian males and females .20 3.1.1 Main strategies by Vietnamese and Australian males and females 20 3.1.2 Sub-strategies by Vietnamese and Australian males and females 23 3.2 Main apology strategies and sub-strategies distribution across situations by Vietnamese and Australian males and females 29 3.2.1 Main apology strategies across situations by VS and AS 30 3.2.2 Sub-strategies across situations by VS and AS 36 PART C: CONCLUSION .41 Recapitulation 41 Limitations of the study and suggestions for further research: 42 REFERENCES 44 APPENDIX A I APPENDIX B II v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies findings closely support Deutschmann (2003), who claimed that no overall gender differences within a language, and also are in line with Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984), who found that respondents pursued similar strategies in their apologies, but still exhibited culturally different tendencies in their use Nevertheless, the findings seem to challenge the prior studies such as those by Holmes (1989, 1990), Tannen (1991) that women apologise more than men and women are more polite than men The findings further enhance Mills‟ (2003) claim that gender speech differences are highly sensitive, culturally specific, unstable, and may change over time This is probably because men and women are now tending to share the same participation in public spheres, social power, and responsibility in most society However, it is important to point out here that the patterns of gender variations in the study are specific to young adult speakers, whose age ranges from 20 to 30 years The use of language by men and women depends on various socio-pragmatic and cultural variables such as the context and aims of the conversation The results of the study thus contribute to the body of research on male and female language behaviour that shows convergence rather than divergence Limitations of the study and suggestions for further research: It must be acknowledged that the present study has some limitations and recognition of these limitations forms the basis of recommendations made for further research First, the sample (N = 40) is rather limited and therefore the results may not be generalised to all native speakers of Vietnamese and Australian English Thus, further research should be taken with a bigger sample size Second, the study is limited in terms of authenticity of the data Although DCTs have been widely employed as a means of speech act or pragmatics study data collection technique, they are still not able to capture the full naturalness of the interaction between apologizers and victims Thus, in this project, respondents were asked to write down their apologies according to the given situations as naturally as possible, but the use of interactional features such as facial expressions, body language or gestures, and perhaps intonation patterns could not be captured Such 42 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies features may well have offered more insight into the complex apologies It is therefore recommended that future studies employ naturally occurring interactions and role-play for a comparison of apologies Finally, the present study is limited in terms of its scope and the number and type of variables It focuses mainly on gender differences in four situations of moderate severity with the same power relation Further studies, having wider scope and more variables, could be used to gain more representative findings from which generalizations could be made This study focuses only on apologies of moderate severity of offence, employed by native speakers of Australian English and Vietnamese whose age group ranges from 20 to 30 years old, and have equal power status, and are friends Further studies could investigate apologies but look at how the respondents express the act with varying degrees of offence, and different situations, age groups, social status, and relationships between interlocutors 43 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies REFERENCES Aijmer, k (1995) Do women apologise more than men? In G Melchers & B Warren (Eds.), Studies in Anglistics Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International Austin, J L (1962) How to things with words New York: Oxford University Press Bataineh, R F., & Bataineh, R F (2005) Apology strategies of American university students Journal of Intercultural Communication, Retrieved March 21, 2017 from http://www.immi.se/intercultural Bataineh, R F., & Bataineh, R F (2008) A cross-cultural comparison of apologies by native speakers of American English and Jordanian Arabic Journal of Pragmatics, 40(4), 792-821 http://doi.org/10.1016/j pragma.2008.01.003 Beebe, L M., & Cummings, M C (1985) Speech act performance: A function of the data collection procedure? TESOL Convention, New York Bergman, M L., & Kasper, G (1993) Perception and performance in native and nonnative apology In G Kasper & S Blum-Kulka(Eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics (p 82-107) New York: Oxford University Press Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E (1984) Requests and apologies: A crosscultural study of speech act realization patterns (CCSARP) Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 196-213 http://doi.org/10.1093/applin/5.3.196 Brown, P., & Levinson, S (1987) Politeness: Some universals in language usage New York: Cambridge University Press Cordella-Masini, Marisa Isabel (1989) Apologizing: A Cross-Cultural Study in Chilean Spanish and Australian English Unpublished MA Thesis Canberra: TESOL Canberra College of Advanced Education 10 Coulmas, Florian (2005) Sociolinguistics: The Study of Speakers’ Choices New York: Cambridge University Press 44 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies 11 Deutschmann, M (2003) Apologising in British English (Doctoral dissertation) UmeåUniversity, Umeå, Sweden Retrieved from www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:143441/FULLTEXT01.pdf 12 Geertz, C (1973) The interpretation of cultures In W.B Gudykunst & S TingToomey (1988), Culture and interpersonal communication, p 27 -30, Sage, The U.S 13 Golato, A (2003) Studying compliment responses: A comparison of DCTs and recordings of naturally occurring talk Applied Linguistics, 24(1), 90-121 14 Hall, E (1976) Beyond culture, New York: Doubleday 15 Holmes, J (1989) Sex differences and apologies: One aspect of communicative competence Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 194-213 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/10.2.194 16 Holmes, J (1990) Apologies in New Zealand English Language in Society, 19(02), 155-199 http://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500014366 17 Hofstede, G (1980) Culture’s consequences: International differences in workrelated value, Sage, CA 18 Lakoff, R.T (2001) Nine Ways of Looking at Apologies: The Necessity for Interdisciplinary Theory and Method in Discourse Analysis, in Schiffin, D., Tannen, D, and Hamilton, H.E (Eds) The Handbook of Discourse Analysis London: Blackwell, (199-213) 19 Mattson Bean, J., & Johnstone, B (1994) Workplace reasons for saying you‟re sorry: Discourse task management and apology in telephone interviews Discourse Processes, 17, 59-81 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01638539409544859 20 Nureddeen, F A (2007) Cross-cultural pragmatics: Apology strategies in Sudanese Arabic Journal of Pragmatics, 40, 279-306 21 Olshtain, E., & Cohen, A D (1983) Apology: A speech-act set In N Wolfson & E Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition (pp 18-35) Rowley, MA: Newbury House 45 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies 22 Olshtain, E., & Weinbbach, L (1987) Complaints: A study of speech act behavior among native and non-native speakers of Hebrew In E Olshtain (1989), Apologies across languages 23 Olshtain, E (1989) Apologies across languages In S Blum-Kulka, J, House & G Kasper, (Eds,), Cross-cultural pragmatics: Request and apologies (p 155173) Norwood, NJ: Ablex 24 Paltridge, Brian (2004) Making Sense of Discourse Analysis Brisbane: Harding Colour 25 Pejman Fard M (2004) Politeness principles: Requests and Apologies in Spoken Persian MA dissertation Tehran: Allame Tabatabi University 26 Phuong, D.T (1999) A cross-cultural study of apologizing and responding to apologies in Vietnamese and English Unpublished M.A Thesis, CFL, VNU, Hanoi 27 Searle, J R (1969) Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language London: Cambridge University Press 28 Searle, J.R (1976) The Classification of Illocutionary Acts Language in Society, (p 1- 24) 29 Tannen, D (1990) You just don’t understand: Women and men in conversation New York: Ballantine 30 Tannen, D (1994) Talking from to 5: Women and Men at Work, Language, Sex and Power London: Virago Press 31 Them, T.N (1998).Co so van hoa Viet nam Hanoi: Nha xuat ban giao duc 32 Trang, N.T.T (2010) Apologizing strategies by American speakers of English and Vietnamese speakers of English Unpublished M.A Thesis, CFL, VNU, Hanoi 33 Trice, H., & Beyer, J (1992) The cultures of work organizations New York, Prentice-Hall 34 Trosborg, A 1995 Interlanguage pragmatics: Requests, complaints and apologies Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin 46 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies 35 Yule, G (1996) Pragmatics Oxford: Oxford University Press 36 Van, K.T.H (2000) Apologies in English and Vietnamese Unpublished M.A Thesis, CFL, VNU, Hanoi 37 Watts, R J (2003) Politeness Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres 38 Wierzbicka, A (1985) Different cultures, different languages, different speech acts Journal of Pragmatics, 9,145-178 47 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE (For Australian subjects) This questionnaire is intended to collect apologies by speakers in the given situations The information collected will be used for the analysis of the MA thesis on “Gender differences between Vietnamese and Australian speakers in making apologies” You are kindly requested to provide responses as natural as possible to the situations given below The information will be only used for the aims of the thesis I General information: Sex: □ Male □ Female Age: ……………………………………………… Highest level of education: □ High school □ University Nationality: ……………………………………………… II Please, kindly read the following situations and give your responses as naturally as possible Situation 1: You were invited to a boyfriend‟s birthday party, however, before his birthday party you had some unexpected business and could not afford to come What would you say to him when you met him? You say: Situation 2: A girlfriend asked you to buy her some things at the supermarket but you forgot What would you say to her when you met her? You say: Situation 3: You borrowed a notebook from a boyfriend and promised to return it the same day, but you failed to that What would you say to him when you met him? You say: Situation 4: You were at a girlfriend‟s house and accidently broke a cup What would you say to her? You say: I TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies (LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies(LUAN.van.THAC.si).gender.differences.between.vietnamese.and.australian.speakers.in.making.apologies