Introduction to marine cargo management

Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! INTRODUCTION TO MARINE CARGO MANAGEMENT Cargo management, especially in the maritime sphere, plays a vital role in the transfer of goods between seller and buyer However, despite over 90% of the world’s international trade being conducted by sea, often very little is known about this subject by either party This unique text provides a clear and comprehensive introduction to the principal elements involved in the management of marine cargo and the carriage of goods by sea Not only does it analyse key theories and debates in the maritime freight sector, it is equally instructive on practice and logistics Furthermore, the book provides a thorough guide to the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in this dynamic industry This second edition has been fully revised and updated to incorporate the very latest changes in cargo management legislation and procedures, including: • • • • • • Offshore oil and gas supply management The revised INCOTERMS 2010 Tramp shipping and spot cargo trading Project cargo management Dry and liquid bulk cargo management The IMDG Code and the marine carriage of dangerous and hazardous goods • Cabotage • Salvage • Risk management and best practice This is an essential guide for shipping professionals, academics and students of marine logistics, and international trade Mark Rowbotham is a Lecturer at Liverpool John Moores University, as well as Distance Learning Tutor at Middlesex University LLOYD’S PRACTICAL SHIPPING GUIDES Other titles in this series are: Steel: Carriage by Sea by Arthur Sparks (2009) Port Operations: Planning and Logistics by Khalid Bichou (2009) Risk Management in Port Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Security by Khalid Bichou, Michel G.H Bell and Andrew Evans (2009) Port Management and Operations 3rd Edition by Professor Patrick M Alderton (2008) Introduction to Marine Cargo Management by J Mark Rowbotham (2008) Maritime Law 6th Edition by Chris Hill (2005) The ISM Code: A Practical Guide to the Legal and Insurance Implications by Phil Anderson (2005) INTRODUCTION TO MARINE CARGO MANAGEMENT BY J MARK ROWBOTHAM SECOND EDITION LLOYD’S PRACTICAL SHIPPING GUIDES Series editor: Peter J McArthur Second edition published 2014 by Informa Law from Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Informa Law from Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Informa Law from Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business © Mark Rowbotham 2014 First edition published by Informa Law 2008 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers While every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is correct, neither the author nor Informa Law can accept any responsibility for any errors or omissions or for any consequences arising therefrom Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Lloyd’s and the Lloyd’s crest are registered trademarks of the society incorporated by the Lloyd’s Act 1871 by the name of Lloyd’s British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rowbotham, J Mark Introduction to marine cargo management/ by J Mark Rowbotham – Second edition pages cm – (Lloyd's practical shipping guides) Cargo handling I Title VK235.R69 2014 387.5′44–dc23 2013034741 ISBN: 978-0-415-73241-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-31581-401-8 (ebk) Typeset in Plantin by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK CONTENTS Acknowledgements viii ‘Cargoes’ x Table of cases xi Table of UK legislation and international legislation xiii Table of conventions, directives, regulations, treaties xv List of figures and tables xix Introduction xxi CHAPTER 1: THE MARITIME SECTOR 1 Overview of the UNCLOS Vessel traffic monitoring CHAPTER 2: CARGOES AND VESSELS Types of marine cargo traffic Types of cargo vessel 13 The nature of cargoes 21 The port system 24 The development of containerisation 27 Multimodalism 34 CHAPTER 3: CHARTERING AND BULK CARRIAGE 49 Chartering 49 Break-bulk cargo 54 Bulk carriage 63 CHAPTER 4: LIQUID BULK CARGO MANAGEMENT 77 Tankers 77 Liquid bulk carriage 90 vi Contents Methods of oil transport 91 Oil products 93 Codes for the carriage of dangerous bulk cargoes by sea 94 Tanker management 98 The sea transport of liquefied gases in bulk 107 CHAPTER 5: OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS SUPPORT 123 CHAPTER 6: ORGANISATIONS, PROCESSES AND DOCUMENTATION 134 Maritime organisations 134 INCOTERMS 142 The shipping organisation and shipping process 149 Ro-Ro shipments 158 Freight documentation 162 CHAPTER 7: LEGAL, FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ISSUES 177 Maritime cargo legislation and carriage contracts 177 The financial aspects of cargo management 193 Risk management and marine insurance 221 CHAPTER 8: COMPLIANCES AND CONTROLS 233 Customs maritime cargo reporting and controls 233 The duty of disclosure, dangerous goods and port information 245 Cargo stowage and loading 252 The IMO FAL Convention and the ISPS Code 259 CHAPTER 9: SALVAGE 265 CHAPTER 10: MARINE CARGO SECURITY 277 The ISPS Code 279 The ENS system 294 Multimodalism and shipper awareness 297 Examples of cargo security failures 300 Contents vii CHAPTER 11: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 312 Perspectives from bridge and shore 312 The short-sea sector and the ‘marine motorway’ 320 Perceived anomalies in marine reporting 323 Automatic Identification System (AIS) 330 CHAPTER 12: AWARENESS AND VIGILANCE 336 The audit trail 336 ISO 28000/ISO 28001 and Six Sigma 340 Documentary and procedural requirements 346 CHAPTER 13: SUMMARY AND APPRAISAL 368 Factors in the marine cargo management process 369 Common errors in cargo management 373 Appendices 377 Glossary 391 Further reading 394 Index 403 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this book, my grateful thanks go to many people who advised, encouraged and supported me, despite the daunting challenges this project presented To my colleagues Capt Rodger MacDonald, Bill Oakes and Richard Martin, of CILT, who have mentored me and who sowed many of the seeds in my mind, which became the essence of this book To Captain Russ Garbutt, who spared some of his valuable time to show me the workings of the Port of Hull and P&O Ferries To Geoff Catterick, of CILT, for imparting much of his own wealth of knowledge on the freight forwarding sector To Informa Group, who have shown keen interest in the project from the outset To Lloyd’s Maritime Academy, who spurred on my interest in the technical field of maritime operations, and to Lloyd’s MIU, who gave me access to their AIS website To HM Revenue & Customs, who, as HM Customs & Excise, taught me much of the profession I know today To the various port authorities and shipping lines, who have kept me supplied with much valuable information To Mike Toogood, formerly of the MCA, who allowed me access to various facilities at CNIS Dover to understand much more about the practice of vessel monitoring and controls To my family ancestors, who, being good seafarers, ensured that sea salt and the love of the sea was already in my blood To my wife, who has greatly inspired and supported me throughout this project, even when I felt short of inspiration Specific acknowledgements go to: • • • • • • • the Port of Liverpool; the Port of Tyne; Clydeport; CMA CGM; Warren Pringle at Lloyd’s MIU; Ian McConnell at AIS Liverpool; and John Ambler Acknowledgements ix And to all those I may have inadvertently missed out or forgotten, a big thank you to all for contributing to my knowledge and providing me with such a wealth of information Further reading 399 CHAPTER 8: COMPLIANCES AND CONTROLS Customs maritime cargo reporting and controls For further information about customs cargo reporting in the UK, as well as all other information concerning UK import and export formalities, refer to the website for HM Revenue & Customs at: www.hmrc.gov.uk For overseas issues, the local customs office or national revenue authority website should be consulted The duty of disclosure, dangerous goods and port information For further information concerning the carriage of dangerous or hazardous goods, refer to the following books: Export Practice & Management, Chapter 10 (A Branch, 2000) IMDG Code (IMO, 2006 Edition) Cargo stowage and loading For further information on cargo stowage, refer to the following books: Cargo Stowage and Securing (IMO, 2003 Edition) Cargo Work (D.J House, 2005) Further information on parametric roll can be obtained by typing in the phrase ‘parametric roll’ into any Web-based search engine, and accessing the various websites available The IMO FAL Convention and the ISPS Code For further information about the FAL Convention, refer to the following books: FAL Convention (IMO, 1998 Edition) IMO Compendium on Facilitation and Electronic Business (IMO, 2001 Edition) For further information about the ISPS Code, refer to the following book: ISPS Code (IMO, 2003 Edition) 400 Further reading CHAPTER 9: SALVAGE Modern Marine Salvage (W Milwee, 1996, Cornell Maritime Press) For the LOF, see websites on and references to Lloyd’s of London (www.lloyds.com) CHAPTER 10: MARINE CARGO SECURITY The ISPS Code (IMO) – www.imo.org The ENS – http://ec.europa.eu/ecip CHAPTER 11: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Perspectives from bridge and shore The first part of this chapter also originally appeared as part of the following book: Risk Management in Port Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Security, Part (ed K Bichou, M.G.H Bell and A Evans, 2007, Informa Group) Automatic Identification System (AIS) For practical applications of AIS, refer to the following websites: www.lloydsmiu.com www.aisliverpool.org.uk www.shipais.com www.aisholland.com CHAPTER 12: AWARENESS AND VIGILANCE ISO 28000/28001 and Six Sigma For further information about the ISO 28000 and ISO 28001 standards, refer to the following booklets: ISO/PAS 28000 (ISO) ISO/PAS 28001 (ISO) Further reading 401 For further information on Six Sigma principles, refer to the following book: Six Sigma Fundamentals (D.H Stamatis, 2004) Documentary and procedural requirements Information concerning the US C-TPAT and SAFE Framework of Standards can be accessed by using the search engines available on the Internet This page intentionally left blank INDEX bold type=extended discussion or term emphasised in text f = figure; n = footnote; t = table abbreviation of documentary information 39 accident 7–8, 223, 239–40, 321, 324, 337, 346, 368, 371 ad valorem import duty 217, 218 Advance Cargo Information (ACI) 360, 363–4, 365, 371, 391 advance cargo notification 294–5 afloat salvage 269 Aframax 81t, 82, 86 air draught 106 Alioto, J 278–9 ammonia 113, 115, 120 Amoco Cadiz 86, 247, 328 anchor-handling towage supply vessel (AHTS) 125–6, 127, 391 Angola 54, 58, 123, 128, 130–1, 132 Annabella 257, 300, 307–8, 374 Antwerp xvii–xix, 11, 25–6, 31–2, 137–8, 192, 198, 244, 257, 307, 320, 357 ‘approved wharves’ 234, 235 arrival notification (AN) 296 ‘assistance towing’ 270, 271 Atlantic 20–1, 29, 30, 128, 132, 198, 256 audit trail 336–40, 367–8, 370; basic information 336; ‘commences with exporter’ 336; documentary details 336, 339; FCL 337–8, 339; LCL 338–9; offshore oilfields 340; trailer loads 340 Australia 63, 69, 71 authorised economic operator (AEO, 2007–) 298, 310, 342, 345, 364 ‘authorised regular operator’ 320, 391 authorised supply chain 366–7 Automated Manifest System (AMS, USA) 355, 358–60, 362–3, 364–5, 371 Automatic Identification System (AIS) viii, 4, 6–7, 8, 263, 281, 312–13, 316, 318, 324–5, 330–5, 391, 400; advantages 334–5; ‘Class A’ 331; inaccuracies 334; Automatic Identification System—cont information broadcast 331; limitations 332; security concerns 334; websites 332, 333–5, 400 average freight rate assessment (AFRA) scale 81–2 awareness and vigilance 336–67, 368, 370, 400–1 balancing trades 93 ballast 117, 118, 120, 258, 269 Baltic Exchange 61, 134, 140–2, 212, 225, 396 Baltic Freight Index (BFI) 142, 211 Baltic Futures Association 211 Baltic International Freight Futures Exchange (BIFFEX) 142, 211, 391 Baltic Sea 11, 44, 173, 187, 208, 238, 257, 308, 320, 337 bareboat charter (demise charter) 49, 50, 52–3, 59, 83, 103, 206, 213, 215 bauxite and alumina 22, 64, 67, 69, 70 Bay of Biscay 182, 230, 258 beachcombers 272, 304–5 before breaking bulk (BBB) 209 Berge Stahl 10, 17, 50, 65, 69, 74, 76 berthing 52, 318, 319, 344 bill of exchange 179, 190, 398 bill of lading (BOL, B/L) 36, 45, 54, 62, 102, 144–7, 149–51, 158, 162, 171–81, 184–5, 190, 209–10, 217, 227, 237, 239, 245, 260, 262, 295–6, 319, 321, 327–8, 337–60 passim, 383, 385–6, 397; electronic 139, 173, 397; false 297; functions 163–4, 187; functions (versus ‘cargo manifest’) 174–5; points incorporated 164–5 bill of lading (status types): claused BOL 165, 168–9, 220; clean BOL 168, 220, 221; container BOL 168; negotiable BOL 168, 219, 397; non-negotiable BOL 168 404 Index bill of lading (types): combined transport BOL 167; FIATA multimodal transport BOL 167; groupage (master) BOL 166; house BOL 152, 153, 166, 243–4, 314–15, 373; master BOL 152, 166, 243, 314, 372; negotiable FIATA combined transport bill 167; received BOL 165; shipped on board BOL 165, 184, 356; through BOL 152, 165–6; trans-shipment BOL 167 boil-off gas (BOG) 119 Brazil 17, 50, 54, 69, 74, 76, 132 break-bulk cargo 54–63, 129, 144, 209, 210, 366, 395; global fleet 56; see also general cargoes brokers 102, 103, 104, 106–7, 141–2, 147, 229, 252, 369 Brunei 66 Brussels Diplomatic Conferences on Maritime Law (1910–79) 138 bulk cargoes 10, 11, 63–5, 141, 164, 199, 211, 247, 256, 320, 366; categories 64; transportation characteristics 64–5 bulk carriage 63–76, 395 bulk carriers 17–18, 49, 50, 194 bulk freight rates 209–11; freight risk 210–11; taxes 211 bulk shipment 348, 363, 374, 396 bunker adjustment factor (BAF) 33, 73, 196, 201 bunkering 52, 216 bunker prices 212 butadiene 114, 115, 120 butylene gas 257, 307 buyers 323, 336, 338, 345, 348, 369, 371, 373 cabotage 45–8 Cabotage Vessels Financing Fund (CVFF, Nigeria) 48 Canada 30, 69, 75, 86, 157, 294–5, 300, 329, 345, 360, 366, 391; documentary and procedural requirements 363–4 Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) 363–4 canals 66, 80, 109, 195, 196, 212, 255–6 cargo documentation 377–81; see also documentation cargoes x, 55; nature 21–4, 394; risk types 295 cargo fraud 327–8 cargo information: inaccuracy/insufficiency 319–23, 326, 327–30, 332, 337, 339, 341, 343, 345–8, 352–6, 359–63, 371, 373–4 cargo loading supervision 372, 373 cargo management; financial aspects 193–221, 398; influence of payment terms 219–21; risk 222 cargo manifest 152–3, 162–4, 171–5, 235, 239–40, 242–3, 246, 251, 299, 313–15, 324, 326, 337–8, 340, 345, 356, 362–3, 374, 397; functions 172, 174; see also CUSCAR cargo security 318; failures 300–11 cargo stowage 94, 152, 178, 183, 210, 248, 250, 299, 301, 302–3, 306, 308–9, 314, 315, 329, 330, 337, 356, 374 cargo stowage and loading 252–9, 399; frontheavy 252, 256; stern-heavy 252, 256; too heavy amidships 252, 256; see also loading cargo vessels 13–21, 394 carriage contracts 177–92, 221, 230, 398 Carriage and Insurance Paid (CIP) 36, 40, 143, 147–8, 296 Carriage Paid To (CPT) 36, 143, 146, 148 carrier 188, 323, 366, 368–71, 373–5 carrier liability 180–7, 230 cash against documents 147, 165, 168, 219–20 cement 64, 71, 141 Channel Navigation Information Service (CNIS, MCA) viii, 246, 299, 317, 331–2, 334; see also Dover charter hire 52 chartering 49–54, 103, 319, 395 charter party (charta partita) 10, 49–50, 51–2, 59, 62, 73, 83, 103, 105, 147, 150–1, 177, 181, 221, 294, 326 chemicals 78–9, 90–1, 95–6, 101, 136, 202, 247, 268, 309, 328 China 69, 79, 84, 192, 200 China Overseas Shipping Company (COSCO) 317 CIF contract 189–92, 219–20, 227, 228, 231, 339, 349, 398; documentation 190; duties of seller 190–1; versus FOB contract 189 Clarkson Research Services 101 clearance salvage 269 clearing agent 239, 350, 352, 358, 360 Clydeport viii, 11, 67–8, 68f CMA CGM viii, 46–7, 317, 388; Normandie 303; see also MSC Napoli; Verdi 181–2 coal 22, 55, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 141, 212 Comité Maritime International (CMI, 1897–) 134, 136–9, 396; circular letter (2 July 1896) prior to formal establishment 137; conferences (1897–) 137–8, 139; constitutional structure 138; joint project with UNCITRAL (2001–) 185–6; Index 405 Comité Maritime International—cont national member associations (NMAs) 138; object (1972) 139 commodities 22–3 commodity demand 212 ‘common carrier’ 50, 59 common law 177, 266 communication 353–4, 372 community transit (CT) 174t, 235–6, 238–9, 295, 357, 391 compressed natural gas (CNG) 122 computerisation 312, 345–6, 358–9, 362–4, 366, 368, 370–2, 374; deficiencies 310; see also customs computers Conférences Diplomatiques de Droit Maritime (1910–) 138 consigne de marchandise routière (CMR) consignment note 36, 152, 159–62, 169–71, 206, 247, 320–3, 347, 355, 356, 378–9 consolidated cargo 296, 319, 321, 326, 338–9, 345, 348, 354–5, 371–2, 375; see also groupage container feeder services 166, 320 containerisation 56–7, 252, 306; development 27–34, 394; multimodalism 37 containerised cargoes 23, 366 container load list 386–7 container operators 149; deadlines 39, 41 containers xvi–xviii, 11, 33, 152, 212, 257–9, 263–4, 297, 313, 320, 376; weight 306–9 container scanning 277, 279, 361, 364, 365 container security 39, 41–2 container specifications 390 container vessels 14–16 contiguous zones 2–3 continental shelf 2, 3–5, 235 continental shelf end-use relief 131, 132–3 contract of affreightment (COA) 61–2, 83, 103, 104, 164, 177 contract salvage 269 controlling channel depth 106 Costa Concordia 265 Cost and Freight (C&F, CFR) 52, 63, 73–4, 143, 145–6, 165, 221, 296, 396; CFR contract 192 Cost, Insurance, Freight 36, 50–2, 63, 73–4, 143, 146–7, 154, 165, 187, 201, 210–11, 217, 296, 360, 396–7; CIF Import Landed Cost 39; see also insurance Cost-Reduction in New Era (CRINE) 123 crew 193–4, 273, 315, 316, 326, 337, 346 crude oil 64–5, 66, 75, 77, 83–4, 91, 93, 99, 141, 211–12, 256, 267, 274–5, 305, 328; price indices 124; see also oil and gas crude oil washing (COW) system 90 currency adjustment factor (CAF) 73, 201 customs authorities 149, 150, 259–60, 313, 326, 350, 366, 371 customs broker 149, 156–7, 351 customs-to-business networks 365 customs cargo report (CUSCAR) 172, 175, 235, 242–4; see also ‘IMO: FAL forms’ customs clearance 56, 145, 147, 319, 348, 350–4, 359, 361, 365; anomalies 39, 40–1 customs computers 277, 294, 295, 297, 300; see also computerisation customs controls 234 customs-to-customs networks 365, 366 customs documentation 346, 357 Customs Handling of Import and Export Freight (CHIEF) 235–6, 238, 240–3, 391 Customs Hold 295 customs maritime cargo reporting and controls 233–42, 399; customs export requirements 239–42; imports/arrivals 242–4 customs procedure code (CPC) 358 Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) 173, 241, 246, 294, 297, 299–300, 310, 345, 362, 391, 401 dangerous bulk cargoes 94–8, 304, 374; Hamburg Rules 183, 184, 185; see also HAZMAT dangerous goods (DG) note 250, 299, 313, 347 dangerous or polluting goods (notification) declaration of inspection (DOI, USA) 88 declaration unique consignment reference (DUCR) 240, 357 deep-sea traffic 9–11, 158, 160, 374, 376 deficit trade 93 Delivered At Place (DAP) 39, 143, 148 Delivered At Terminal (DAT) 143, 148 Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) 143, 321–2, 322f Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU) 36, 40, 201, 337–8, 349 Delivered ex Quay (DEQ) 210 Delivered ex Ship (DES) 52, 210 demise charter see bareboat charter demurrage 51, 60, 74, 100, 169, 220, 361, 391 Department for Transport (DfT) 249 406 Index Derbyshire sinking (1980) 75–6 derelict 271 DFDS 12, 46, 209, 236, 321 diving support vessel (DSV) 127, 128 documentary letter of credit 220–1, 398 documentary and procedural requirements 346–67, 368; assumptions, perceptions, communications 352–7; case studies 354–7; commercial documentation 346–7; communication accuracy 353–4; customs documentation 346, 357; export declaration 346, 357, 358–9; freight agent (role and responsibility) 351–2, 353–4; import declaration 357, 358, 360; importer and exporter (roles and responsibilities) 348–51, 353–4; logistics documentation 347–8; penalties 360–1; shipping agent (role) 352; US and Canada 361–4; WCO SAFE framework 364–7, 401 documentation 35–6, 38–9, 53, 190, 191, 263, 319, 328; roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) shipments 158–62; see also cargo documentation Do Not Load (DNL) 295 Dover 299, 302, 309, 330, 332; see also English Channel Dover–Calais 20, 159, 160, 170, 207; see also straits downstream movements 341 dry bulk cargoes 22, 64, 69–76, 141, 210, 211 dual-fuel diesel electric (DFDE) propulsion 119 due diligence 223, 374 dues and fees 105 duty of care 369, 370, 373, 375 duty of disclosure 245–6, 248, 399 ECDIS computerised charts 312 economic operator registration and identification (EORI) number 295 economies of scale 193, 197 electronic data interchange (EDI) 38, 40, 139, 191, 260–1, 264, 391 Eleventh of September events (2001) 277, 280, 293, 361, 363 emergency rescue and recovery vessel (ERRV) 127 Emma Maersk xvi, 50 English Channel 162, 170, 182, 208, 234, 257, 265, 277, 303–4, 322, 324; see also CNIS enhanced remote transit shed (ERTS) 244 entry summary declaration (ENS) system 294–7, 299–300, 310, 400; drawbacks 296–7; required data elements 296; risk types 296 environment xviii, 5, 267–8, 272, 274–5, 304, 306–7, 314 ‘EPU’ 237 Erika disaster (1999) 6, 226, 247, 328 Estonia disaster (1994) 158, 337 ethylene 113, 114 Europe xvi, 13, 32–4, 47, 54, 71, 75, 85–6, 155, 162, 187, 198–201, 204–5, 244, 319 European Commission 5, 8, 317, 323, 355 European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) European Union 69, 173–4, 174t, 200, 207–8, 214, 234–40, 277, 294–7, 300, 328, 332, 345, 347, 349–51, 354, 358, 362; common customs tariff 217–18; EORI numbers 295; EU/Far East container matrix 200t; customs harmonisation principles 233; T2L document 175–6, 357 Evaluation of Hazardous Substances Working Group 97 exclusive economic zone (EEZ) 2, 4, 332 explosives 247, 283, 301–3, 305 export cargo shipping instructions (ECSI) 171, 337–8, 346–7, 356, 373 export declaration 240, 314, 346, 357, 358–9, 364, 366, 373 exporter 149, 150, 157, 163, 240, 242, 298, 307, 314–15, 339–41, 352–3, 356, 362, 369–71, 373; roles and responsibilities 348–51 export statistics 145 EXS electronic system 277 Ex Works 36, 39, 43, 143–4, 149, 160, 201, 243, 314, 321–2, 322f, 323, 341–2, 344, 349, 354–5, 370, 373; EXW contract 187, 228 Exxon Valdez 226, 247 ‘Far East’ xvi, 32–4, 47, 54, 63, 71, 75, 155, 183, 198–201, 328; terms of trade (versus Europe) 204–5; trade surplus with UK (2003–7) 206f Far East Freight Conference (FEFC) 200, 205n, 388 feeder service 12f, 166, 244, 307, 320–1, 357, 392 Felixstowe xvi–xix, 11, 16f, 30–1, 40, 167, 181, 198, 201, 320; FCPS (cargoprocessing system) 242 ferries 161f, 186–7 Index 407 ferry services 159–61, 234, 340, 375–6; see also roll on/roll off (Ro-Ro) fertilisers 64, 71, 141 FIATA vide sub ‘International Federation’ fire 185, 232, 256, 269, 301–3, 309, 329 fireworks 183, 184, 301–3, 329, 374 fishery protection 2, 4, 332 fishing 5, 213 flags of convenience 85–6, 195 flexible market scale 81, 81t floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) units 90 floating storage and offloading (FSO) units 78, 90 flotsam and jetsam 271–2, 304–5 foodstuffs 72, 74–5, 141, 200, 351 foreign cargo remaining on board (FROB) 294 forest products 64, 71 forward freight arrangement (FFAs) 103 Four Cs/Four Ps 61 fraud 297, 327–8, 348 Free Alongside Ship (FAS) 52, 63, 143, 144, 396 Free on Board 36, 50, 52, 63, 73–4, 143, 145, 146, 154, 211, 349, 396–7; FOB contract 187–9, 210, 228, 398; shipment to destination FOB contract 189 Free Carrier 36, 39, 143, 144, 146, 148, 338–9, 344; FCA contract 187 free in and out spout trimmed (FIOSpT) 210 free in and out stowed trimmed (FIOST) 210 free in and out trimmed (FIOT) 210 free surface effect 78 freight 50, 72–4, 375; marine insurance 228 freight agent 149, 157, 175, 237–9, 243, 249, 346–9, 315, 353, 369–70; Europe versus USA 351; role and responsibility 351–2 Freight of All Kinds (FAK) 43, 236, 246, 261, 295–6, 299, 315, 326, 362, 371 Freight Collect 36, 39, 143, 148–9, 164, 206, 228, 322 freight costs 155, 208, 339, 349, 375 freight documentation 162–76, 397 freight forwarders 60–1, 149, 150, 151–3, 156–7, 201–3, 239, 242–3, 252, 295, 313–15, 319, 322–3, 336–8, 363, 370, 372–4, 397; international freight forwarder 207–8 ‘freight in full’ terms 210 freight futures market 211–12 Freight Prepaid 36, 143, 148–9, 164, 206, 228, 296, 322 freight rates 59–61, 83, 103–4, 193, 198–203; ‘actual’ versus ‘volumetric’ weight 202–3, 375, 393; break-even rate per tonne 199; elements 201; fixed costs, total costs, variable costs 199; profit margin 199; Ro-Ro 203, 206–9 frequency of sailings 155 fresh water 255f, 255–6 full container load (FCL) 21, 32, 35, 37, 53, 57, 152, 173, 202, 235–6, 299, 337–8, 339, 356, 363, 372 Gaz Transport 119 Gaz Transport & Tecnigaz (GTT) 109 ‘general average’ 137, 139, 182, 231–2, 301 general cargoes 10, 55, 145, 249, 296; see also break-bulk cargo general cargo vessels 13–14, 70 general rate increase (GRI) 33 Genoa 277–9, 297, 310, 320 GESAMP hazard profile 97 Global Positioning System (GPS) 312, 331 grain 22, 55, 64, 67, 69, 70, 141, 211 Grangemouth 11, 151, 165, 167, 181 Greece 79, 195, 212 ‘green’ bunker requirements 106 groupage 202, 236, 243, 261, 300, 314–15, 372; principal enemy of accuracy of marine cargo reporting 43; see also consolidated cargo Hamburg xvi, xviii–xix, 58 Hamburg conference (1978) 180 harbour master 318–19, 324–5, 344 harbour salvage 268 Harmonised System (HS) of tariffs 217–19, 296, 346 harmonised tariff schedule (HTS) 363 hazardous cargoes 10–11, 17–18, 43, 321 hazardous and dangerous (HAZMAT) cargoes 23–4, 151, 206, 223, 229, 239, 245, 246–50, 252, 254, 256, 260, 263, 277, 293, 299, 302–37 passim, 346, 356, 399; berthing and unloading 247–8, 251; see also safety hazardous ships 7–8 Herald of Free Enterprise 158, 171 HM coastguards 299, 306, 309, 324, 330 HM Customs & Excise viii, 2, 233, 236, 263, 298, 372 HM Inland Revenue 233, 298 408 Index HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC, 2005–) viii, 216, 233, 237–8, 252, 261–2, 266, 298, 342, 349–50, 352, 353, 357, 399 holds 77 Home Office 298 homogenous bulk cargoes 64, 67 Hong Kong 26, 165–7, 201 hub-and-spoke system xvii–xx, 31, 38, 40, 92, 166 Hull 12, 19, 158–9, 161f, 170, 207, 209 Hunterston bulk terminal 67–8, 68f Husky Racer 300, 307, 308–9 Hyundai Fortune 182, 183, 184–5, 232, 252, 277, 300–3, 309–10, 329–30, 337, 374 ‘ice clause’ 52 Ice Prince 71, 265–6, 271–2 import control system (ICS) 294 import declaration 235, 357–8, 360, 364, 366 import duties 201, 217–19, 243, 339, 349–50, 360, 366 importer 149–50, 157, 163, 169, 238–9, 262, 298–9, 314, 337–41, 352–3, 356, 362, 369, 371, 373; roles and responsibilities 348–51 importer of record 351 incidents at sea 7–8 indemnity 226, 229, 230, 231 India 84, 86, 121, 192, 200, 327–8 Indigenous Ship-Owners’ Association of Nigeria (ISAN) 48 inland clearance depot (ICD) 165, 338, 372 ‘innocent passage’ 2, ‘insurable interest’ 226–8 insurance 44, 182, 185, 188–9, 246, 315, 328, 337; see also marine insurance internal waters International Federation of Forwarding Agents’ Associations (FIATA) 36; FIATA bill of lading (FBL) 167; FIATA MTBL 167 International Labour Organisation (ILO) 86, 262 international law 88, 177, 275 International Law Association (ILA) 136–7 International Maritime Organisation (IMO) 1, 8, 24, 43–5, 50, 87, 134–6, 138, 160, 267, 277, 279, 281, 291, 304, 308, 313, 396, 399, 400; first meeting (1959) 135; fourth assembly (1965) 248; IMO Intervention Committee 139; IMO International Maritime Organisation—cont Maritime Safety Committee 248; IMO number (of vessel) 296, 331–2, 383; legal committee (1968–) 138–9; specialised committees 135 International Maritime Organisation: Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic (1965) 43, 106, 242, 259–62, 314, 318, 326, 392, 399; booklet (2001) 260–1; maritime declaration of health 260 International Maritime Organisation: FAL forms 326; Form – general declaration (CUSREP) 259–60, 261; Form – cargo declaration (CUSCAR) 172–3, 242, 260, 261–2, 383–5; Form – ship’s stores declaration (inventory report message – INVRPT) 242, 260, 261; Form – crew effects declaration 260, 261; Form – crew list (PAXLST) 260, 261; Form – passenger declaration (PAXLST) 260, 261; Form – dangerous goods manifest (IFTDGN) 261 International Ship and Port Security (ISPS) Code (IMO, 2002; effective 2004–) 41, 45, 105, 160, 223, 260, 262–4, 279–94, 399, 400; activities covered 284–5; amateur photography curtailed 293; amendment to SOLAS Convention (1974, 1988) 280; application (types of ship) 283; functional requirements 283; objectives 281; port facilities 289–94; port facility security assessment 283, 290–1, 292–3; port facility security officers 289–91, 292, 293; port facility security plans 289–92, 293; port security equipment 289; ‘recognised security organisations’ 287, 290; risk management 284; security levels 282, 284–5, 286, 289–90, 291–2, 324; shipping company security officers 284–6, 288; ship security assessment 285–6, 288; ship security officers 284, 287, 293; ship security plans 284, 286–7, 288, 291, 324 international ship security certificates (ISSCs) 262 International Terms of Delivery (INCOTERMS) 32, 35, 36, 38, 39–40, 42–3, 50, 52, 62, 73, 142–9, 150, 152, 154, 392; ‘INCOTERMS 2010’ 63, 143–5, 148, 396–7 inventory report (INVRPT) 242 iron ore 22, 55, 64, 67, 69–70, 74, 76, 141, 199 Index 409 Japan 66, 69, 76, 79, 83, 85, 110–11, 121, 212 JCCC Papers (04)10 & (04)27 236 just-in-time strategy 37, 153 Kiel and Kiel Canal 19, 159, 196 ‘K’ Line (Japan) 46–7, 121–2, 389 lagan/ligan 271–2 landbridge principle 37 large local port 25–6 large regional port 26 lay days 51, 60 laytime 51, 67, 72–4, 100, 131, 319, 392 layup 199 Leading Oil and Gas Competitiveness (LOGIC) 123 less-than-container (LCL) load 21–2, 32, 37, 39, 43, 53, 57, 152, 166, 173, 235–6, 243, 246, 299, 314, 338–9, 356, 363, 372, 381, 385 letter of credit 165, 190, 202, 369, 370 letter of indemnity (LOI) 102–3 liability salvage 272 liner agent 53, 149, 150–2, 154, 397 ‘liner’ services 50, 61, 198–9 ‘liner’ trades 155–6 liquefied natural gas (LNG) 64–5, 66–7, 77, 90–1, 112, 115, 121–2 liquefied natural gas carriers 78–9, 107–12, 114, 116, 118–19, 246; engine fuel systems 111 liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 64–5, 66–7, 77, 79, 90–1, 93, 112, 113, 114 liquefied petroleum gas carriers (types): fully-pressurised tankers 116–17; fully-refrigerated ships 120, 121; semi-pressurised ships 117–18 liquid bulk cargoes 64, 65–7, 77–122, 210, 395 liquid bulk carriage 90–1 Liverpool viii, xviii, xix, 12, 14f, 16, 18, 18f, 30, 32, 138, 151, 165–6 Lloyd’s agents 226 Lloyd’s Loading List 278 Lloyd’s of London 225–6, 400 Lloyd’s Open Form (LOF, 1980–) 274–5, 400; ‘safety net’ 274, 275; ‘special compensation’ 274 Lloyd’s Register (UK) 85, 255f loading 264, 306, 308, 315, 317, 319, 374; see also cargo stowage loading and discharging 77–8 load line 392 load list 343, 356, 372–3, 392 logistics 343–4, 348, 354, 370, 372–3; outsourcing 39, 41; ‘total logistics concept’ 351 London Commodity Exchange 211 London Tanker Brokers’ Panel (LTBP) 82 London: Tilbury xvi–xvii, 30 loss, damage, delay 186, 188; damage 166, 202, 231–2, 257, 269, 319, 371; delay 368, 372; loss 231–2, 269, 319, 371 ‘lost or not lost’ conditions 227 McLean, M 14, 27–31, 34 Maersk (1904–) xvi, 9, 16, 28, 30–1, 46–7, 84, 160, 198, 299, 308, 317, 376, 388 Manchester Ship Canal 196, 256 Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) 45, 257, 306, 307, 392 marine bill of lading 53, 320, 347 marine cargo contracts 187–92 marine cargo management: audit trail 336–40; common errors 373–6; factors 369–73; financial aspects 193–221, 398; summary and appraisal 368–76 marine cargo traffic 9–13, 394 marine insurance 224–32, 398; see also Cost, Insurance, Freight ‘marine motorway’ 320–3 marine reporting: perceived anomalies 323–30; cargo fraud 327–8; details included in report 323, 326; implications of disasters 328–30; requirements of national maritime authority 323–4; reporting of vessel to port of destination 323, 324–5; reporting of vessel in restricted international waterways 323, 325; shared responsibility between owners of vessel and agents 323, 326–7 maritime cargo legislation 177–92, 398 maritime cargo processing (MCP) 242 Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) viii, xv, 257, 266, 304–5, 317, 318 maritime commercial environment xv–xx maritime organisations 134–42, 396 Maritime Rescue and Coordination Centre (MRCC), Portland 306–7 Maritime Research Institute of Netherlands (MARIN) 107, 308–9 maritime security: need for physical checks 310 market sentiment 212 Masefield, J x, 55 master unique consignment reference (MUCR) 357 410 Index mate’s receipt 53, 319, 326, 356 Matson Line 28–9 Mediterranean Sea 11, 320 Mediterranean Shipping Company 46, 47, 388; MSC Fortunate 301–2; MSC Napoli 8, 182–3, 184, 226, 257, 265–6, 271–2, 277–8, 300, 303–7 membrane systems 116, 119 merit salvage 269 Mexico 157, 294 Middle East 78, 80, 121, 141, 183 Milford Haven 65, 91, 92 ‘minor bulk cargoes’ 64, 71 Moss Rosenberg (Type B) tank 119 Moss tanks 120 movement reference number (MRN) 295, 296 multimodal information 42–5 multimodalism/intermodalism 34–48, 146–8, 152–3, 185–6, 201, 221, 310, 339, 362–3, 383, 386, 392, 395; development 37–8; forms 37; problems 39–42; shipper awareness 297–300 multimodal transport bill of lading (MTBL, FIATA) 167 NAFTA 217, 218 narcotics 234, 236 National Export System (NES) 235, 239–40, 242, 357, 392 national maritime authorities 323–4 national revenue 236, 238 national security 237–8, 246, 297, 300, 282, 327 natural gas liquids (NGLs) 113 naval salvage 269, 270–1, 274 Nedlloyd 29, 30, 198, 376 negligence 276, 371 ‘negotiability’ principle 164 Netherlands 309, 334 New Export System (NES, 2002–) 239, 366, 392 New York 12, 140, 278 New York Mercantile Exchange 82 niche markets 13–14, 31, 55 Nigeria 47–8 ‘no cure, no pay’ contract 269, 274 non-vessel operating carrier (NVOC) 36, 38, 152–3 non-vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC) 36, 38, 50, 53, 149–50, 152–4, 157, 164, 166, 174–5, 202, 237, 294–5, 338 North America xvi, 32–4, 47, 71, 83–5, 201, 244 North Sea 4, 5, 11, 12, 20, 40, 44, 46, 123, 126–8, 130, 170, 173, 187, 198, 208, 234–5, 308, 320, 322 Norway 4, 121, 123, 130, 132, 209, 236, 334 ocean bill of lading 380–1, 384–5 offshore salvage 268 offshore supply chain 131f offshore supply vessel (OSV) 125, 126 oilfield supply vessels 20–1 oil and gas 4–5, 10, 54, 55, 57, 59; downstream management, upstream management 124, 127; offshore operations support 123–33, 340, 396; see also crude oil oil products 93–4 oil spills 80, 87, 98, 128, 136, 247, 275, 304, 328–9 oil tanker (petroleum tanker) 77–92, 142, 226; age (2005) 86; architecture 87; classifications 78–9, 80, 81t; flags of convenience 85–6; inert gas system 87–8; management 98–107; operations aboard 88–9; price (2005) 86; tanks 86–90; ‘topping off’ phase 89 oil transport methods 91–2 ore-bulk-oil (OBO) carriers 17, 75, 80 Orient Overseas Container Line (OOCL) 29, 47, 388–9, 392 outsourcing 348, 353, 372–3 ownership of goods 228 packing list 347, 370 Panama Canal 196, 212, 255–6 Panamax 70, 81t, 82, 393 Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company 27, 28, 29 parametric roll 257–9, 399 penalties 360–1 perishable cargoes 23, 72, 74–5 petrochemicals 93, 113 petroleum 246 petroleum products 11 phosphate rock 22, 64, 67, 69, 70–1 pilferage 166, 202, 277–8 Piper Alpha disaster (1988) 5, 123 piracy 274, 282, 336 platform support vessel (PSV) 125, 127–8 Plimsoll Line 51, 135, 254–6, 392 P&O 29, 30, 159, 160, 161f, 209, 376, 384 pollution 267, 268, 272, 274 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 113–14 port agent 149, 239, 242, 313, 315 Index 411 port authorities viii, xviii, xix, 152, 157, 208, 237–8, 246, 248, 251, 259, 260, 263–4, 315, 318–19, 324–5, 340, 360 port congestion xix–xx, 33, 41, 130–1, 200, 298, 361 port of destination 323, 324–5, 329 PORTeC SCS Conference (ICL, 2011) 277 port information 251–2, 399 port restrictions 106 ports xvi–xx, 31, 207, 244, 277, 316–17, 320, 376, 380–1, 383, 385–7, 400; revenues 26–7 port size 317–18 Port State Control 86 port system 24–7, 394 Port of Tyne viii, 4, 11, 12, 18, 127, 151, 170 pre-arrival declarations 106 premiums 74, 228, 231–2 pre-shipment advice (PSA) declaration 240 Prestige disaster (2002) 226, 247, 328 ‘private carriers’ 50 product carrier/tanker 81t, 82–3 professionalism 156 pro hac vice (for this period) 52 ‘project cargo’ 59–60, 128–30 property salvage 272, 275 propylene 113, 120 protection and indemnity (P&I) clubs 275–6, 277 pure salvage: ‘high-order’ versus ‘low-order’ claims 269–70; time limit to commence judicial proceedings 276 Qatar 121 quality control 191, 343 radioactivity 277, 278–9, 297–8, 310 rail transport 34, 35, 37, 201 raw materials 22–3 ‘received by carrier from shipper in apparent good order’ 173, 381, 385 reefer vessels 71–2, 393 refrigeration 65, 71–2, 96, 113, 116–18, 120–1; chilled cargo, controlled temperatures, frozen cargo 72; LNG carriers 108, 110, 112 refinery location 93 regional distribution ports 26–7 reliability of administration 156 reliability of timekeeping 156 risk management 221–4, 365, 398, 400; effectiveness 224; evaluation of exposure to risk 222–3; strategies 223 road 170, 201, 320 Road Haulage Association (RHA) 203 roles and responsibilities 312–35, 400; synopsis of procedures 313–14; view from bridge 312–16; view from shore 316–17 roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) 11, 12–13, 19–20, 36–7, 44, 158–62, 169–71, 173, 230, 247, 249, 259, 295, 320, 342, 347–8, 354, 356–7, 374, 387; ‘actual’ versus ‘volumetric’ weight 207; cost structure 208; documentation 321–3; freight rates 203, 206–9; stowage 253, 254; see also ferry services Ro-Pax (freight/passenger) ferry 12 Rotterdam-Europoort xvi–xx, 10–12, 17, 19, 25–40 passim, 50, 58, 65, 76, 91–2, 158–9, 165, 167, 192, 198, 244, 298, 307–8, 320–1, 335, 357 Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) xv, 270, 271 SAD-H declaration 358 safety 114, 116, 121–2, 125, 135–6, 158, 162, 247, 252, 256, 305–8, 310, 314, 316, 322, 326–7, 337, 363; see also dangerous bulk cargoes ‘said to contain’ 43, 261, 295, 296, 297, 326, 362, 371–2 salvage 138, 265–76, 400; definition 266; in personam versus in rem claims 275; rules relating to ship’s master and crew 273; ‘special compensation’ 275 salvage awards 272–6 Scandinavia 159, 316 scanning 298–9 Scotland 20, 162, 317, 324 scrapping 86, 99, 142, 199, 212, 256–7, 305–6 Sea-Land Corporation 14, 27–9, 30 search and rescue 136 seasonal pressures 212 sea waybills 53, 139, 162, 169, 178–80, 217, 221, 237, 245, 320, 362 seaworthiness 53, 178, 184 Secretary of State’s Representative in Maritime Salvage and Intervention (SOSREP) 304 security equipment on-board ship 284, 287 security management system 340, 341–3 self-supporting prismatic type B tank (SPB) 110 seller 345, 348–9, 369, 371 semi-submersible rigs 123–4 semi-pressurised/fully-refrigerated (SP/FR) 118 412 Index Shell 82, 90, 142 Shetland Islands 4, 92, 123, 127, 132 ship capture 273–4 ‘shipped in apparent good order’ 165, 168 ‘shipped on board’ 165 ‘shipped on deck at owner’s risk’ 168–9 shipper 337, 340, 342–3, 346–7, 352, 359–61, 364, 366, 368–9, 370–4 shipping: fleet supply 212; global fleet 211–12; risk management report 221–4; see also vessel size shipping agencies 294–5, 319, 342 shipping agents 53–4, 147, 149–50, 152, 157, 172, 175–6, 237–8, 251, 254, 264, 310, 318, 330, 337–8, 347, 352, 358, 362–3 shipping companies 282, 287, 375 shipping costs 193–8, 215; administration 194, 195; bunkering 216; canal dues 195–6, 196; capital costs and repayments 194, 197; cargo handling 196–7, 198; conservancy charge 197; crewing 193, 194–5; fuel 194, 196; general 195; insurance 194, 195; operating costs 194, 208; port charges 193, 196, 197–8; repairs and maintenance 193, 194, 195; stores and victuals 193, 194, 195; tugs and pilotage 195, 196; unit cost function 197; vessel maintenance 193; voyage costs 193, 194, 195–6 shipping lines viii, 49, 53–4, 147, 149–53, 154–6, 157, 169, 172, 175, 188, 190, 195, 205, 239, 260, 264, 277, 314, 316, 319, 323, 340, 346–7, 352, 358, 363, 376, 397; containerisation 154 shipping organisation 149–57, 397 shipping process 157, 397 ship reporting and monitoring 6–7 ship’s agent 239, 242, 252, 313, 319, 323–5, 326–7, 344, 356 ship/shore safety checklist 88–9 ship’s manifest 261, 313, 319 ship’s master/vessel’s master 242, 245–6, 315, 319, 325–7, 337–8, 346, 356, 374 shipwreck 266, 268–9, 271–2, 305 short-sea sector 11–12, 18–19, 320–3 Singapore 26, 38, 182 Single European Market (1993–) 46 Six Sigma 343–6, 401; controls 344; data analysis 343, 344; DMAIC process 343; probability of defects 343t slot chartering (containers) 33, 49, 53–4, 174, 215, 295 small port 25 smuggling 233, 234, 262 SOLAS conferences; (1960) 248; (2002, London) 281 Southampton xviii, xix, 30, 40, 182 South Korea 69, 79 111, 121 space availability 156 Spain 46, 82, 111, 121, 328 speed limits 106 spot market 70, 129 standing vessels salvage services 274 steel 64, 69, 70, 71, 141, 212, 327–8 stowage vide cargo stowage straits 2–3, 66, 212, 302–3, 309, 316–17, 323–4, 325, 326–7, 329–30, 332 Suez Canal 66, 80, 109, 196, 212 Suezmax 81t, 82, 83, 86 subrogation 226, 230–1 ‘success’ salvage 274 sugar 64, 71, 141 Super Post-Panamax vessels 243, 261 supertankers 78, 80–1 supply chain 37, 42–5, 123, 131f, 311, 341, 344, 365, 366–7, 368, 400 supply and demand 75, 84, 98–9, 104, 199–200 T1 document 174n, 238–9 T2L document 174, 175–6, 238, 357, 397 T2LF document 176 tanker management 98–107; changes that have most impact 100; right ship for right cargo 100–1 tankers 75, 77–90, 395; spot market freight rate 99 tariff commodity code (TTCN) 350, 358, 360 tariffs 217–19 taxation 154, 234, 235, 349, 360, 366 Tecnigaz 109, 110, 119 terminal restrictions 106 terms of trade 203–6 territorial maritime limits 2; three-mile limit 2, 3; twelve-mile limit 2, 3, 4, 132, 233–4; 200-mile EEZ 2, 4, 332; see also continental shelf territorial sea/waters 2, 251, 310 terrorism 5, 334, 336, 346, 365 timber 141, 265, 266, 328 time charter 49–50, 52, 59, 60, 83, 103–4, 121–2, 129, 294 Titanic 135 Toisa 125 Toisa Polaris 50 tonnage tax 212–16 Torrey Canyon (1967) 135–6, 138, 247 Index 413 tort law 276 towage (versus salvage) 267 trade balance xvi trader’s unique registered number (TURN) 358 trade statistics 234 trailer load list 387 trailers 12, 340, 348, 354 trailer/truck movement 37 tramp shipping 58–61, 129, 155 Transatlantic Conference Agreement (TACA) 199, 388 ‘transit passage’ transit time door-to-door 155–6 transparency 133, 237, 310, 326, 337, 339, 367, 371; freight costs 39 trans-shipment 31, 165–6, 167, 190, 192, 201, 220, 294, 357 tropical fruits 71–2 twenty-four hour reporting rule 324–5, 329, 361, 362, 363, 366 Type ‘A’ tanks 120–1 Uberrimae Fidei 44, 185, 226, 229, 237, 246–7, 316, 337 ultra large crude carrier (ULCC) 78–82, 92 UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL, 1966–) 134, 139–40, 396; joint project with CMI (2001–) 185–6 underwriting 225–6, 229–30 unique consignment reference (UCR) 345, 358–9, 373 unit cost function 197 United Kingdom xvi–xix, 31, 46–7, 54, 63, 82, 123, 192, 200, 212, 237–8, 244, 251, 319, 332, 351, 354–5, 362–3; Border Agency 298; ‘fragmented system’ of vessel control 316–17; maritime heritage ‘eroded to point of non-existence’ 375–6 United Nations 87, 138, 198, 280; UNCITRAL Report 245; UNCTAD 140, 167, 211; UN/EDIFACT inventory report 242, 261; UN General Assembly 139–40; UN number (dangerous goods) 250, 296, 307, 379 United States 30, 47, 79, 84, 111, 121, 157, 173, 261, 277, 295, 298, 300, 328–9, 345, 351, 355; customs tariff 218; documentary and procedural requirements 361–4; US Coast Guard 114, 281, 362; US Customs United States—cont & Border Protection (CBP) Agency 362, 364 unloading 317, 319, 330 upstream movements 341 VAT 201, 217, 238, 240, 242–4, 295, 339, 349–51 vegetable oils 95, 99, 101 very large crude carriers (VLCCs) 11, 17–18, 65–6, 78–92 passim vessel management companies 49, 154 vessel owners 323, 326–7 vessel security 284 vessel size xvii, 9, 175, 193, 197, 215, 251, 261, 299, 317, 319, 324, 326, 345, 376; see also shipping vessel’s unique identification number 331 vessel traffic monitoring 6–8, 394 Vessel Traffic Monitoring and Information System (VTMS, EU, 2002–) 6, 316, 317 vessel traffic service (VTS) 4, 8, 312–14, 316–18, 323–5, 329, 344, 393 VHF channels 325, 331 vinyl chloride 114–15, 120 vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) 115, 120 voluntary service 273 voyage charter 49, 50–2, 59, 60, 73–4, 83, 103–4, 129, 209–10; ‘gross form’ 60, 145; ‘net form’ 60, 144 voyage costs xix, 51, 208 Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) 6–7 warehouses 57, 58, 153, 169, 227, 289, 328, 360 weapons 238, 283, 286, 292 Westbound Transpacific Stabilisation Agreement (WTSA) 389 World Customs Organisation 262, 340, 342, 345; WCO SAFE framework of standards 364–7, 371–2, 401 World Maritime University (WMU, Malmö) 136 Worldscale Index 83, 104 World Trade Organisation (WTO) 48, 218–19 ‘writ of assistance’ 234 Zeebrugge 12, 30, 158–9, 171, 207, 209 ZIP format 261, 299