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Introduction This book has been a basic text worldwide over the past 35 years. It provides an introduction to the construction industry for students planning to work as construction managers. It is estimated that more than 400,000 students and practitioners have used it to gain a broad understanding of what one might encounter as an engineer andor manager in the complex world of construction. The first edition of this text was published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., in 1980. Quoting from the Preface of that edition, we noted that: The construction industry . . . is a fragmented and diffuse industry encompassing both very small and very large contracting groups as well as the inhouse forces of government and semigovernment agencies. It also includes many professional groups such as architects, engineers, construction man agers, and management consultants. In addition, materials suppliers and vendors as well as other support groups are part of this massive industry. It is not surprising then that it speaks with many voices, and that at times highly quantitative methods are appropriate while at other times the intuitive or empirical approach is all that is available. The management of construction is at one and the same time an art and a science. Therefore, construction managers must be masters of a wide range of qualitative and quan titative subjects and deal with a wide spectrum of topics involving technical, management, legal, financial and leadership issues. Using an analogy, a construction manager is like a decathlon athlete who must be outstanding in a wide range of technical and peopleoriented areas—a jack of all trades, master of all. Organization Early chapters of this text address the history of construction and the process by which owners procure and contractors execute construction projects. Subsequent chapters deal with company organization as well as planning and scheduling. Chapters addressing the four Ms of construction—money, machines, manpower, and materials—are then presented. Along the way, monetary concepts such as calculating the cost of money (i.e., issues regarding interest and invest ment), the impact of taxes, funding of projects from the owner’s perspective and how contractors manage “cash flow” during the construction process are discussed. The final chapter discusses one of the most important issues confronting modern day construction managers—safety. Material new to this edition includes chapters on planning and scheduling that have been streamlined to provide a smoother presentation. In addition, a new chapter addressing linear scheduling methods in detail as well as the scheduling impact of resource allocation and resource planning has been added. Material regarding the historical background of construction as a profession and a disci pline has been included to help the student become excited about the multifaceted nature of realizing great construction projects. Hopefully, students will gain a better understanding of the role played by construction over the centuries in shaping the society in which we live.
Construction Management Fifth Edition Daniel W Halpin Purdue University Bolivar A Senior Colorado State University Gunnar Lucko Catholic University of America VP and Editorial Director Senior Director Acquisitions Editor Editorial Manager Content Management Director Content Manager Senior Content Specialist Production Editor Photo Researcher Cover Photo Credit Laurie Rosatone Don Fowley Linda Ratts Gladys Soto Lisa Wojcik Nichole Urban Nicole Repasky Abidha Sulaiman Billy Ray © Laoshi/Getty Images This book was set in 10/12 Times LT Std by SPi Global and printed and bound by Strategic Content imaging Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 (Web site: www.copyright.com) Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at: www.wiley.com/go/permissions Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at: www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Names: Halpin, Daniel W., author | Lucko, Gunnar, author | Senior, Bolivar A., author Title: Construction management / Gunnar Lucko, Catholic University of America, Daniel W Halpin, Purdue University, Bolivar A Senior, Colorado State University Description: Fifth edition | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, [2017] | Revised edition of: Construction management / Daniel W Halpin, Bolivar A Senior 2011 | Includes bibliographical references and index | Identifiers: LCCN 2017013701 (print) | LCCN 2017020534 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119365051 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119365020 (epub) | ISBN 9781119256809 (cloth : acid free paper) Subjects: LCSH: Construction industry—Management | Construction industry—Law and legislation—United States | Project management Classification: LCC HD9715.U52 (ebook) | LCC HD9715.U52 H324 2017 (print) | DDC 624.068—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017013701 The inside back cover will contain printing identification and country of origin if omitted from this page In addition, if the ISBN on the back cover differs from the ISBN on this page, the one on the back cover is correct Dedicated to the loving memory of Maria Kirchner Halpin 1937–2009 About the Authors Daniel W Halpin Daniel W Halpin is Professor Emeritus and retired Bowen Head of the Division of Construction Engineering and Management at Purdue University He is a graduate of the U.S Military Academy at West Point and received the MSCE and PhD degrees in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois in 1969 and 1973 Prior to attending Illinois, he served in the U.S Army Corps of Engineers receiving the Bronze Star Medal for service in the Republic of Vietnam His awards include the Walter L Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize (1979) and the Peurifoy Construction Research Award (1992) both given by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) ASCE recognized his achievements with distinguished membership (Dist.M.ASCE) in 2006 Also in 2006, the Construction Industry Institute (CII) awarded him the prestigious Carroll H Dunn Award of Excellence, CII’s highest award He is a member of the National Academy of Construction (NAC) and was named a Distinguished Alumnus of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois in 2008 Bolivar A Senior Bolivar A Senior, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Construction Management at Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO He graduated with a degree in Civil Engineering at the Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ura, Dominican Republic, his country of origin He earned his Master’s degree at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and his doctorate at Purdue University, Indiana Prior to his academic career, Dr Senior served in the Dominican Republic as a contractor and consultant for construction project planning, control and financial management He has served as consultant in productivity improvement and scheduling for projects in Colorado, USA, and coauthored the textbook Financial Management and Accounting Fundamentals for Construction (Wiley) His scholarly work emphasizes the areas of Lean Construction, productivity improvement and teaching methods Gunnar Lucko Gunnar Lucko, PhD, is Professor of Civil Engineering at Catholic University of America and Director of its Construction Engineering and Management Program He received his Doctor of Philosophy from the Vecellio Construction Engineering and Management Program at Virginia Tech in 2003 and a Master of Science in 1999 He also holds a Diploma in structural and environmental engineering from Hamburg University of Technology in his native Germany His scholarship has been recognized by the American Society of Civil Engineers with the 2013 Daniel W Halpin Award for Scholarship in Construction and the 2011 Thomas Fitch Rowland Prize His research interests include mathematical modeling, analysis, and optimization of project schedules in conjunction with aspects like cost and resource use, as well as construction equipment operations and economics, and engineering education v Preface Introduction This book has been a basic text worldwide over the past 35 years It provides an introduction to the construction industry for students planning to work as construction managers It is estimated that more than 400,000 students and practitioners have used it to gain a broad understanding of what one might encounter as an engineer and/or manager in the complex world of construction The first edition of this text was published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., in 1980 Quoting from the Preface of that edition, we noted that: The construction industry . . . is a fragmented and diffuse industry encompassing both very small and very large contracting groups as well as the in-house forces of government and semi-government agencies It also includes many professional groups such as architects, engineers, construction managers, and management consultants In addition, materials suppliers and vendors as well as other support groups are part of this massive industry It is not surprising then that it speaks with many voices, and that at times highly quantitative methods are appropriate while at other times the intuitive or empirical approach is all that is available The management of construction is at one and the same time an art and a science Therefore, construction managers must be masters of a wide range of qualitative and quantitative subjects and deal with a wide spectrum of topics involving technical, management, legal, financial and leadership issues Using an analogy, a construction manager is like a decathlon athlete who must be outstanding in a wide range of technical and people-oriented areas—a jack of all trades, master of all Organization Early chapters of this text address the history of construction and the process by which owners procure and contractors execute construction projects Subsequent chapters deal with company organization as well as planning and scheduling Chapters addressing the four Ms of construction—money, machines, manpower, and materials—are then presented Along the way, monetary concepts such as calculating the cost of money (i.e., issues regarding interest and investment), the impact of taxes, funding of projects from the owner’s perspective and how contractors manage “cash flow” during the construction process are discussed The final chapter discusses one of the most important issues confronting modern day construction managers—safety Material new to this edition includes chapters on planning and scheduling that have been streamlined to provide a smoother presentation In addition, a new chapter addressing linear scheduling methods in detail as well as the scheduling impact of resource allocation and resource planning has been added Material regarding the historical background of construction as a profession and a discipline has been included to help the student become excited about the multifaceted nature of realizing great construction projects Hopefully, students will gain a better understanding of the role played by construction over the centuries in shaping the society in which we live vii viii Preface Acknowledgments The authors would like to recognize the late Professor Ronald Woodhead of the University of New South Wales for the major role he played in the realization of the first two editions of this book His experience and insights were critical to the success of these earlier editions We would also like to thank the many colleagues and numerous students who have provided very useful feedback regarding various aspects of this book over the past 35 years In particular, the following academics and industry colleagues provided important insights and relevant material for this book: Dulcy Abraham and Joe Sinfield, Purdue University Bob Bowen, Bowen Engineering, Indianapolis, IN Peter Dozzi, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Jimmy Hinze, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL E Paul Hitter Jr., Messer Construction, Cincinnati, OH Mike Kenig, Holder Construction, Atlanta, GA Jerry Kerr, Construction Consultant, Indianapolis, IN Kelly Wallace, Bozzuto Construction, Greenbelt, MD Finally, we would like to recognize the continuing support and understanding of our families through the process of writing, updating, and preparing the text for publication 378 Appendix I Cumulative Normal Distribution Function 0.00 −0.01 −0.02 −0.03 −0.04 −0.05 −0.06 −0.07 −0.08 −0.09 −0.0 −0.1 −0.2 −0.3 −0.4 Z 0.50000 0.46017 0.42074 0.38209 0.34458 0.49601 0.45620 0.41683 0.37828 0.34090 0.49202 0.45224 0.41294 0.37448 0.33724 0.48803 0.44828 0.40905 0.37070 0.33360 0.48405 0.44433 0.40517 0.36693 0.32997 0.48006 0.44038 0.40129 0.36317 0.32636 0.47608 0.43644 0.39743 0.35942 0.32276 0.47210 0.43251 0.39358 0.35569 0.31918 0.46812 0.42858 0.38974 0.35197 0.31561 0.46414 0.42465 0.38591 0.34827 0.31207 −0.5 −0.6 −0.7 −0.8 −0.9 0.30854 0.27425 0.24196 0.21186 0.18406 0.30503 0.27093 0.23885 0.20897 0.18141 0.30153 0.26763 0.23576 0.20611 0.17879 0.29806 0.26435 0.23270 0.20327 0.17619 0.29460 0.26109 0.22965 0.20045 0.17361 0.29116 0.25785 0.22663 0.19766 0.17106 0.28774 0.25463 0.22363 0.19489 0.16853 0.28434 0.25143 0.22065 0.19215 0.16602 0.28096 0.24825 0.21770 0.18943 0.16354 0.27760 0.24510 0.21476 0.18673 0.16109 −1.0 −1.1 −1.2 −1.3 −1.4 0.15866 0.13567 0.11507 0.09680 0.08076 0.15625 0.13350 0.11314 0.09510 0.07927 0.15386 0.13136 0.11123 0.09342 0.07780 0.15151 0.12924 0.10935 0.09176 0.07636 0.14917 0.12714 0.10749 0.09012 0.07493 0.14686 0.12507 0.10565 0.08851 0.07353 0.14457 0.12302 0.10383 0.08691 0.07215 0.14231 0.12100 0.10204 0.08534 0.07078 0.14007 0.11900 0.10027 0.08379 0.06944 0.13786 0.11702 0.09853 0.08226 0.06811 −1.5 −1.6 −1.7 −1.8 −1.9 0.06681 0.05480 0.04457 0.03593 0.02872 0.06552 0.05370 0.04363 0.03515 0.02807 0.06426 0.05262 0.04272 0.03438 0.02743 0.06301 0.05155 0.04182 0.03362 0.02680 0.06178 0.05050 0.04093 0.03288 0.02619 0.06057 0.04947 0.04006 0.03216 0.02559 0.05938 0.04846 0.03920 0.03144 0.02500 0.05821 0.04746 0.03836 0.03074 0.02442 0.05705 0.04648 0.03754 0.03005 0.02385 0.05592 0.04551 0.03673 0.02938 0.02330 −2.0 −2.1 −2.2 −2.3 −2.4 0.02275 0.01786 0.01390 0.01072 0.00820 0.02222 0.01743 0.01355 0.01044 0.00798 0.02169 0.01700 0.01321 0.01017 0.00776 0.02118 0.01659 0.01287 0.00990 0.00755 0.02068 0.01618 0.01255 0.00964 0.00734 0.02018 0.01578 0.01222 0.00939 0.00714 0.01970 0.01539 0.01191 0.00914 0.00695 0.01923 0.01500 0.01160 0.00889 0.00676 0.01876 0.01463 0.01130 0.00866 0.00657 0.01831 0.01426 0.01101 0.00842 0.00639 −2.5 −2.6 −2.7 −2.8 −2.9 0.00621 0.00466 0.00347 0.00256 0.00187 0.00604 0.00453 0.00336 0.00248 0.00181 0.00587 0.00440 0.00326 0.00240 0.00175 0.00570 0.00427 0.00317 0.00233 0.00169 0.00554 0.00415 0.00307 0.00226 0.00164 0.00539 0.00402 0.00298 0.00219 0.00159 0.00523 0.00391 0.00289 0.00212 0.00154 0.00508 0.00379 0.00280 0.00205 0.00149 0.00494 0.00368 0.00272 0.00199 0.00144 0.00480 0.00357 0.00264 0.00193 0.00139 −3.0 −3.1 −3.2 −3.3 −3.4 0.00135 0.00097 0.00069 0.00048 0.00034 0.00131 0.00094 0.00066 0.00047 0.00032 0.00126 0.00090 0.00064 0.00045 0.00031 0.00122 0.00087 0.00062 0.00043 0.00030 0.00118 0.00084 0.00060 0.00042 0.00029 0.00114 0.00082 0.00058 0.00040 0.00028 0.00111 0.00079 0.00056 0.00039 0.00027 0.00107 0.00076 0.00054 0.00038 0.00026 0.00104 0.00074 0.00052 0.00036 0.00025 0.00100 0.00071 0.00050 0.00035 0.00024 −3.5 −3.6 −3.7 −3.8 −3.9 0.00023 0.00016 0.00011 0.00007 0.00005 0.00022 0.00015 0.00010 0.00007 0.00005 0.00022 0.00015 0.00010 0.00007 0.00004 0.00021 0.00014 0.00010 0.00006 0.00004 0.00020 0.00014 0.00009 0.00006 0.00004 0.00019 0.00013 0.00009 0.00006 0.00004 0.00019 0.00013 0.00008 0.00006 0.00004 0.00018 0.00012 0.00008 0.00005 0.00004 0.00017 0.00012 0.00008 0.00005 0.00003 0.00017 0.00011 0.00008 0.00005 0.00003 −4.0 −4.1 −4.2 −4.3 −4.4 0.00003 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00003 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00003 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00003 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00003 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00003 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 −4.5 −4.6 −4.7 −4.8 −4.9 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Appendix I Cumulative Normal Distribution Function Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50000 0.53983 0.57926 0.61791 0.65542 0.50399 0.54380 0.58317 0.62172 0.65910 0.50798 0.54776 0.58706 0.62552 0.66276 0.51197 0.55172 0.59095 0.62930 0.66640 0.51595 0.55567 0.59483 0.63307 0.67003 0.51994 0.55962 0.59871 0.63683 0.67364 0.52392 0.56356 0.60257 0.64058 0.67724 0.52790 0.56749 0.60642 0.64431 0.68082 0.53188 0.57142 0.61026 0.64803 0.68439 0.53586 0.57535 0.61409 0.65173 0.68793 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.69146 0.72575 0.75804 0.78814 0.81594 0.69497 0.72907 0.76115 0.79103 0.81859 0.69847 0.73237 0.76424 0.79389 0.82121 0.70194 0.73565 0.76730 0.79673 0.82381 0.70540 0.73891 0.77035 0.79955 0.82639 0.70884 0.74215 0.77337 0.80234 0.82894 0.71226 0.74537 0.77637 0.80511 0.83147 0.71566 0.74857 0.77935 0.80785 0.83398 0.71904 0.75175 0.78230 0.81057 0.83646 0.72240 0.75490 0.78524 0.81327 0.83891 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.84134 0.86433 0.88493 0.90320 0.91924 0.84375 0.86650 0.88686 0.90490 0.92073 0.84614 0.86864 0.88877 0.90658 0.92220 0.84849 0.87076 0.89065 0.90824 0.92364 0.85083 0.87286 0.89251 0.90988 0.92507 0.85314 0.87493 0.89435 0.91149 0.92647 0.85543 0.87698 0.89617 0.91309 0.92785 0.85769 0.87900 0.89796 0.91466 0.92922 0.85993 0.88100 0.89973 0.91621 0.93056 0.86214 0.88298 0.90147 0.91774 0.93189 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 0.93319 0.94520 0.95543 0.96407 0.97128 0.93448 0.94630 0.95637 0.96485 0.97193 0.93574 0.94738 0.95728 0.96562 0.97257 0.93699 0.94845 0.95818 0.96638 0.97320 0.93822 0.94950 0.95907 0.96712 0.97381 0.93943 0.95053 0.95994 0.96784 0.97441 0.94062 0.95154 0.96080 0.96856 0.97500 0.94179 0.95254 0.96164 0.96926 0.97558 0.94295 0.95352 0.96246 0.96995 0.97615 0.94408 0.95449 0.96327 0.97062 0.97670 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 0.97725 0.98214 0.98610 0.98928 0.99180 0.97778 0.98257 0.98645 0.98956 0.99202 0.97831 0.98300 0.98679 0.98983 0.99224 0.97882 0.98341 0.98713 0.99010 0.99245 0.97932 0.98382 0.98745 0.99036 0.99266 0.97982 0.98422 0.98778 0.99061 0.99286 0.98030 0.98461 0.98809 0.99086 0.99305 0.98077 0.98500 0.98840 0.99111 0.99324 0.98124 0.98537 0.98870 0.99134 0.99343 0.98169 0.98574 0.98899 0.99158 0.99361 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 0.99379 0.99534 0.99653 0.99744 0.99813 0.99396 0.99547 0.99664 0.99752 0.99819 0.99413 0.99560 0.99674 0.99760 0.99825 0.99430 0.99573 0.99683 0.99767 0.99831 0.99446 0.99585 0.99693 0.99774 0.99836 0.99461 0.99598 0.99702 0.99781 0.99841 0.99477 0.99609 0.99711 0.99788 0.99846 0.99492 0.99621 0.99720 0.99795 0.99851 0.99506 0.99632 0.99728 0.99801 0.99856 0.99520 0.99643 0.99736 0.99807 0.99861 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 0.99865 0.99903 0.99931 0.99952 0.99966 0.99869 0.99906 0.99934 0.99953 0.99968 0.99874 0.99910 0.99936 0.99955 0.99969 0.99878 0.99913 0.99938 0.99957 0.99970 0.99882 0.99916 0.99940 0.99958 0.99971 0.99886 0.99918 0.99942 0.99960 0.99972 0.99889 0.99921 0.99944 0.99961 0.99973 0.99893 0.99924 0.99946 0.99962 0.99974 0.99896 0.99926 0.99948 0.99964 0.99975 0.99900 0.99929 0.99950 0.99965 0.99976 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 0.99977 0.99984 0.99989 0.99993 0.99995 0.99978 0.99985 0.99990 0.99993 0.99995 0.99978 0.99985 0.99990 0.99993 0.99996 0.99979 0.99986 0.99990 0.99994 0.99996 0.99980 0.99986 0.99991 0.99994 0.99996 0.99981 0.99987 0.99991 0.99994 0.99996 0.99981 0.99987 0.99992 0.99994 0.99996 0.99982 0.99988 0.99992 0.99995 0.99996 0.99983 0.99988 0.99992 0.99995 0.99997 0.99983 0.99989 0.99992 0.99995 0.99997 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 0.99997 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 0.99999 0.99997 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 0.99999 0.99997 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 1.00000 0.99997 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 1.00000 0.99997 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 1.00000 0.99997 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 1.00000 0.99998 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 1.00000 0.99998 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 1.00000 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 0.99999 1.00000 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 0.99999 1.00000 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 379 Bibliography Adrian, J J and D J Adrian (2006) Construction Accounting: Financial, 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American Bar Association Spinner, M P (1996) Project Management Principles and Practices, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Walker, F R (2015) Walker’s Estimator’s Reference Book, 30th ed., Chicago, IL: Frank R Walker Company Sullivan, W G., E M Wicks, and C P Koelling (2014) Engineering Economy, 16th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Williams, T P (2009) Construction Management: Emerging Trends and Technologies New York, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning Index 16th amendment to the constitution, 88; see also Taxes A ABC, 176, 241, 259, 342, 344; see Associated Builders and Contractors Accelerated Cost Recovery System, 213 Accelerated methods, 207, 211; see also Accelerated Cost Recovery System Acceleration, 155–156, 159, 163, 230 Acceptance period, 45–46, 55 Accessibility to site, 375 Accidents, 262, 327–329, 331–332, 334, 338–339 ACRS, 213; see Accelerated Cost Recovery System Activity duration, 111–113, 124, 130, 134–135, 139, 238–239 Activity float, 111, 123–124, 129, 364 Acts of God, 47, 58 Actual Cost of Work Performed, 299 Actual Quantity of Work Performed, 299 ACWP, 299–304, 313; see also Actual Cost of Work Performed Addenda, 19, 38, 43, 47 AFL, 244–245, 252, 254–256, 266–267; see American Federation of Labor AGC, 33–34, 69, 252, 315, 320, 380; see Associated General Contractors of America Agency Construction Management, 73 Agency shop, 251, 266 AIA, 40, 44; see American Institute of Architects American Consulting Engineers Council, 33 American Federation of Labor, 244 American Institute of Architects, 40, 44 American National Standards Institute, 333 American Society of Civil Engineers, 4, 33, 37, 62, 381 Amortization, 205, 215, 217, 219 Annual Percentage Rate, 167 Annual Percentage Yield, 168 ANSI, 333; see American National Standards Institute Apartment complex, 195 APR, 141, 150, 167–168, 172, 181–182; see Annual Percentage Rate APY, 168; see Annual Percentage Yield AQWP, 299–301, 303; see Actual Quantity of Work Performed Arbitration, 49, 259 Architect/Engineer, 21, 27–28, 49, 54, 69, 71, 270, 287, 326 Army Corps of Engineers, 15, 21, 33, 35, 50 Arrow notation, 347, 356–357, 360–361 Assembly-based estimating, 268, 284–285 Associated Builders and Contractors, 259 Associated General Contractors of America, 254, 315 Availability of labor, 20 Average annual value, 215–216 Average tax rate, 97–98 B Backcharging, 216 Backfill, 31, 130, 148–149, 151, 160–161, 241, 291 Backward pass, 111, 120, 122, 129, 137, 357, 364, 366–367 Balance point, 238, 240 Bank cubic yards, 222, 224, 241 Bankruptcy, 76–77, 83, 85, 185 Bar chart, 55–57, 111, 113–115, 117–118, 127, 130–134, 140–141, 152–153, 158–159, 163, 183, 189–190 Batch production, 11 BCAC, 299–301; see Budgeted Cost at Completion BCWP, 299–304, 313; see Budgeted Cost of Work Performed BCWS, 299–304, 313; see Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled Beneficial occupancy date, 48 Bid bond, 19, 29, 32, 39–41, 349 Bid opening, 28–29, 45, 58 Bid package, 19–20, 22, 24, 28–32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 47, 100 Bid security, 40–41, 45 Bill of lading, 317, 319, 326 BIM, 380–381; see Building Information Modeling Bodily injury, 266 Bonding, 29, 40–43, 62, 84, 272, 349–350 Book value, 79, 85, 207, 210–212, 214 BOT, 203; see Build, Operate and transfer Borrow, 40, 64–65, 84, 165, 175, 185, 196, 201, 375 BQAC, 299–301; see Budgeted Quantity at Completion Brooklyn Bridge, 1, 3–4, 8, 60, 109, 382 Budget, 13, 21–23, 25, 28, 64, 102–103, 106–109, 155, 290, 299–300, 302–305, 313, 382 Budgeted Cost at Completion, 299 Budgeted Cost of Work Performed, 299 Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled, 299 Budgeted Quantity at Completion, 299, 301 Buffer, 158–160, 163, 368, 370 Building construction, 9, 14–15, 43, 62–63, 70–71, 113, 162, 196, 204, 253, 269–270, 278–279, 287, 292, 295, 314, 323–324, 330, 381–382 385 386 Index Building Construction Costs, 113 Building Information Modeling, 381 Build, Operate and Transfer, 203 Bulk materials, 324, 326 Bunching effect, 239–240, 242 Business agent, 252, 255, 257, 267 C Calendar dates, 111, 125–127 Calendar day, 32–33, 46, 48, 53, 112, 125–127, 129, 264 Cap rate, 198; see also Capitalization rate Capabilities, 70, 84, 199, 348 Capitalization rate, 198 Cash flow diagram, 164, 169–170, 177–180, 193 Cash on Delivery, 317 Caterpillar Tractor Company, 240 Change order, 38, 45, 48–49, 58, 62–63, 66 Changed condition, 45, 49, 58, 63 Charging rate, 207, 217 CIF, 317, 326; see Cost, Insurance, and Freight Claims, 34, 42, 47–48, 54, 58, 62, 72, 76, 78–79, 110, 184, 253, 262, 329, 331, 336 Clayton Act, 245–246 Climate, 5, 8, 244, 375 Closed shop, 248–249, 267 Closely held corporation, 42, 76, 80–81, 83, 85 COD, 317; see Cash on Delivery Coefficient of traction, 232 Common situs, 258 Communications, 14, 20, 294, 325, 376 Compacted cubic yards, 222, 224 Competitive market conditions, 348 Competitively bid contract, 50, 59, 61–63, 66–67, 69, 72 Compound interest, 164, 166–167, 202, 347, 374 Conceptual design, 11, 22, 27 Conflict, 332, 375 Congress of Industrial Organizations, 245 Construction Contracts, 28, 33, 41, 52, 60, 62, 66, 72–73, 380–381 Construction cost indexes, 25 Construction financing process, 194–195 Construction loan, 194–196, 199 Construction management at-risk, 59, 72 Construction management contract, 59, 61, 71 Construction manager, 8, 13, 16, 59, 71–73, 165, 181, 314 Construction Safety Act, 332–333 Construction Specifications Institute, 33, 108, 278, 292 Contingencies, 39, 63 Contingency, 27, 58, 71, 161–162, 273 Continuity, 78, 80, 82, 132, 160, 162, 194 Contract agreement, 45, 47 Control account, 106, 109, 292, 296, 300, 302–303 Coordinate system, 156, 158 Corporation, 32, 42, 75–76, 78–85, 88, 93–96, 98, 120, 201, 246, 267, 319 Cost account, 16, 106, 194, 272, 274, 278, 280, 289–292, 296–297, 305–306 Cost codes, 109, 292, 295–296, 302, 312 Cost coding systems, 108, 289, 292 Cost Performance Index, 301 Cost slope, 155–156 Cost Variance, 300–301 Cost, Insurance, and Freight, 317 Count, 126, 154, 156, 276 Craft workers, 102, 244, 255, 260 Crews, 7, 16, 102, 112–113, 131, 140, 145, 152, 158–160, 162, 278, 370 Criteria Evaluation, 51 Critical activities, 55, 120, 122, 129–130, 133, 154, 156, 361 Critical path, 55, 111, 119–120, 122–123, 126, 129–130, 134–135, 148, 155–156, 313, 332, 356, 361–362, 364, 367, 370, 380–381 Critical Path Method, 55, 111, 119–120, 134, 313, 362 Critical resources, 102 CSI, 33, 278, 294; see Construction Specifications Institute Cumulative normal distribution, 138, 347, 377–379 Cumulative Normal Distribution Function, 138, 347, 377–379 Cycle times, 235, 237, 239, 242 Cyclogram, 158 CYCLONE, 381 D Dallavia, Louis, 280–281 Date of substantial completion, 48 Davis-Bacon Act, 243, 245–246 DBB, 50, 69, 72–73; see Double-Declining Balance Decision to bid, 19, 28, 38–39, 347–348, 350 Delays, 47, 55, 64, 68, 70, 119–120, 141, 159, 238–239, 242, 259, 281, 326, 332, 370 Delivery process, 69, 314, 322–323 Demolition, 161, 273, 291 Debenture, 201 Depreciable basis, 208, 214 Design-bid-build, 50, 68–69, 380 Design-build, 59, 61–62, 68–70, 74, 380 Direct cost, 9, 38–39, 61–62, 64, 67, 91, 183, 187, 191–192, 219, 273, 278, 307, 309–312, 328, 331 Disposal areas, 375–376 Dividend, 79–83, 85, 88, 90 Divisions, 157, 254, 278, 294 Double taxation, 80, 88 Double-Breasted contractors, 259 Double-Declining Balance, 211–212 Double-taxation, 79–80, 83 Drainage, 14, 103–105, 293, 375–376 Draw schedule, 199–200 Index Drawbar pull, 227–228 Dun and Bradstreet Credit Reports, 62 Dust, 376 E Earned value, 289, 299–301, 303–304 Earned Value Analysis, 300 Economic value, 188, 198 EEOC, 252; see Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Effective tax rate, 86, 97 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 101 Elevation, 6, 58, 161, 195, 234, 283, 332, 375 Empire state building, 8, 383 Employer unfair practices, 249 EMR, 329, 331; see Experience Modification Rate Engineered construction, 14 Engineering Economy, 165, 169, 174, 177, 181, 380, 383 Engineering News Record, 16, 253, 262, 280, 326, 329 Entropy, 154 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 252 Equipment balance, 221, 235, 237 Equipment productivity, 112, 221–222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242 Equivalent percent grade, 229–230 Estimating construction costs, 268 Executive decision, 350 Expediting, 281, 323 Experience Modification Rate, 329 F Fabricated materials, 325 Fabrication and delivery process, 314, 322–323 Facade, 103, 127 Fair Labor Standards Act, 243, 245, 248 Fast-tracking, 69, 73 Feasibility study, 20 Federal Insurance Contributions Act, 260 Federal Mediation and Conciliation, 249 FICA, 262–266; see Federal Insurance Contributions Act Field entries, 305 Field quantities, 64, 66 Field quantity, 63–64 Filing status, 91–94 Fill, 7, 14, 31, 36, 222, 224, 227, 229–230, 235, 241, 324, 375 Final acceptance, 55–56 Final payment, 45, 55–56, 189 Financing process, 194–195 Finish date, 126, 130, 144, 156, 361, 368 Finish-to-finish relationship, 364, 393 Finish-to-finish relationships, 363 Finish-to-start relationships, 362 Fixed overhead, 90–91, 279, 289, 309–313 387 FOB, 208–209, 317; see Free On Board Foreign corporation, 81–82, 85 Foreign corporations, 81, 83 Formwork, 13, 111–112, 130–131, 140, 145, 152, 158–162, 288, 293, 321, 325, 362 Forward pass, 111, 120–121, 364–366 Free float, 124–125, 129, 367, 393 Free On Board, 208, 317 Fringe benefits, 246, 252, 259–260, 262, 267, 279 G General conditions, 12, 19, 28–29, 31, 33–34, 37, 43, 46–49, 52, 55, 262, 272, 315, 320, 322 General partner, 77–78 General Services Administration, 33 Generalized relationships, 119, 362, 364–367 Geology, 375 GMP, 68; see Guaranteed Maximum Price Goethals, George W., Golden Gate Bridge, 2, 8, 18 Gompers, Samuel, 244–245 Grade resistance, 225–226, 229, 238 Ground cover, 293, 375 Guaranteed Maximum Price, 68 H Hazards, 323, 328, 332–333, 337–338, 342, 376 Header, 116–117 Heuristics, 153–154 Hiring halls, 243, 257, 267 Hobbs (Anti-Racketeering) Act, 248 Hold harmless clause, 318 Holiday, 126, 155, 163, 207 Home office overhead, 67, 89, 272, 307, 309 Horizontally linear, 158 Horizontally structured unions, 252 Hot cargo, 258 Humanitarian concerns, 327–328 I IIT, 215–217, 219–220; see Interest, Insurance, and Tax Income approach, 198 Income statement, 62, 89–91, 198 Income tax, 77, 86, 88, 91, 93–94, 96 Independent float, 124–125 Indirect cost, 38, 62, 64, 183, 187, 191–192, 207, 273, 289, 309–310, 328, 332 Industrial construction, 14–16, 70, 206, 222, 331 Inflation, 166, 169, 181, 215, 310, 313 Instructions to bidders, 39 Insurance premiums, 207, 264, 328, 331 Integrated project management, 274, 289, 296–297 Interest, Insurance, and Tax, 205, 215 Interfering float, 124–125, 129 Internal Rate of Return, 175–177, 179, 188, 202 388 Index Internal Revenue Service, 71, 88, 207 Interruptibility, 159 Interrupting or suspending work, 52 Invoice, 200, 317–318, 320 Iron triangle, 155 IRR, 175–177, 182, 188–190, 202; see Internal rate of Return IRS, 71, 79, 82, 85, 88–89, 91–93, 96, 207–209; see Internal Revenue Service Itemized deduction, 86, 89, 92 J Job stewards, 252, 255 Joint Boards, 256 Joint venture, 76, 84 Jurisdictional disputes, 243, 250, 253–256, 259 L Labor agreement, 243, 251, 259, 262 Labor cost data collection, 289, 305 Labor costs, 207, 243, 260, 270 Labor legislation, 243, 245, 251 Labor Management Relations Act, 243, 245, 249 Labor organizations, 243–246, 248, 250, 261 Labor productivity, 244 Labor relations, 13, 243, 245, 247, 249–250, 257, 267 Lagging, 160–161 Land usage, 375 LCC, 51; see Life Cycle Cost Lead time, 145–147, 149–150 Lean construction, 139–140 Legal structures, 75, 82–83, 85 Length, 1, 87, 113–114, 140, 156, 158, 162, 171, 179, 199, 206, 275, 281, 337, 342 Letter of intent, 47 Leverage, 48, 196 Liability, 13, 75, 77–80, 82–83, 85, 91, 96, 98, 260, 262–263, 306, 318, 327–328 Licensing, 71, 349 Life Cycle Cost, 51 Limited partner, 78, 82–83 Line of Balance, 134, 144–145, 147–148, 158, 382 Line-of-balance quantity, 159 Linear and repetitive schedules, 158, 368 Linear construction operation, 134, 140 Linear scheduling, 152, 154, 156, 158–160, 162, 381 Linear scheduling method, 152, 158–159, 381 Liquidated damages, 32, 34–35, 45, 48, 53–54, 58, 332 Load factor, 222–224 Loan application, 195 LOB, 144–150, 158–159; see Line of Balance Location breakdown structure, 157 Loose cubic yards, 222, 224, 241 Lowest responsible bidder, 61 Lump sum, 31–32, 62, 94, 98, 184 M MACRS, 213–214; see Modified ACRS Management and overhead costs, 38 Manual rating, 329 Manufacturing versus construction process, 10 Marginal tax rate, 86, 93, 97–98 Market conditions, 202, 348 MARR, 169, 174–175, 177, 179, 182; see Minimum Attractive Rate of Return Mass production, 9, 11 Master builder, 68–69 Material costs, 307, 310 Material management process, 314 Material Safety Data Sheets, 337 Material types, 314, 324–325 McCullough, David, 5, 8, 382 Merge event bias, 139 Miller Act, 42–43 Minimum Attractive Rate of Return, 168, 169 Mobilization, 35, 64–66, 111, 131, 141, 185–186, 188–193, 299 Modified ACRS, 213 Moment, 154, 168, 344–345 Monetary value, 157 Morale, 159, 327, 332 Mortgage loan, 92, 181–182, 194–196, 198–199 Mortgage loan commitment, 194, 198 Most likely duration, 134–135 Most optimistic duration, 134–135 Most pessimistic duration, 134–135 MSDS, 337; see Material Safety Data Sheets N National Labor Relations Act, 243, 245, 247, 250, 267 National Labor Relations Board, 247 National Society of Professional Engineers, 33, 47, 62 National unions, 243, 255–256 Natural defenses, 375 NCCI, 329, 336 Negotiated contract, 59, 61, 66–70, 72–73, 252, 267 Net quick assets, 43 Network relationships, 347, 362, 393 Noise, 106, 376 Norris-LaGuardia act, 243, 245–246 Notice to bidders, 19, 28–29, 41, 43, 45–46, 61 Notice to proceed, 33, 45–48, 58, 125 O Objective chart, 144–145, 147, 149 Obligee, 40–41 Occupancy certificate, 161 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 327, 333–334 OFCC, 252; see Office of Federal Contract Compliance Office of Federal Contract Compliance, 252 Index 389 Ohno, Taiichi, 139 Open shop, 248, 258–259 Open-shop contractors, 259 Operating costs, 205–207, 217–219, 238 Optimization, 154 OSHA, 241, 328, 333–338, 342, 345; see Occupational Safety and Health Administration Overdraft, 64–65, 165, 183, 185–188, 190–193, 204 Overdraft profile, 186, 188, 192 Overhead, 38, 64, 67, 89–91, 193, 205–207, 219–220, 270, 272–273, 278–279, 288–289, 291, 307, 309–313, 332, 342, 375 Overhead expense, 89, 207, 289, 307 Owner financing, 194, 201 Ownership costs, 206–207, 215–216, 218 Project development, 1, 11, 20, 27, 51 Project direct costs, 38 Project format, 1, 10–11, 16, 19 Project indirect costs, 289, 309 Project manager, 101, 110, 119–120, 135, 155, 291, 305, 312 Property damage, 260, 262–263, 266, 306 Proposal form, 28–32, 41 Proprietorship, 42, 75–77, 79–80, 82–85, 88, 91–93, 96–97 Public corporation, 76 Public liability, 260, 262, 306 Public Liability and Property Damage insurance, 260 Punch list, 48, 56–58, 68 Purchase order, 40, 259, 314–318, 321, 324, 326 P Packing problem, 153 Panama Canal, 1, 3, 5–8, 13, 382 Par value, 79 Partnerships, 42, 76, 78, 82–85 Payment bond, 29, 41–43, 84, 347, 349, 351 Percent complete, 157, 301 Percent grade, 226–227, 229–230 Percent swell, 222, 224 Performance bond, 29, 41–42, 313, 349 Perimeter walls, 160–161 PERT, 134–135, 137–139, 148–150, 382; see Program Evaluation and Review Technique Phased construction, 68–70, 72–73 Plan room, 28 Post-tensioning, 160 Power available, 221, 225, 227, 229–232 Power requirement, 221, 225–227, 230 Precedence diagram, 119–120, 129–130, 362, 364, 367 Predecessor, 121, 124–125, 130, 139, 159, 213, 362–363 Preliminary design, 27, 44, 71, 270 Preliminary Estimate, 270 Prequalification, 19, 39, 43, 62, 349 Prime rate, 65, 185, 204 Pro Forma, 194–197, 204 Product data, 318, 320–321, 323–324 Production curve, 134, 141–143, 299 Production method, 16, 205, 213 Productive Loss, 238 Productivity scheduling method, 347, 368, 382 Program chart, 145–147, 149 Program Evaluation and Review Technique, 134, 137–140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150 Progress chart, 55, 144–145 Progress payments, 45, 54–55, 63–64, 67, 165, 184 Project cost control, 289–290 Project delivery methods, 59, 68–69, 72–73; see also Project delivery systems Project delivery systems, 61, 69, 381 Q Quantity surveying, 38, 274 Quantity takeoff, 38, 43, 66, 268, 272, 274–275, 277 Queuing theory, 239 Quotations, 11, 19, 32, 39–40, 64–65, 270, 272, 315 R Random duration, 139, 239 Rate of return, 164, 168–169, 175–177, 188–189, 198, 202, 219 Rated capacity, 222, 235, 241 Real Estate Investment Trusts, 195 Recap sheet, 277 Relocation, 376 Repetitive, 113, 117, 141, 145, 152, 156–160, 206, 211, 222, 368 Repetitive scheduling, 152, 156–157 Reshoring, 160 Resource allocation, 152–153 Resource availability, 152–153 Resource constraints, 153, 155 Resource consumption, 153, 155 Resource critical, 153 Resource enumeration, 268, 278, 282–285, 287–288 Resource histogram, 153–154 Resource leveling, 152–154, 163 Resource profile, 153–154 Resource scheduling, 16, 152 Resource-loaded schedule, 152 Retainage, 45, 54–56, 58, 64, 184–185, 187–188, 191–193, 200 Retained earnings, 90, 97 Retrospective rating, 329 Right to work, 248–249 Rimpull, 227, 229–230, 238, 241 Roebling, Emily Warren, Roebling, John A., 1–5, Roebling, Washington, 3, 4, 60 Rolling resistance, 225, 229, 238, 241 390 Index S S-curve, 55, 183–184, 299 Safety committee, 339 Salvage value, 177–178, 207–209, 211–212, 215–216, 219 Sanitary facilities, 291, 376 Scaffolding, 160, 276, 337, 343 Schedule Performance Index, 301, 303–304 Schedule Variance, 299, 301, 303–304 Scope, 9, 11, 21, 27, 38, 43, 48–49, 52, 99–101, 103, 111, 155, 253–254, 259, 270, 274, 293, 300–301, 304 Scope of work, 9, 11, 27, 49, 100–101, 103, 155, 253, 259, 274, 300–301 Seasonal effects, 375 Secondary boycott, 243, 250, 257–259, 266 Seismic zones, 375 Separate gates, 258 Service Life, 12, 179, 206–213, 215, 218–220 Setback, 160, 162 Sherman Antitrust Act, 245–246, 267 Shift differentials, 264 Shop drawings, 131, 315, 318, 320–322, 324 Shop steward, 257 Shoring, 254, 293, 308, 365, 367 Signatures, 33, 317 Singularity functions, 347, 368, 370, 382 Site reconnaissance, 347, 375 Slab-on-grade, 160–161 Small Business Administration, 84 Soldier piles, 160–161 Special conditions, 28, 32, 34–35, 43, 53, 317–318 Stacking, 370 Staggering rate, 160 Standard deduction, 86, 89, 92 Standard deviation, 135, 138, 240 Start date, 126 Start-to-start relationship, 363–364 Start-to-start relationships, 363 State federations, 243, 256 Stevens, John F., 5–8 Stipulated-sum contract, 59, 62–63 Storage of materials, 323 Straight-line method, 205, 209, 211–213, 215 Sub-path, 156 Subchapter S corporation, 80, 83 Subcontractor agreements, 258 Subsistence pay, 260, 264 Substantial completion, 48 Subsurface water conditions, 375 Successor, 119–120, 124–125, 133, 148–149, 155, 159, 163, 362–364, 366 Surety, 40–43, 76 T Taft-Hartley Act, 247–251, 257–258 Target price, 67–68, 285 Tax credit, 86, 95–96 Tax payment schedule, 86, 96 Tax payroll withholding, 86, 96 Taxable income, 77, 80, 86, 88–91, 93–95, 97, 210, 213 Taxes, 82–83, 85–94, 96–98, 204, 207–208, 215–216, 273, 278, 331 Tiebacks, 160 Time extensions, 45–48 Time-cost trade-off, 152, 155–157, 163 Time-distance, 141 Time-quantity, 141 Timekeeper, 291, 305 Topography, 375 Total float, 123–125, 129, 367 Total project duration, 122–125, 135, 138–139, 153–156, 163 Trade discounts, 317–318 Traditional relationship, 362–367 Triple constraint, 155 Truth in Lending Act, 167 Types of estimates, 268–270 U Unbalanced bid, 65 Unemployment insurance, 260, 262, 264–267 Unfair labor practices, 247, 249–250 Uninsured accident costs, 327, 331 Union hiring hall, 243, 250, 257, 260 Union locals, 243, 256 Union shop, 248–251, 259, 267 Union structure, 243, 252, 254–255 Unions, 59, 243–245, 247–256, 258–260, 266–267, 306, 380 Unit-price contract, 48, 59, 61, 63–66, 267 Useful service life, 207 V Value Engineering, 45, 50–51 Value Engineering Change Proposal, 50 Variance, 135, 137–139, 299–301, 303–304, 313, 321 VECP, 50, 52; see Value Engineering Change Proposal Velocity diagram, 141–143 Vertically linear, 158 Vertically structured unions, 252, 254 Volume, 9, 14, 77, 156, 222–225, 238, 241, 276, 281, 309–311, 313, 329, 333 W Wagner Act, 245, 247–249 WBS, 100–111, 127, 274, 296, 313; see Work Breakdown Structure WC, 260; see Workmen’s Compensation Insurance Weekend, 126, 155, 163, 267 Weight, 27, 49, 51–52, 156–157, 160, 222–223, 225–226, 228–229, 232–233, 238, 241, 319 Index Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act, 333 Wind direction, 375 Withdrawal of bids, 29, 46 Words, 9, 13, 29, 41–43, 48, 64, 69, 72, 80, 96, 98, 124–125, 138, 167, 189, 209, 251, 303 Work Breakdown Structure, 99–102, 106–107, 111, 157, 274, 296 Work hours, 299, 313, 332, 376 391 Work package, 99–104, 106–111, 268, 272, 274–275, 284–287, 296–301, 303, 313 Work rules, 259–260, 267 Work task, 16, 18, 100, 146, 221, 239 Workflow, 152–153, 159, 163, 381 Workmen’s Compensation Insurance, 260 Z Z value, 138 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA