M 132 87 (1995)

‡ —_— ot Standard Specification jor Terms Relating to Density and Specific Gravity of Solids, Liquids, and Gases AASHTO AASHTO in ASTM M DESIGNATION: 132-87 (1995) is identical to ASTM M E 12-70 (1991) except that all references to the ASTM standards contained E 12-70 (1991), listed in the following table, shall be replaced with the corresponding-AASHTO standard Referenced Standards 130 132-87 (1995) ASTM AASHTO € C D D T85 T 84 T 100 T 166 12? 128 854 2726 M 132 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS : 131 —_——— (Ì) Designation: E 12 ~ 70 (Reapproved 1991) AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race St Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Reprintea from the Annuat Book of ASTM Standaras Copyright ASTM if not listed in the current combined index, will appear in the next edition Standard Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity of Solids, Liquids, and Gases’ This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 12; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of onginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A | | { ị { i ! Superscript epsilon («) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense Consult the DoD Index of Specifications and Standards for the specific year of issue which has been adopted by the Department of Defense +! Nore Editonal changes were made throughout in October 1991 INTRODUCTION Attention is called to the appendix for information concerning the definitions which follow Their meanings and their relationships to scientific terms are briefly explained Some standards in which they are used are compared with standards in which other definitions have been applied density (of solids and liquids)—the mass ofa unit volume of a material stated at a specified temperature such as grams per millilitre The units shail be grams per cubic centimetre, pounds per cubic foot, or other If the material is a solid, the volume shall be that of the impermeable portion The form of expression shall be: Density at x where x is the temperature of the material density (of gases)—the mass of a unit volume of a gas at a stated temperature and pressure The units shall be stated The form of expression shall be: Density atx, ) where: X = temperature of the gas, and Y = pressure of the gas “ density, apparent (of solids and liquids)—the weightn air of a unit volume of a material at a specified temperature The units shall be stated If the material is a solid, the volume shall be that of the impermeable portion The form of expression shall be: Apparent density at x where x is the temperature of the material density, bulk (of solids) —the weight in air of a unit volume of a permeable material (including both permeable and impermeable voids normal to the material) at a stated temperature The units shall be stated The form of expression shall be: Bulk density at x where x is the temperature of the material Note |—The accuracy of bulk density determinations is so low acceleration of gravity are not warranted based on weights in air ' This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-15 on Industrial Chemicais and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee £15.23 on Physical Properties Current edition approved May 29, 1970 Originally issued 1925 Last previous edition E 12 - 70 (1986) this definition is specific gravity (of solids and liquids)—the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of a material at a stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature If the material is a solid, the volume shall be that of the impermeable portion The form of expression shail be (see Note 2): Specific gravity x/y’C where: xX y = = Note temperature of the material, and temperature of the water 2—The term “relative density” with the same meaning as specific gravity is becoming more widely used specific gravity (of gases}—the ratio of the density of a gas, under the observed conditions of temperature and pressure, to the density of dry air of normal carbon dioxide content, at the same temperature and pressure The units shall be stated The form, of expression shail be (see Note 2): Specific gravity at x, y where: x = temperature of the gas, and y = pressure of the gas specific gravity, apparent (of solids and liquids) —the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of a material at a stated temperature to the weight in air of equal density of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature If the material isa solid, the volume shall be that of the impermeable portion The form of expression shail be (see Note 2): that corrections for air buoyancy and variations in the value for the ——— Hence, Apparent specific gravity x/y’C where: x = y = temperature of the material, and temperature of the water specific gravity, bulk (of solids)——the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of a permeable material (including M 132 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS 132 (` E12 the both permeable and impermeable voids normal to of air in weight the to material) at a stated temperature water d distille gas-free of volume equal density of an equal! at a stated temperature The form of expression shall be , | anc 2): (see Notes Bulk specific gravity x/y°C where: x = y = temperature of the material, and temperature of the water Keywords 1.1 apparent; bulk; density; specific gravity APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) XI DISCUSSION OF DEFINITIONS AND X1.1 In scientific terminology, mass is a measure of the quantity of material in a body, and is constant regardless of geographical location, altitude, or atmospheric conditions, so long as no material is added or taken away Weight is the force with which body is attracted to the earth, and varies from place to place with the acceleration of gravity X1.2 When an equal-arm balance is used 10 compare an object with standards of mass (“weights”), the effects of variations in the acceleration of gravity are-self-eliminating and need not be taken into account, but the apparent mass of the object is slightly different from the true mass because of the buoyant effects of the surrounding air Mass can then be computed from apparent mass by applying a correction for air buoyancy When a spring balance is used, an additional correction accounting for the local value of the acceleration of gravity is required for the computation of mass X1.3 For many commercial and industrial processes the rigorous scientific distinction between mass, apparent mass, and weight is of no practical consequence and is therefore ignored The term “weight” in general practice has been accepted as being the value secured when an object 1S weighed in air This “weight” or “weight in air” is often converted to “weight in vacuo” by the application of an air buoyancy correction, and is then considered as synonymous with mass X1.4 All of the definitions listed above are based on either “mass” or “weight in air”, the distinction being that air buoyancy corrections have been applied in the former case and not in the later Density and specific gravity are based on mass, and should be similarly constant Apparent density, bulk density, apparent specific gravity, and bulk specific gravity are based on weight in air, and therefore are subject to change with atmospheric conditions, locality, and altitude These changes may be negligible, depending upon the accuracy required for the particular application X1.5 The definitions are intended as a guide for future standardization of terminology relating to density and specific gravity They not represent the terminology presently used in many existing ASTM standards, which has become diversified to an undesirable extent by the variety of materials, procedures and trade practices involved For example, density is defined or used as weight per unit volume in C 460, D 348, D 349,* etc., but is defined as mass per unit The ASTM designations referred to in this appendix are as follows They are published in the indicated volume of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards RELATIONSHIPS SCIENTIFIC TO TERMS volume in D 123, D 1070, D 1356, and E 126 X1.6 Specific gravity definitions refer to the weight of a (Vol B 212, Test Method for Apparent Density of Free-Flowing Metal Powders 02.05) and B 329, Test Method for Apparent Density of Powders of Refractory Meus 02.05) (Vol Volumeter Scott the by s Compound B33}, Test Method Compressibility for of Metal Powders in Uniaxial Compaction (Vo! 02.05) C 127, Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate (Vol 04.02) (Vol C 128, Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate 04.03) and C 134, Test Methods for Size and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick Insulating Firebrick (Vol 15.01) C271, Test Method for Density of Core Matenais for Structural Sandwich Constructions (Vol 15.03) C 460, Definitions of Terms Relating to Asbestos-Cement and Related Products (Vol 04.05) D115, Methods of Testing Varnishes Used for Electrical insulation (Vol 10.01) D117, Guide to Test Methods and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin (Vol 10.03) D 123, Terminology Relating to Textiles (Vols 07.01 and 07.02) D348, Methods 10.01) of Testing Rigid Tubes Used (or Electncal insulation (Vol D349, Methods of Testing Laminated Round Rods Used for Electrical Insulation (Vol 10.01) D653, Terms and Symbols Relating to Soil and Rock (Vol 04.08) D854, Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils (Vol 04.08) D891, Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Liquid Industrial Chemicals (Vol 15.05) D 1037, Method for Evaluating the Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle : Panel Materials (Vol 04.09) Fuels D 1070, Test Methods for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Gaseous (Vol 05.05) D 1188, Test Method Bituminous for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Compacted Mixtures, Using Paraffin-Coated Specimens (Vols 04.03 and 04.08) D 1346, Methods of Testing Electrical insulating Varnishes for 180°C and Above (Vo! 10.01) D 1356, Definitions of Terms Relating to Atmospheric Sampling and Analysis (Vol 11.03) D 1429, Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Water and Brine (Vol | 1.01) D 1513, Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted—Pour Density (Vol 09.01) D 1565, Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials Vinyl Chionde Polymers and Copolymers (Open-Cell Foam) (Vo! 09.02) D 1622, Tes! Method for Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular Plastics (Vol 08.02) D 1638, Methods of Testing Urethane Foam isocyanate Raw Matenals (Vol 08.02) D 1674, Methods of Testing Polymerizable Embedding Compounds Used for Electrical Insulation (Vol 10.01) D 1963, Test Method for Specific Gravity of Drying Oils Varnishes, Resins and Related Materials at 25/25°C (Vol 06.03} D3974, Method of Testing Flexible Cellular Materials—Slab Bonded and E Molded Urethane Foams (Voi 09.02) 126, Method for Inspection, Test and Standardization of Hydrometers (Vol 14.01) M 132 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS 133 (lồ E12 unit volume of the sample compared with the weight of a unit volume of water in D 115, D117, D 1674, D 1963, and others; weight in air is used in D854, D891, D 1346, D 1429, and D 1638 These correspond with the definition of apparent specific gravity, rather than specific gravity On the other hand, D653, for example, is in accord with the definition of apparent specific gravity X1.7 The definition of bulk density, like the previous definition of bulk specific gravity, specifies that the volume shall include both permeable and impermeable voids normal to the material This requirement for the inclusion of ail voids is completely satisfied whether the volume is computed from the measured dimensions of a solid, or whether it is found by placing the material in a container of predetermined capacity It would be expected that ail standards using either of the two methods would identify the results in like terms A comparison of standards in which weight in air is divided by this volume shows that C 271, D 1565, D 1622, and D 3574 apply the term density; B212 and B 329, apparent density; C 134, bulk density; D 1513, pour density; B 331, green density; and D 1037, specific gravity X1.8 The terms “permeable” and “impermeable” cannot be rigidly defined for general application The exact meaning in a particular application is the conventional one inferred by the procedure specified for determining the density or specific gravity of the material in question In C 127 and C 128, the spaces between grains or particles of granular aggregates are not included in the permeable voids mentioned in the definition for bulk specific gravity On the other hand, in D 1188, the method of test is designed to include in the permeable voids the spaces between particles or substances in compacted bituminous paving mixtures or other bonded or cemented mixtures X1.9 The standards mentioned are given as examples only A compilation of all standards referring to density or specific gravity is beyond the scope of this appendix See Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, 6th Ed., 1986 Tha American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting (he validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination o/ the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely thaw oven responsibility This standard is Sudject to revision at any tima by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed avery five years and i not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn Your comments are invited either tor revision of this standard or for additional stancards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible tecnnical committee, which you May attend if you leei that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your wews known to the ASTM Committee on Stancards, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103