About 100 Scientists Who Made History From brainy biologists and clever chemists to magnificent mathematicians and phenomenal physicists. Discover 100 remarkable scientists who shaped our world. Containing a universe of knowledge, this amazing kids educational book tells the story of the extraordinary people who revolutionized our understanding of the world. A stunning way for children to meet sciences most important people. Read through informationpacked minibiographies of 100 brilliant scientists and innovators who have shaped our society and how we see the world around us. A perfect everything you want to know in one place about the history of science for children aged 812. Readers learn about discoveries that laid the groundwork for some of the most impressive innovations in history. Biologists, chemists, physicists, doctors, coders, and astronauts are all featured including Hippocrates, Da Vinci, Alan Turing, Stephen Hawking, Neil deGrasse Tyson, and more. An attractive and engaging kids book that may inspire the next Einstein or Curie Made for those always curious children and those who need encouragement to aspire to greatness and see the marvels of science. Put children inside the minds of scientific heroes through clever speech bubbles alongside portraits with firstperson fun facts about their lives. Its a cool way to personalize these incredible people and engage children while giving them a solid base in science. Did you know that Marie Curies notebooks are still radioactive? Theyre too dangerous to touch and even glow And Louis Pasteur, who furthered the development of vaccinations and more, liked to paint in his spare time? Who knew Learn About The Minds Who Shaped The World Dive into the world of theories and experiments, reactions, and equations, as we meet the figures who have helped us understand our universe and our place in it. Find out why Copernicus shook the world, what elements Marie Curie discovered, and how Franklin, Crick, and Watson unlocked the secrets of our DNA. Its divided into Pioneers, Biologists, Chemists, Physicists, and Innovators, whose innovations have changed the world and continue to change it now. Discover amazing facts about the world and the people behind some of humanitys most impressive advancements.
DK London Senior editor Shaila Brown Senior art editor Jacqui Swan Project editor Ben Ffrancon Davies Jacket editor Claire Gell Jacket designer Surabhi Wadhwa Jacket design development manager Sophia MTT Producer, pre-production Jacqueline Street Producer Anna Vallarino Managing editor Lisa Gillespie Managing art editor Owen Peyton Jones Publisher Andrew Macintyre Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler Art director Karen Self Design director Phil Ormerod Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf DK Delhi Senior editor Sreshtha Bhattacharya Project editor Priyanka Kharbanda Project art editor Neha Sharma Editorial team Isha Sharma, Vatsal Verma Art editors Nidhi Rastogi, Sachin Singh Assistant art editors Baibhav Parida, Rohit Bharadwaj, Ankita Das Jacket designer Suhita Dharamjit Jacket editorial coordinator Priyanka Sharma Senior DTP designer Harish Aggarwal DTP designers Pawan Kumar, Nityanand Kumar, Mohammad Rizwan Picture researcher Sakshi Saluja Managing jackets editor Saloni Singh Picture researcher manager Taiyaba Khatoon Pre-production manager Balwant Singh Production manager Pankaj Sharma Managing editor Kingshuk Ghoshal Managing art editor Govind Mittal First published in Great Britain in 2018 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL Copyright © 2018 Dorling Kindersley Limited A Penguin Random House Company 10 001 – 306255 – February/2018 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978–0–2413–0432–7 Printed in China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com 0 s t s i t n scie y r o t s i h e d a m who s t s i t n e i c s e Remarkabl ur world o d e p a h s who Mills a e r d n A y well Written b Consu ald and Stella C Parker ip il h P t n lta Contents Perceptive pioneers 26 Brilliant biologists 50 Clever chemists Aristotle 28 Hildegard of Bingen 52 Robert Boyle 10 Greek greats 29 Mary Anning 54 Joseph Black Pythagoras 30 Seeing things 55 Joseph Priestley Empedocles Alhazen 56 Alessandro Volta Democritus Roger Bacon 58 Michael Faraday Euclid Willebrord Snell 60 Louis Pasteur Hypatia Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 62 Dmitri Mendeleev 64 Inventive chemists 12 Archimedes 14 Hippocrates 16 Zhang Heng 17 Claudius Galen 18 Al-Khwarizmˉ ˉ ı 20 Avicenna 21 Averroës 22 Fibonacci 24 Francis Bacon Patricia Bath 32 Robert Hooke 33 Carl Linnaeus 34 Charles Darwin 36 Gregor Mendel 38 Nettie Stevens 39 Thomas Hunt Morgan 40 Alexander Fleming 42 Franklin, Crick, and Watson 44 Inge Lehmann 46 James Lovelock 47 Charles David Keeling 48 Medical masterminds Edward Jenner Jonas Salk Paul Ehrlich Franỗoise Barré-Sinoussi Joshua Lederberg Charles Goodyear Leo Baekeland Percy Julian Stephanie Kwolek George William Gray 66 The Curies 68 Alice Ball 70 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 72 Barbara McClintock 74 Phenomenal physicists 104 Incredible innovators 76 Leonardo da Vinci 106 James Watt 124 Let’s applaud 77 Nicolaus Copernicus 107 Rudolf Diesel 126 Glossary 78 Galileo Galilei 108 Computing creatives 127 Index 80 Johannes Kepler Ada Lovelace 81 Christiaan Huygens Grace Murray Hopper 82 Edmond Halley John von Neumann 83 Henrietta Swan Leavitt Annie Easley 84 Isaac Newton Tim Berners-Lee 86 James Clerk Maxwell 110 Wilhelm Röntgen 88 Ernest Rutherford 111 C V Raman 90 Albert Einstein 112 Nikola Tesla 92 J Robert Oppenheimer 114 Joseph Lister 94 Penzias and Wilson 116 Alan Turing 96 Quantum physicists 118 Alfred Nobel James Chadwick 120 Ali Javan Werner Heisenberg 121 Rachel Carson Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 122 Communicators Richard Feynman Peter Higgs 98 Edwin Hubble 100 Vera Rubin 102 Stephen Hawking 128 Acknowledgments David Attenborough Carl Sagan Dava Sobel Bill Nye Neil deGrasse Tyson Perce pion e v i t p e rs e The story of science begins in ancient times when religion and superstition were commonly held beliefs Trailblazing thinkers challenged convention, breaking ground with theories based on observation, logic, and reason As centuries passed, new pioneers wrote their own chapters in the history of scientific progress, bringing us a greater understanding of the natural world A The GRE ris tot A his l ife t T THI o th NK le ER e T pur of he po suit who thi w sf e of ded a m r fu l kno ica su rvi ous ide wle te a ve n d t atu s a dg he nd e l ce w nt phi ri ur lo ti ie so s d s ng her p ander ored Alex t u t le t o t Aris s such as in subject athematics, biology, m nomy and astro Foundations of knowledge Born in Stagira, Greece, in 384 bce, Aristotle enrolled at Plato’s prestigious Academy in Athens as a teenager He spent almost TWO DECADES STUDYING philosophy, science, and logic Equipped with a wealth of knowledge, Aristotle travelled to Macedonia in 342 bce and became a tutor His student Alexander the Great later created the biggest empire ever seen Who came before… Born in 624 bce, Thales of MileTus is often called the world’s first scientist He believed that water was the original material of everything know? Did you believed to Aristotle is stutter that have had a problems caused himing Despite k when spea ored students t this, he tu out his life through Aristotle was the first to recognize that whales and dolphins not belong to the fish family Philosopher socraTes was born in Athens, Greece, in 470 bce He believed that the way to achieve true wisdom was to question the things we think we know, favouring this method over standard lectures Classifying nature Fascinated with biology and botany, Aristotle was the first to classify nature by defining different species, and dividing plants and animals into logical groups He drew animals in detail and studied their body parts and functions While recording his observations, Aristotle founded the SCIENCE OF ZOOLOGY (the study of animals) way By the mistakes – ke I did ma t that planet I though not move, and Earth did human heart that the intelligence housed A medieval French translation of a page from Aristotle’s book Politics Library of knowledge Aristotle returned to Athens in 335 bce, and established his own school, THE LYCEUM He continued writing on every subject imaginable, from poetry to politics He also studied light, and believed we can see objects because they emit light By the time of his death in 322 bce, he had written more than 200 books How he changed the world Who came after… Scholar AlhAzen made careful observations before testing his ideas In the early 1000s, he proved that sight is the result of light from different objects hitting the eyes Aristotle’s use of observation, experimentation, and classification in scientific studies continues to influence and inspire the world more than 2,000 years later In 1735, Swedish botanist CArl linnAeus updated Aristotle’s catalogue of classification by creating a modern, uniform system for naming and grouping organisms m The Pythagorean theore s gle for right-angled2 trian 2 is a + b = c c la nti id th s ts e k e e r G eats gr Many ancient Greek natural philosophers were gifted scientists who studied the world around them using reasoning and observation A lot of their theories have stood the test of time and are still taught at schools today b a ho w S scie R E The first THINK ure ut f r o f foundations Pythagoras Born on the Greek island of Samos in about 570 bce, Pythagoras became a keen MATHEMATICIAN He is best known for his theorem of right-angled triangles, which states that the square of the length of the hypotenuse (longest side of a triangle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides Empedocles In the 5th century bce, poet and philosopher Empedocles proposed a theory that every object is a mixture of FOUR ELEMENTS of matter – earth, air, fire, and water He thought that love and strife, or disagreement, filled the space between these elements, controlling and balancing them Fire Earth 10 Water Air Joseph Lister The British surgeon who led the clean-up operation in 19th-century healthcare, setting new standards for hospital hygiene ow? Did you kn r’s Joseph Liste d father pioneerer the s fo improved lense roscope compound mic The founder of e ANTIS EPTIC medicin Surgical study tion First public demonstrasthetic ae an an of the use of in surgery At the age of 19, Lister watched the first public surgical procedure using anaesthetic (medicine to stop someone feeling pain) Inspired by this, he studied MEDICINE, graduating in 1852 Later that year, he joined the Royal College of Surgeons and became a surgeon at the University College Hospital in London A “donkey engine”, was used to spray phenol around the operating theatre s on Lister reveals germ struments unwashed surgical in Pasteur’s principles Influenced by the work of French chemist Louis Pasteur, Lister EXPERIMENTED to confirm that infections are caused by germs and not bad air as was believed at the time After noticing that almost half of amputation patients died from blood poisoning caused by germs, Lister was determined to find a solution Who came before John hunter was Britain’s leading lecturer on surgery during the 18th century At a time when most surgeons were not trained doctors, he advocated a scientific approach to surgical procedures 114 In the 19th century, Hungarian doctor Ignaz SemmelweIS was the first to observe a connection between hospital cleanliness and infection levels He advised doctors to wash their hands thoroughly before operations to reduce infections Antiseptic impact Lister began using a chemical called PHENOL, also known as carbolic acid, to soak medical dressings As a result, the death rate due to infection on Lister’s ward plummeted and phenol became the world’s first antiseptic (a chemical solution that kills germs) He also introduced guidelines for hospital hygiene, such as sterilizing medical instruments, and making sure everyone washed their hands frequently The use of antiseptics led to a rise in the number and complexity of surgeries By th Listerine e way… named af mouthwash was It was or ter me in 1879 ig an antisepinally used as being sold tic before a for bad b s a cure reath Awards and accolades Lister was WELL REWARDED for his work He became President of the Clinical Society of London and the Royal Society, as well as recipient of the Royal Medal, Albert Medal, and Copley Medal Antiseptics have advanced a lot since Lister’s death in 1912, and germ prevention continues to make operations safer and more successful How he change d the world Who came after Known as the Lady with the Lamp, British nurse Florence nightingale observed soldiers dying of infection because of unhygienic conditions in battlefield hospitals She set about cleaning the rat-infested wards and improving efficiency in medical care After Joseph Li ster published his incredible findings, many countrie s adopted his healthcare techniques As a result, infe ction rates dropped dram atically around the wo rld During the 1890s, new measures were taken to improve hospital hygiene American surgeon William SteWart halSted introduced the wearing of rubber gloves during operations 115 Alan Turing The CODE-BREAKER who invented the computer age Englishman Alan Turing not only helped to turn the tide of World War II, but also developed the idea of the modern computer Cracking the code During World War II, Turing joined the code-breakers working at a top-secret British base, Bletchley Park The Germans were using a typewriter-like device called the Enigma machine to transmit coded military messages Turing and his colleague Gordon Welchman developed the BOMBE machine to decode these messages The machine played a crucial role in the victory of Allied forces over Germany Turing, aged 13, with his school friends The Germans changed codes every day using the Enigma machine e The Bombed k or machine wossible p y out ever ation of combin odes Enigma c A maths genius Alan Turing was a brilliant mathematician In 1936, while still at the University of Cambridge, he outlined his theory of a UNIVERSAL MACHINE This was a device that could solve any problem using a set of coded instructions that were stored in its memory – an idea that paved the way for modern computer science know? Did you ld solve Turing cou ematical ath advanced m s by the m proble age of 14 What came before… In the 1820s, English mathematician Charles Babbage designed and partially built a mechanical calculator called the Difference engine This device used arithmetical addition, and was powered by cranking a handle 116 American inventor Herman Hollerith built the first tabulating anD sorting machine in 1889 It used punched cards to record and process data; a clerk would sit at a desk and insert cards into the machine The Pilot ACE was based on Turing’s design This was the console for controlling the operations Onto computers By t I wrotehe way… chess c the first e o v I called mputer prog er it Turb ochamp m After the war, Turing produced a design for a computer – the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) Although it was never built, it led to the production of the world’s first general-purpose computer called the Pilot ACE in 1950 Turing also researched whether a computer is a thinking machine, and created an experiment called the TURING TEST – a method to see whether a machine has human-like intelligence How he changed the world Turing’s code-breaking work shortened the war, saving millions of lives His idea of an intelligent machine turned into a reality with the development of computers by the end of the 20th century e What cam after In 1958, American engineers Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveiled the integrated circuit – the first working microchip Without this tiny device we would not have personal computers or mobile phones The first home computer, the apple i, was built by Americans Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs in 1975 User-friendly and cheap, Apple computers revolutionized the home computer industry 117 l e b o N Alfred sted his la b o h w T S I M E The CH ooks b y r o t is h o t in y a w venting in is for tune by h e d a m l e b explosives, No l fu r e w o p r d othe ith dynamite an associated w w o n is e m a but his n peace learning and By the way I named my exp lo dynamite from thsive Greek word dun e am which means pow is, er Nobel as a young man The young chemist The son of a skilled engineer, Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1833 The family moved to Russia in 1842, where his father had set up a firm making explosives and equipment for the Russian navy When Nobel was 17, he travelled abroad to study CHEMISTRY What came before Molecular structure of nitroglycerine Looking for a magic potion that would allow them to live forever, the ancient Chinese instead discovered the first chemical explosive – gunpowder 118 Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero discovered the explosive nitroglycerine in 1847 However, he considered it too dangerous for practical use Explosive discovery In 1864, one of Nobel’s brothers died in an explosion while working with liquid nitroglycerine – a very unstable explosive Nobel became determined to find a way of making nitroglycerine less dangerous By mixing it with a form of silica, he developed a safer product called DYNAMITE It became widely used, not only in construction and mining, but also in warfare Nobel’s invention made him a wealthy man Those who are awarded the Nobel Prize receive a gold medal, which shows Nobel on the front Did y Nobel e ou know making xperimente ? d s such asynthetic mate in r r he died ubber Whenials , differen he held 355 t paten ts The Nobel Prize When Nobel died in 1896, his relatives were surprised to find out that he had left most of his vast fortune to fund annual prizes for outstanding achievements in science, literature, and peace Since 1901, the NOBEL PRIZE has been awarded every year on 10 December, the anniversary of his death g, Dynamite transformed rock blastin out ry car making it much easier to work such as drilling tunnels How he changed the world What came after… During the 1930s, dynamite was used as a blasting agent in huge engineering projects such as the Hoover Dam in Nevada, USA Dynamite revolutionized the construction and mining industries, and changed warfare However, Nobel is best remembered for establishing the awards that encourage achievement Since the 1950s, the explosive ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (aNFo) has largely replaced dynamite in the mining industry ANFO detonates more slowly and is considered much safer than dynamite 119 Guiding light Javan was born in Tehran, the capital of Iran, but moved to the USA after World War II He earned a PhD in physics from Columbia University in 1954 Years of study and research resulted in his invention of the world’s first GAS LASER in 1960 This instrument carries an electric current through a gas to produce a strong light Javan’s gas laser was the first laser to generate a constant beam of light Ali Javan The LEADING LIGHT whose invention shone across all areas of science Javan’s gas laser f ible feat o ser d e r c in n A la y, the gas technolog ermanent feature p al became a e scanners, medic in barcod ent, and Internet equipm ransmission data t Ho w r ld Javan was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal in 1975 changed… e h w the o Hall of fame 120 Javan was a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology until the end of his career He made major breakthroughs in different fields of physics, and established the USA’s FIRST RESEARCH BASE for laser technology A lifetime with lasers resulted in many awards, including entry in the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006 Ho w Rachel Carson changed she … A crusading CONSERVATIONIST who used the power of the written word to make the world a better place rld Carson’s scientific writing ng about the dangers affecti ed nature on Earth encourag future generations to embrace the environment and protect the planet the w o Water writer Born in 1907 in rural Pennsylvania, USA, Rachel Carson enjoyed being surrounded by nature After gaining a master’s degree in zoology, Carson worked as a marine biologist and then became the chief editor at the US Fish and Wildlife Service This work motivated her to publish an award-winning SCIENTIFIC STUDY of the sea, called The Sea Around Us in 1951, which was translated into 28 languages Carson researched marine ecology, including seawater and seaweed The title Silent Spring was inspired by the number of birds dying from eating food contaminated with chemical pesticides and the sad prospect of a springtime without birdsong Pesticide problem Carson was worried about chemical pesticides, designed to protect crops by killing pests Research revealed their harmful chemicals were destroying food chains and fragile ecosystems (networks of livings things found in an area) In 1962, Carson detailed these dangers in her book Silent Spring Later, she called for new policies to PROTECT the environment Although many people were sceptical of her ideas at first, she eventually convinced governments to use pesticides more responsibly 121 cators i n u m all areas of science ss m o r c a o ORS y recognizable to millions D A C SS tantl BA es ins M ic A o v with ow? n k s you plant Did least 10 ls have At anima after and named rough been Attenbo David , as n e d o x i er s e l mp kesp o c s o n ofte ng sp opic e r a teni icult t Scientific subjects h g i l n ff but an engaging and e t di s o he m rstand t n e v e can make u nd e o t r e i eas David Attenborough Veteran voice of the natural world, David Attenborough is one of Britain’s best-loved broadcasters A natural sciences graduate in 1947, he went on to write, produce, and host wildlife documentaries First shown in 2006, the popular Planet Earth series showed high-definition footage of animals in their natural habitats, accompanied by Attenborough’s DISTINCTIVE narration Carl Sagan American astronomer Carl Sagan was excited by the Universe as a young boy After studying astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Chicago, he became a professor, author, advisor to NASA (the USA’s space agency), and television presenter, sharing his enthusiasm for space across various media Televised in 1980, Sagan’s series Cosmos was watched by many millions of viewers 122 Dava Sobel American science reporter Dava Sobel began writing the real stories behind scientific subjects Her books include The Glass Universe, the story of women at Harvard Observatory, USA, studying the stars, and A More Perfect Heaven, the story of how Nicolaus Copernicus changed views about the Solar System and the cosmos In 2001, the National Science Board HONOURED Sobel for raising public awareness of science Bill Nye Best known for his 1990s show Bill Nye, the Science Guy, William Sanford Nye is an American science educator This science and mathematics wizard simplifies his vast knowledge to help children understand difficult subjects Nye also helped develop SUNDIALS for the Mars Rover missions He is now serving as the head of The Planetary Society, an institute that promotes astronomy and space exploration Neil deGrasse Tyson A trip to New York’s Hayden Planetarium as a child ignited Neil deGrasse Tyson’s interest in astronomy and, three decades later, he became that planetarium’s DIRECTOR Born in 1958, the American astrophysicist is a gifted speaker on television, radio, and the Internet He uses popular cultural references to ensure his audience relates to scientific subject matter 123 Let’s applaud Discover the amazing achievements of these SCIENTIFIC SUPERSTARS from around the world Brahmagupta (598–670) Indian astronomer Brahmagupta wrote books on mathematics and astronomy in poetry He also ESTABLISHED rules for the number zero, fractions, and positive and negative numbers Bhaskara ˉ I (c.600–c.680) The first person to use a circle to represent zero in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system was Indian MATHEMATICIAN and writer Bhˉaskara I Although not much is known about his life, his writing centred on the planets, stars, and eclipses of the Sun and Moon Jane Marcet (1769–1858) With the publication of her book Conversations on Chemistry in 1806, Englishwoman Jane Marcet became the world’s FIRST FEMALE SCIENCE WRITER Aimed at uneducated girls, her work soon crossed the boundaries of gender, age, and race When an electric current flows through a wire, it produces a magnetic field like a magnet André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) French physicist Ampère established the new science of electric currents and magnetic fields, now called electromagnetism His name is still heard today with the term AMPERE, the unit used to measure electric current 124 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (1780–1849) German chemist Döbereiner was known for spotting similarities between elements and grouping them together He HELPED TO DEVELOP Dmitri Mendeleev’s periodic table into the version used today Mary Somerville (1780–1872) The existence of the planet Neptune was correctly PREDICTED by this Scottish astronomer and science writer In 1835, both Mary and German astronomer Caroline Herschel became the first female members of the Royal Astronomical Society Maria Mitchell (1818–1889) This American astronomer is best known for spotting a comet through her telescope in 1847 At the time King Frederick VI of Denmark was giving prizes for the discovery of new comets, so Miss Mitchell’s Comet WON her a medal George Washington Carver (c.1864–1943) This African-American scientist and inventor was nicknamed the Peanut Man after his research on crops, including peanuts, soybeans, and sweet potatoes He also developed the TREATMENT for polio patients using peanut oil for massages Linus Pauling (1901–1994) With hundreds of scientific papers to his name, American chemist Pauling wrote about chemical bonds and biology He was the first person to win two individual NOBEL PRIZES – for Chemistry in 1954 and for Peace in 1962 Twice winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, this British biochemist researched INSULIN and DNA to advance the areas of genetics and medicine His Sanger sequencing technique (the method to determine the sequence of a DNA molecule) continues to be used today Katherine Johnson (born 1918) This award-winning American mathematician worked as a HUMAN COMPUTER for NASA’s predecessor – National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) Johnson worked out complex calculations for space missions, including the trajectory for Alan Shepard, the first American in Space lion km l i m 198 circled d lle ) and times e v miles 4,600 t n r ou lion e tha or End eav ( Ear 23 m th il m Frederick Sanger (1918–2013) Jocelyn Bell Burnell (born 1943) The detection of radio pulses in the sky during the 1960s was conducted by this Irish astrophysicist She found they were neutron stars (the remains of a superweight star) emitting radio waves, now called PULSARS Masatoshi Shima (born 1943) Japanese engineer Shima was the brains behind the design of the world’s FIRST MICROPROCESSOR (the chip that controls a computer’s function) – the Intel 4004 This groundbreaking invention was manufactured in 1971 Shirley Ann Jackson (born 1946) American physicist Shirley Ann Jackson laid the foundations for many future communication DEVICES, including fibre-optic cables and advanced additions to telephones and fax machines In 2014, she was awarded the country’s top prize, the National Medal of Science Craig Venter (born 1946) The HUMAN GENOME PROJECT, which mapped human DNA, was masterminded by American biochemist Craig Venter His institute also created the genetic material of a bacterium in 2010, resulting in the world’s first synthetic organism Mae C Jemison (born 1956) History was made on 12 September 1992 when Jemison BLASTED OFF on board Endeavour, becoming the first AfricanAmerican in Space Since then, she has focused on healthcare and technology for developing nations Fabiola Gianotti (born 1960) Italy’s most prominent physicist is the first female DIRECTOR-GENERAL at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research Gianotti has written more than 500 scientific articles and has a host of awards to her name Brian Cox (born 1968) This British professor of physics presents a wide VARIETY OF SCIENCE PROGRAMMES A new generation of viewers can explore space, astronomy, and physics thanks to his relaxed style and accessible commentary Maryam Mirzakhani (1977–2017) The first woman and Iranian to win the biggest honour in mathematics, the FIELDS MEDAL, was Maryam Mirzakhani Her achievement in 2014 was the result of in-depth study of geometric shapes and curved surfaces 125 Glossary Alchemist Diffraction Nucleus A person who studied an ancient form of science from which chemistry developed Alchemists sought the philosopher’s stone that turns metals such as lead or iron into gold The deflection of waves as they pass small obstacles or go through narrow openings The central part of an atom made from protons and neutrons DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) A living thing consisting of one or more cells Asteroid A small rocky body orbiting the Sun Most asteroids are in the Asteroid Belt, between Mars and Jupiter Atmosphere The layer of gases that surrounds a planet Atom The smallest part of an element that can exist It consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons, which is orbited by electrons Atomic bomb A powerful bomb that causes an explosion by releasing the energy in atoms Atomic mass The total number of protons and neutrons that an atom contains Cathode ray tube A tube with a vacuum inside, in which cathode rays produce an image on a screen – used mainly in televisions and computer screens CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) The chemical inside chromosomes that lets parents pass genetic information on to their offspring Organism Palaeontologist Electron A scientist who studies life forms that existed in former geological periods A tiny particle with a negative electric charge that is found in the empty outer space around an atom’s nucleus Patent Element A government licence that gives the person or company the right of ownership for an invention A basic building block of matter made from identical atoms Pesticide Fossil fuel A chemical used to destroy pests that cause damage to crops and plants A fuel that has formed over millions of years from the remains of living things Coal, oil, and gas are fossil fuels Gene One of the instructions stored inside cells and required to build and operate an animal’s body or a plant Genes are passed on from parents to their offspring Gravity A force of attraction between objects found throughout the Universe The greater the object’s mass, the greater its gravitational pull Proton A particle with a positive electric charge in the nucleus of an atom Radioactivity The disintegration of the nuclei in an atom, causing radiation to be given off Seismologist A scientist who studies earthquakes Spacetime Physicists think that time and space are really closely related They imagine a combination of space and time called spacetime Chemical compounds formed from chlorine, fluorine, and carbon CFCs are believed to damage the ozone layer so their use is now restricted Microchip Chromosome Neutron A thread-like structure in a cell’s nucleus Chromosomes are made of DNA and contain genes A particle with no electric charge in the nucleus of an atom A type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than ultraviolet radiation Compound Nuclear energy A type of energy released in one of two ways – by joining atoms together to make a larger atom (fusion), or by splitting an atom (fission) Zoology A substance that is formed from the atoms of two or more elements Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen 126 A miniature circuit made from thousands or millions of separate electronic components Ultraviolet A type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light X-ray A branch of biology that specializes in the study of animals Index A Alhazen 9, 30 al-Khwˉarizmˉı 18–19 al-Kindi 19 Allbutt, Thomas 15 Ampère, André-Marie 112, 124 Anning, Mary 29 Apollonius of Perga 13 Archimedes 12–13, 78 Aristotle 8–9, 21, 25 astronomers 16, 77–83, 94–95, 98–101, 122, 123, 124 Attenborough, David 122 Averroës 21 Avery, Oswald 37 Avicenna 20, 78 B Babbage, Charles 116 Babylonians 22 Bacon, Francis 24–25 Bacon, Roger 30 Baekeland, Leo 64 Bahcall, Neta A 101 Barlow, Peter 112 Barnard, Christiaan 15 Barrộ-Sinoussi, Franỗoise 49 Bath, Patricia 31 Berners-Lee, Tim 109 Bhˉaskara I 124 biologists 9, 26–49, 121 Biot, Jean-Baptiste 25 Black, Joseph 54 botanists 9, 28, 33, 72 Boyle, Robert 52–53 Bragg, William Henry 42, 71 Bragg, William Lawrence 42 Brahmagupta 124 Bunsen, Robert 56 Burnell, Jocelyn Bell 125 C Carson, Rachel 121 Carver, George Washington 124 Chadwick, James 89, 96 Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan 97 Charles, Jacques 53 chemists 25, 41, 50–73, 88, 118, 124 Chien-Shiung Wu 93 Clarke, Edith 59 computing 19, 23, 45, 108–109, 116–117 Copernicus, Nicolaus 77, 84 Cox, Brian 125 Crick, Francis 42–43 Curie, Marie, Pierre, and Irène 66–67 D Dalton, John 88 Darwin, Charles 34–35 Davenport, Thomas 113 da Vinci, Leonardo 76 Dawkins, Richard 35 Democritus 11 De Sitter, Willem 94 Diesel, Rudolf 107 Diophantus 13 DNA 36, 37, 38, 42–43, 61, 73, 125 Döbereiner, Johann Wolfgang 124 du Châtelet, Émilie 85 E Easley, Annie 109 Edison, Thomas Alva 58 Ehrlich, Paul 49 Einstein, Albert 85, 86, 87, 90–91, 102 electricity 24, 56–59, 67, 86, 112–113 Elion, Gertrude B 41 Empedocles 10 F Faraday, Michael 58–59 Feng Zhang 37 Fermi, Enrico 92 Feynman, Richard 97 Fibonacci 19, 22–23 Fleming, Alexander 40–41 Ford, W Kent 101 Franklin, Benjamin 24, 55 Franklin, Rosalind 42–43 Higgs, Peter 97 Hildegard of Bingen 28 Hippocrates 14–15 Hippocrates of Chios 12 Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot 70–71 Hollerith, Herman 116 Hooke, Robert 32, 53 Hopper, Grace Murray 108 Hubble, Edwin 98–99 Hubert, Conrad 57 Hunter, John 114 Huygens, Christiaan 81 Hypatia 11 I, J Inventors 13, 14, 15, 16, 31, 46, 56–57, 58–59, 64–65, 71, 79, 87, 104–123, 124 Jackson, Shirley Ann 125 Javan, Ali 120 Jemison, Mae C 125 Jenner, Edward 40, 48, 61 Jobs, Steve 117 Johannsen, Wilhelm 36 Johnson, Katharine 125 Julian, Percy 65 K Keeling, Charles David 47 Kepler, Johannes 80, 84 Kilby, Jack 117 Kwolek, Stephanie 65 L Galen, Claudius 17 Galileo Galilei 78–79 Gassner, Carl 57 Gay-Lussac, Joseph 25 Geber 52 Geiger, Hans Wilhem 66 genetics 35, 36–39, 49 Gianotti, Fabiola 125 Goodyear, Charles 64 Gray, George William 65 Gutenberg, Beno 45 Laënnec, René 14 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 34 Lavoisier, Antoine 53, 62 Leavitt, Henrietta Swan 83, 99 Lederberg, Joshua 49 Lehmann, Inge 44–45 Leibniz, Gottfried 23 Lemtre, Georges 94 light 9, 24, 30–31, 58, 81, 84–85, 91, 111, 120 Linnaeus, Carl 9, 33 Lister, Joseph 40, 114–115 Lovelace, Ada 108 Lovelock, James 46 H M G Haeckel, Ernst 72 Hahn, Otto 92 Halsted, William Stewart 115 Halley, Edmond 82 Haüy, René-Just 70 Hawking, Stephen 97, 102–103 Heisenberg, Werner 96 Hertz, Heinrich 59 MacLeod, Colin 37 magnetism 58, 59, 66, 86, 87, 112, 124 Mandelbrot, Benoit 23 Marcet, Jane 124 Marconi, Gugliemo 87 Masatoshi Shima 125 mathematicians 10, 12, 13, 18–19, 22–23, 85, 108, 109, 116, 124, 125 Maxwell, James Clerk 58, 86–87 McCarty, Maclyn 37 medicine 14–15, 17, 20, 21, 28, 31, 40–41, 48–49, 60–61, 65, 68–69, 70–71, 110, 114–115, 125 Meitner, Lise 92 Mendel, Gregor 36–37 Mendeleev, Dmitri 62–63 Michelson, Albert A 90 Miescher, Friedrich 36 Milne, John 44 Mirzakhani, Maryam 125 Mitchell, Maria 124 Morgan, Thomas Hunt 39 Moseley, Henry 63 N National Medal of Science 73, 125 Newlands, John 62 Newton, Isaac 24, 79, 80, 82, 84–85 Nightingale, Florence 115 Nobel, Alfred 118–119 Nobel Prize 119 Chemistry 63, 67, 88, 124, 125 Medicine 39, 41, 43, 49 Physics 66, 71, 91, 95, 96, 97, 110, 111 Noyce, Robert 117 nuclear physics 67, 88–89, 91, 92–93 Nye, Bill 123 O Oersted, Hans Christian 86 Oldham, Richard Dixon 44 Oort, Jan Hendrik 100 Oppenheimer, J Robert 92 P, Q Royal Society 25, 53, 57, 71, 103, 115 Rubin, Vera 100–101 Rutherford, Ernest 88–89 S Sagan, Carl 122 Salk, Jonas 48 Sanger, Frederick 125 Schatz, Albert 41 Scott, Dave 79 Seaborg, Glenn T 63 Semmelweis, Ignaz 114 Slipher, Vesto Melvin 98 Snell, Willebrord 31 Sobel, Dava 123 Socrates Somerville, Mary 124 Stevens, Nettie 38 Sturgeon, William 86 T, U Teller, Edward 93 Tesla, Nikola 112–113 Thales of Miletus Theodorus of Cyrene 12 Thompson, J J 88 Turing, Alan 116–117 Tyson, Neil deGrasse 123 V van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie 31 Venter, Craig 125 Vesalius, Andreas 14 Volta, Alessandro 56–57 von Bergmann, Ernst 60 von Jacobi, Moritz 113 von Laue, Max 71 von Neumann, John 109 Paracelsus 52 Pasteur, Louis 60–61, 114 Pauling, Linus 124 Penzias, Arno 94–95 philosophers 8, 19, 21, 25 physicists 56, 63, 66, 70, 71, 74–103, 110, 111, 112, 120, 124, 125 Planck, Max 90 Planté, Gaston 56 Priestley, Joseph 25, 55 Pythagoras 10 W, X, Y R Z Raman, C V 111 Richter, Charles 45 Röntgen, Wilhelm 70, 110 Waksman, Selman 41 Wallace, Alfred Russel 34 Watson, James 42–43 Watt, James 106 Weismann, August 35 Wilson, Robert Woodrow 94–95 Wozniak, Steve 117 Wright, Thomas 98 Zhang Heng 16 Zwicky, Fritz 100 127 Acknowledgments DK WOULD LIKE TO THANK: Carron Brown for proofreading and the index; Mansi Agrawal, Sunita Gahir, and Neetika Malik Jhingan for design assistance; Smita Mathur, Suefa Lee, and Bharti Bedi for editorial assistance; and Ashok Kumar for colour assistance THE PUBLISHER WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE FOLLOWING FOR THEIR KIND PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THEIR PHOTOGRAPHS: (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) 123RF.com: Almoond (br); Subbotina (crb) Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-60242 (clb) University of Hawaii: (fcrb) Alamy Stock Photo: Danita Delimont (crb) Getty Images: Andrew Cowie / AFP (clb/Body) 123RF.com: Konstantin Gushcha (cra); Luchian Oriana Veronica (ca); Macrovector (c) Alamy Stock Photo: North Wind Picture Archives (cl) Dreamstime.com: Andreykuzmin (cra/Honeycomb) Getty Images: Ken Welsh / * / Design Pics / Corbis (bl); Universal History Archive (bc) 8-9 Alamy Stock Photo: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (c) 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