Advanced engineering materials and modeling

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Advanced Engineering Materials and Modeling Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106 Advanced Materials Series The Advanced Materials Series provides recent advancements of the fascinating field of advanced materials science and technology, particularly in the area of structure, synthesis and processing, characterization, advanced-state properties, and applications The volumes will cover theoretical and experimental approaches of molecular device materials, biomimetic materials, hybrid-type composite materials, functionalized polymers, supramolecular systems, information- and energy-transfer materials, biobased and biodegradable or environmental friendly materials Each volume will be devoted to one broad subject and the multidisciplinary aspects will be drawn out in full Series Editor: Ashutosh Tiwari Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden E-mail: ashutosh.tiwari@liu.se Managing Editors: Sachin Mishra and Sophie Thompson Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener (martin@scrivenerpublishing.com) Phillip Carmical (pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com) Advanced Engineering Materials and Modeling Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari, N Arul Murugan and Rajeev Ahuja Copyright © 2016 by Scrivener Publishing LLC All rights reserved Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Beverly, Massachusetts Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at 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consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com Cover design by Russell Richardson Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: ISBN 978-1-119-24246-8 Printed in the United States of America 10 Contents Preface xiii Part Engineering of Materials, Characterizations, and Applications Mechanical Behavior and Resistance of Structural Glass Beams in Lateral–Torsional Buckling (LTB) with Adhesive Joints Chiara Bedon and Jan Belis 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Overview on Structural Glass Applications in Buildings 1.3 Glass Beams in LTB 1.3.1 Susceptibility of Glass Structural Elements to Buckling Phenomena 1.3.2 Mechanical and Geometrical Influencing Parameters in Structural Glass Beams 1.3.3 Mechanical Joints 1.3.4 Adhesive Joints 1.4 Theoretical Background for Structural Members in LTB 1.4.1 General LTB Method for Laterally Unrestrained (LU) Members 1.4.2 LTB Method for Laterally Unrestrained (LU) Glass Beams 1.4.2.1 Equivalent Thickness Methods for Laminated Glass Beams 1.4.3 Laterally Restrained (LR) Beams in LTB 1.4.3.1 Extended Literature Review on LR Beams 1.4.3.2 Closed-form Formulation for LR Beams in LTB 1.4.3.3 LR Glass Beams Under Positive Bending Moment My 5 10 14 14 17 18 23 23 24 28 v vi Contents 1.5 Finite-element Numerical Modeling 1.5.1 FE Solving Approach and Parametric Study 1.5.1.1 Linear Eigenvalue Buckling Analyses (lba) 1.5.1.2 Incremental Nonlinear Analyses (inl) 1.6 LTB Design Recommendations 1.6.1 LR Beams Under Positive Bending Moment My 1.6.2 Further Extension and Developments of the Current Outcomes 1.7 Conclusions References Room Temperature Mechanosynthesis of Nanocrystalline Metal Carbides and Their Microstructure Characterization S.K Pradhan and H Dutta 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Application 2.1.2 Different Methods for Preparation of Metal Carbide 2.1.3 Mechanical Alloying 2.1.4 Planetary Ball Mill 2.1.5 The Merits and Demerits of Planetary Ball Mill 2.1.6 Review of Works on Metal Carbides by Other Authors 2.1.7 Significance of the Study 2.1.8 Objectives of the Study 2.2 Experimental 2.3 Theoretical Consideration 2.3.1 Microstructure Evaluation by X-ray Diffraction 2.3.2 General Features of Structure 2.4 Results and Discussions 2.4.1 XRD Pattern Analysis 2.4.2 Variation of Mol Fraction 2.4.3 Phase Formation Mechanism 2.4.4 Is Ball-milled Prepared Metal Carbide Contains Contamination? 2.4.5 Variation of Particle Size 2.4.6 Variation of Strain 2.4.7 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Study 2.4.8 Comparison Study between Binary and Ternary Ti-based Metal Carbides 31 32 32 35 38 38 39 42 44 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 53 54 55 56 58 58 60 60 60 65 69 71 72 74 76 76 Contents 2.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Toward a Novel SMA-reinforced Laminated Glass Panel Chiara Bedon and Filipe Amarante dos Santos 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Glass in Buildings 3.2.1 Actual Reinforcement Techniques for Structural Glass Applications 3.3 Structural Engineering Applications of Shape-Memory Alloys (SMAs) 3.4 The Novel SMA-Reinforced Laminated Glass Panel Concept 3.4.1 Design Concept 3.4.2 Exploratory Finite-Element (FE) Numerical Study 3.4.2.1 General FE Model Assembly Approach and Solving Method 3.4.2.2 Mechanical Characterization of Materials 3.5 Discussion of Parametric FE Results 3.5.1 Roof Glass Panel (M1) 3.5.1.1 Short-term Loads and Temperature Variations 3.5.1.2 First-cracking Configuration 3.5.2 Point-supported Faỗade Panel (M2) 3.5.2.1 Short-term Loads and Temperature Variations 3.6 Conclusions References Sustainable Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose for Papermaking Noé Aguilar-Rivera 4.1 Pulp and Paper Industry 4.2 Sugar Industry 4.3 Sugarcane Bagasse 4.4 Advantageous Utilizations of SCB 4.5 Applications of SCB Wastes 4.6 Problematic of Nonwood Fibers in Papermaking 4.7 SCB as Raw Material for Pulp and Paper 4.8 Digestion 4.9 Bleaching vii 80 80 80 87 87 89 92 93 94 94 96 96 98 101 101 102 106 109 111 114 117 121 122 123 124 129 130 131 134 135 135 viii Contents 4.10 Properties of Bagasse Pulps 4.10.1 Pulp Strength 4.10.2 Pulp Properties 4.10.3 Washing Technology 4.10.4 Paper Machine Operation 4.11 Objectives 4.12 Old Corrugated Container Pulps 4.13 Synergistic Delignification SCB–OCC 4.14 Elemental Chlorine-Free Bleaching of SCB Pulps 4.15 Conclusions References Bio-inspired Composites: Using Nature to Tackle Composite Limitations F Libonati 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Bio-inspiration: Bone as Biomimetic Model 5.3 Case Studies Using Biomimetic Approach 5.3.1 Fiber-reinforced Bone-inspired Composites 5.3.2 Fiber-reinforced Bone-inspired Composites with CNTs 5.3.3 Bone-inspired Composites via 3D Printing 5.4 Methods 5.4.1 Composite Lamination 5.4.2 Additive Manufacturing 5.4.3 Computational Modeling 5.5 Conclusions References Part 136 137 137 138 138 138 139 141 150 156 158 165 166 169 172 172 176 177 179 180 181 182 183 185 Computational Modeling of Materials Calculation on the Ground State Quantum Potentials for the ZnSxSe1-x (0 < x < 1) G.H.E Alshabeeb and A.K Arof 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Ground State in D-Dimensional Configuration Space for ZnSxSe1-x Zincblende Structure 6.3 Ground States in the Case of Momentum Space 6.4 Results and Discussion 193 193 194 196 199 Contents 6.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Application of First Principles Theory to the Design of Advanced Titanium Alloys Y Song, J H Dai, and R Yang 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Basic Concepts of First Principles 7.3 Theoretical Models of Alloy Design 7.3.1 The Hume-Rothery Theory 7.3.2 Discrete Variational Method and d-Orbital Method 7.3.2.1 Discrete Variational Method 7.3.2.2 d-Electrons Alloy Theory 7.4 Applications 7.4.1 Phase Stability 7.4.1.1 Binary Alloy 7.4.1.2 Multicomponent Alloys 7.4.2 Elastic Properties 7.4.3 Examples 7.4.3.1 Gum Metal 7.4.3.2 Ti2448 (Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn) 7.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Digital Orchid: Creating Realistic Materials Iftikhar B Abbasov 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Concept Development 8.3 Three-dimensional Modeling of Decorative Light Fixture 8.4 Materials Creating and Editing 8.5 Conclusion References Transformation Optics-based Computational Materials for Stochastic Electromagnetics Ozlem Ozgun and Mustafa Kuzuoglu 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Theory of Transformation Optics ix 201 201 201 203 203 204 207 207 212 212 214 215 215 215 218 219 222 222 223 226 226 226 229 230 230 231 232 239 240 241 242 245 Displaced Multiwavelets and Splitting Algorithms 491 Aràndiga, F., Baeza, A., and Donat, R., Discrete multiresolution 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Basis of Periodic Splines Dokl Russian Acad Sci., 1, 9, 1994 Index 3D geometry, 369, 371 3D modeling, 231, 239 Ab initio modeliing see also first-principles calculations discrete variational method, 212–214 elastic modulus, 219–222f, 226 phase stability, 218, 219, 219 Accelerated Turing machine(s), 322, 324 Actuators, 93–94 Adaptive solving, 436 wavelet method, 459 Additive manufacturing, 165, 168–169, 178–179, 181 Adhesives, 4–5, 12, 14 Agricultural residue, 121, 122, 132–134, 139, 154 Algorithm fast wavelet transformation, 436 matrix sweep, 474 of cubic multiwavelet, 459 parallel, 485 recurrent, 466, 470 wavelet-analysis, 468 wavelet-based numerical, 437 Alloy design alloying vector, 216, 216f d-orbital approach, 212–215 electron concentration e/a, 208–211, 210, 211, 220 Hume-Rothery theory, 207, 208 Amorphous, 50, 52, 62, 64, 65, 68, 70 Amplification, 287, 315–319, 326 Analysis multi-scale, 459 numerical, 436 spectral, 436 Analytical models, 3, 10, 12, 18, 21–26 Anisotropic medium, permittivity and permeability tensors, 242, 245 Approximation, coarsest, 476 interval, 439, 440, 462–465 mean square, 437, 449, 454 of polynomial function, 466 of smooth functions, 454 of surface, 488 order, 452 piece, 441, 442, 446, 450, 477 Atomistic, 167, 170, 187, 189 Bal-mill, 51–56 Barrier(s), 307–311, 313–314, 322, 325 Bases orthogonal to polynomials multiwavelet, 452, 457 Riesz multiwavelet, 458 Ashutosh Tiwari, N Arul Murugan, and Rajeev Ahuja (eds.) Advanced Engineering Materials and Modeling, (495–502) © 2016 Scrivener Publishing LLC 495 496 Index uniformly stable, 459 well-posed, 460 Basis, choice of wavelet, 436 conditionality, 460 dual, 437 orthonormal, 447, 459 quintic wavelet, 483 Riesz multiwavelet, 458 spline-functions, 455 stability, 459 Bauer-McNett, 142, 149 Bilayer, 369, 371, 373–374, 382, 399 Bilinear surface of Coons, 486, 489 Biomaterials, ASTM, 409, 413 Co-Cr-Mb alloy, 409, 413, 424, 429 titanium, 409, 413, 423–425 UHMWPE, 409, 413, 423–426, 428–429 Biomedical Engineering, 407, 432 Bleaching, 121, 122, 134–136, 140, 141, 150, 151, 154, 156 Block, 440–442, 454, 455, 460, 461, 474 Bond order, 214, 215t Boundary, 436, 439, 460, 470, 483, 485, 486 Bounded condition numbers, 459 Brain, 287–291, 298–302, 304, 308, 312, 315, 324–326 Breaking length, 143, 146, 153, 155 Brightness, 136, 142, 150, 151, 155 Bump, 229, 233, 235–237 Burst, 121, 137, 140, 142, 143, 146, 149, 153, 155, 156 Cancellous, 171 Carbon fibers (CF), 172–174, 176–177, 181 nanotubes (CNTs), 176–177, 181 Cellulose, 121–123, 125–127, 130, 131, 135, 139, 149 Cement line, 171–173 Chlorine-free, 121, 150 Coarse, 446, 456, 476 Coarse-grain, 184, 189 Coherence domain (CD), 290, 292–294, 296–297, 299–302, 304, 306–309, 311–312, 314, 316, 318, 325 Coherent ground state (CGS), 293, 296–298 Cold working, 65, 72, 79 Collagen, 167–170, 184, 186–187, 189 Communication, 312–315, 326 Composite, 121, 126, 127, 130, 149 Composite materials, 353–361 Compression, 437, 438, 446, 450–452, 454, 467, 468, 471, 483, 486, 487, 489 Computation, 291, 321–324 Computed tomography (CT), 410, 412, 414, 427 Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), 410, 412, 417–418, 430–431 Conducting filament (CF), 369, 370, 372, 375–386, 388, 389, 397, 400 Consciousness, 288–290, 324–325 Continuous, 436 Cooking process, 121, 136, 139 Correlation length, 259 Cortical, 169–173, 178–179, 183–184, 186–187, 189 Cranio-maxillofacial reconstruction, 407, 424, 429 Critical load, 17, 26, 42 Crushing, 89 CSF, 139, 143, 145, 149, 152, 155 Curve, 469, 476, 486 Cutoff, 304–305, 316–317, 325 Daubechies, 436 Decoherence, 290–291, 300–301, 326 Index Decomposition, 435–437, 440, 442, 444, 449, 455, 459–461, 466, 470, 479, 483, 485, 488 Deflections, 87–89, 102–103, 112 Delignification, 121, 135, 139, 140, 141, 142, 149, 150, 154, 158 Density of states, electron, 206 Density-functional theory, 204–207 Depithing, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 149, 151 Design, 3–5, 10–11, 14, 16–19, 24, 31–32, 35, 38, 40, 43, 87–90, 92–96, 98 Diagonal, 437, 438, 442, 446, 460, 463, 471, 474, 480, 481, 485, 490 DICOM data, 416, 430 Diffuse color, 229, 232 Dilation, 467 Dimension, 440, 446, 453, 459, 476 Dirac operator, 457 Discrete variational method, DVM, 212–214 d-orbital energy level, Md, 214, 215 Drainability, 121, 131, 138, 140, 142, 149, 151, 155, 157, 158 Drainage, 121, 133, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 148, 149, 154, 155, 158 Eccentricities, 6, 14 ECF, 121, 140, 149, 151, 152 Edges, 439, 454, 476, 486 Elastic modulus, 219–222, 226 Electromagnetic reshaper, 243 Electronic density, 205, 206 Embedded, 453, 459 Epoxy, 173, 177 Equation, algebraic, 460 differential, 436 linear, 436, 441, 448, 456, 460, 476, 477, 479, 485, 486, 490 of bilinear surface, 486 of the parabola, 476 of the straight line, 476 operator, 437 refinement, 436 system, 437, 485 Equivalent thickness, 17–18 Euler, 3, 14–18, 24 Evanescent, coupling, 309, 315, 326 field, 305–306, 308, 309–313, 316, 325 mode(s), 291, 306–308, 312, 316, 322 photon(s), 287, 290–291, 307, 321, 326 wave(s), 287, 305, 309–311, 315–316, 319–320, 325 Extended finite element method (X-FEM), 183–184, 189 Fast algorithm, 437 calculation, 436, 437 Fiber, 121–123, 125, 126, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136–140, 142, 149, 150, 154 Fiber reinforced composites (FRC), 172, 176, 179–180, 184 Field equivalence, 248, 252, 267 Filter, 436, 437, 441 Fines, 121, 133, 134, 139, 140, 141, 149, 158 Finite element, 87, 89, 96, 263 Finite element method (FEM) method, 3, 5, 31, 167 simulations, 183 First principles calculations see also Ab initio modeling, elastic constant, 226 elastic modulus, 219–222 first-principles, 204 Flexural stiffness, 22 Fluctuation(s), 292–293, 296, 298–300 497 498 Index Focused ion beam (FIB), 168 Folding endurance, 142, 144, 147, 149, 153, 155, 158 Formation energy of vacancy, 208 Fractal, 436 Function basic, 436–488 polynomial, 466–470 refinable, 457 scaling, 438, 459 Functionally graded materials, 345–353 Fundamental-solution-based hybrid finite element method (HFS-FEM), 340–345, 349–351, 358–359 Glass fibers, 172–173 Glossiness, 229, 232, 233, 237 Grid, 436–440, 442, 446–448, 452–454, 456, 459, 467, 480, 481, 483, 486, 487 Ground state, 205 Gum metal, 222, 223 Haar transform, 446 Haversian, 170–173, 175–177, 182, 189 Heat, 89, 93, 99–100, 108 Heat conduction, 340–341, 353, 355 Helmholtz equation, 248, 263 Hemicelluloses, 124, 127, 130, 149 Hermite interpolant, 457 Hopping distance, 369, 374, 378, 380 HRTEM, 55, 56, 76–77, 80 Hydroxyapatite (HAP), 167– 171, 176, 184–189 Hypercomputation, 287, 324–325 Image, 436, 490 Impedance, 317 Imperfections, 3, 6, 14, 31 Interatomic bonding force, 214 Interlayer, 87, 91, 94–98, 102–103, 112, 115 Interpolation, 436, 437, 453, 486 Invariable, 444, 449 Inverse, 437, 441, 459, 460, 475, 477 Invisibility cloak, 242–243 Kohn-Sham equation, 206 Laminate, 170, 174–178, 181 Laminated glass, 4, 18, 87, 94 Lamination, 165, 168–169, 174, 179–181 Lateral restraints, 23–25, 28–30, 32, 34, 36, 39–40 Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB), 3, 21 Lattice parameter, 55, 58, 78 Lattice strain, 55, 60, 64, 65, 74–76, 79 Length, 443, 446, 448, 450, 452, 454, 466, 481, 486 Lifting, 446 Lignin, 124, 130, 139, 141, 149, 150, 156 Linear, combinations, 453, 455 equation, 436, 441, 448, 456, 477, 479, 486, 490 independance, 460, 478 span, 458 spline, 451 Load-duration, Loading condition, 3, 18, 22, 24–25 Long fiber, 121, 131, 133, 137–139 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 410, 427–428 Maps, 230, 233–235 Mask, 457 Material editor, 232–234 Material simulation, 229, 230 Materials creation, 229, 231, 232 Index Maxwell’s equations anisotropic medium, 241–242, 245, 263 form-invariance property, 241–242, 245, 247 Measured values, 436–438, 449 Mechanical alloying, 50, 51 Memory, 369–371, 376, 378, 397–400 Metal carbide, Fe3C, 53, 54, 57, 60–62, 64, 65, 68–71, 73–76, 78, 79 Ni3C, 54, 57, 61, 64, 68, 70, 73–76 SiC, 53, 54, 57, 61, 62, 64, 68, 70, 73–75 TiC, 53, 54, 57, 60–62, 64, 68–70, 73–76, 78, 79 TiMC, 62, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75 Metamaterial(s) (MTM), 242–243, 287, 307, 316, 318–321, 326 Microstructure, 53–56, 58, 65, 73 Microtubule (MT), 287, 289–291, 293, 297–305, 308–309, 311–316, 318–321, 325–326 MISPR, 62, 68–70, 72, 79 Modeling, 369, 399 Modified method of fundamental solutions (MFS), 336–339, 346–347 Modulus, 468, 485 Mol fraction, 65, 68, 78 Molecular dynamics (MD), 167, 183, 187 Monte Carlo, 244, 249, 252–254 Morlecular orbial approach, 212–214 Mössbauer, 56, 71 Multicomponent alloys, 218, 217f, 219 Nanocrystalline, 49–51, 53–55, 62, 64, 69, 70, 76, 80 NiTi, 93–94, 97, 99–101, 103 Noise, 437, 490 Non-crimp fabric (NCF), 173–174, 181 Nonwood, 122–124, 131–134, 136, 138, 140, 150 Norm, 463, 473 OCC, 121, 138–148, 150–158 Opacity, 229, 230, 232, 233 Optimization, 92, 103, 114, 116 Order, changed, 460, 477 of Hermite interpolant, 457 of matrix, 456 of polynomials, 453, 468, 469 of spline, 468, 469, 474 of vanishing moments, 452 of vector, 461 Osteon, 169–183 Oxygen content, 369, 373–374, 378 Oxygen vacancy, 369, 374, 376 Parallelization, 438, 485 Parenchyma, 128, 129 Particle size, 50, 55, 60, 72–74, 76, 79, 80 Path, 369–370, 374, 377, 384 Perfectly matched layer (PML), 249, 251 Permeability, 131, 134, 136, 138, 139, 142 Perturbation theory, 260, 263 Perturbative ground state (PGS), 293, 295–298 Phase boundary, 216–220, Physical environment, 408 Piecewise, 450 Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum, 253 Pith, 121, 124–126, 128, 130, 135, 136, 138, 140, 149, 150, 158 Pixel, 443 Porosity, 121, 127, 128, 134, 142, 144, 148, 149, 154, 155, 157, 158 Power, 457 499 500 Index Preconditioning, 436, 463 Pretension, 87, 95, 103, 106 Printing, 3D-printing, 169, 177–190 4D-printing, 169, 188 Prosthesis, custom-made, 408, 412, 420–422, 427–428 stock, 408, 418–419, 427 Pulping, 121, 122, 128, 130, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 149–151, 154, 156–158 Quantum vacuum (QV), 289, 292, 296, 298, 325 Radar cross section (RCS), coherent component, 254 incoherent component, 254 Random, field, 253, 257 process, 253, 257 variable, 253 Realistic materials, 239 Recycling, 122, 139, 140, 141 Refinement, equation, 436 level, 459 Reflection, 229, 232, 234, 236–238, 305, 309–310 Refraction, 229, 232, 234, 236 index, 305, 313, 318–319 Reinforcement, 87–88, 92–94, 96, 98, 115, 116 Relief, 229, 230, 237 Resin, curing, 180 injection, 180–181 Resistance, 370, 371, 376, 378–379, 382, 398 Resolution, 450, 452, 455, 462, 464, 466, 474, 476, 479, 481 Resonance, 316, 320 Riesz transform, 458, 563 Rietveld's method, 58–60, 65, 68–72, 74, 76 Runnability, 121, 131, 136, 137, 139, 140, 149 Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 168, 170, 175 Scattering, obstacles with rough surfaces, 254–263 obstacles with shape deformations, 254–263 randomly positioned array of obstacles, 264–274 rough sea surfaces, 248–254 Schopper–Riegler, 143, 145, 146, 152–156 Self-illumination, 229, 233, 237 Sequence, 439, 444, 446, 448, 452, 458 Set, 446, 459 Shading, 229, 231, 234 Shape-memory alloys (SMAs), 87–89, 93–116 Signal, 436, 438, 443, 446, 449, 452, 490 Single-point incremental forming (SPIF), 431 Slow drainage, 121, 133 Smoothing, 468–470 Soda process, 135 Softwood, 121, 131, 132, 136–139 Solid solution, 64, 65, 68–70 Space, C1(R), 457 L2(R), 458 VL, 439, 440, 453, 476 WL, 440, 453, 454, 476 Special fundamental solutions, 359 Specially purposed graded element (SPGE), 351 Specular highlights, 229–231 Specular level, 233, 237 Index Splines, bicubic, 486 cubic, 437–439, 457, 459, 485–487, 489 linear, 451 reconstruction, 437, 450, 451, 466, 470–473, 483–485 spaces, 436–439, 442, 453, 454, 459, 471, 474, 484–487, 490 Spongy, 170–171 Stable, 437, 458, 459, 486 Standard method of fundamental solutions (MFS), 334–336, 356–358 Stereolithographic model, 410, 416–418 Stochastic, electromagnetic problems, 241–244 field, 253, 257 process, 253, 257 Strength, 121, 128, 130–133, 136–142, 149, 151, 154, 156–158 Structural glass, 3–13, 22–23, 28–29, 31, 33–35, 89–93, 96, 98, 115 Structure, 437, 446, 460, 477 Sugar industry, 123, 124, 134 Supercoherence, 315 Superluminal, interaction, 313 particle(s), 322–324 photon(s), 287, 325–326 propagation, 313 signal(s), 307 transmission, 320 tunneling, 315, 324, 326 velocity, 291, 307, 325 Superradiant photon(s), 291, 299, 301, 308, 325–326 Surgical workflow, 411 Switching, 369–371, 373, 374–379, 394, 395, 399, 400 501 Synergistic delignification, 140, 141 Synthesis operator, 437, 439, 468, 469, 490 System, 436–438, 441, 443, 446, 448, 452, 454, 456, 460, 461, 477–479, 485, 489, 490 TAPPI, 142 Tear, 121, 131, 137, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 149, 153, 155–157 Temperature, 4, 6, 9, 10–11, 87–89, 91, 93, 95, 97–108, 111–113, 115 Texture, 229, 230, 232–237 Theorem, 441, 448, 453, 479 Three-dimensional model, 415–418 Ti2448, 223–225 Ti-M binary alloys, 215–217, 216f, 221f Ti-Nb alloys, 216, 217 Ti-Nb-Zr alloys, 218 Torsional stiffness, 17–18, 20–22, 27, 29–30 Trabecular, 170–171 Transformation, compression, 273 coordinate, 242, 245, 247–249, 257–259, 265, 270, 273–274, 277, 279 electromagnetics, 243 Jacobian, 245–247 medium, 245 optics, 242–248 recurring scaling and translation, 272–274 Transition, 290–296, 298–299, 301–302, 304, 318, 325 Two-dimensional, 488 Vanishing moments, 452, 460, 468 Vector, 440, 455, 457, 462, 476, 477, 480, 481 502 Index Washing, 121, 134, 138, 139, 151 Water, 287, 289–291, 293, 296–302, 304–305, 308, 325 Waveguide, ridge, 279–280 rough surface, 274–279 Waveguide(s), 287, 289, 303–305, 308, 310, 312, 316–319, 325–326 Wavelet, biorthogonal, 436, 437, 460, 476 lazy, 438, 440, 441, 446, 450, 474 non-orthogonal, 451 orthogonal, 436, 454 orthogonality to polynomials, 438, 452–454, 457, 458, 485 semi-orthogonal, 436–438, 448, 452, 454, 455 support, 436–440, 452–454, 460 transformation, 436, 438, 439, 445, 446, 459, 460, 471, 474, 477, 485, 486, 488, 490 White liquor, 140, 141, 151 X-Ray diffraction (XRD), 53, 56, 60, 62, 64, 65, 68–71, 76, 77, 80, 168 Zero-point-field (ZPF), 292–293, 308 Also of Interest Check out these published volumes in the Advanced Materials Series Advanced Composite Materials Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari, Mohammad Rabia Alenezi and Seong Chan Jun Forthcoming 2016 ISBN 978-1-119-24253-6 Advanced Surface Engineering Materials Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari, Rui Wang, and Bingqing Wei Forthcoming 2016 ISBN 978-1-119-24244-4 Advanced Ceramic Materials Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari, Rosario A Gerhardt and Magdalena Szutkowska Forthcoming 2016 ISBN 978-1-119-24244-4 Advanced Engineering Materials and Modeling Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari, N Arul Murugan and Rajeev Ahuja Published 2016 ISBN 978-1-119-24246-8 Advanced 2D Materials Ashutosh Tiwari and Mikael Syväjärvi Published 2016 ISBN 978-1-119-24249-9 Advanced Materials Interfaces Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari, Hirak K Patra and Xumei Wang Published 2016 ISBN 978-1-119-24245-1 Advanced Bioelectronics Materials Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari, Hirak K Patra and Anthony P.F Turner Published 2015 ISBN 978-1-118-99830-4 Graphene An Introduction to the Fundamentals and Industrial Applications By Madhuri Sharon and Maheswar Sharon Published 2015 ISBN 978-1-118-84256-0 Ashutosh Tiwari, N Arul Murugan, and Rajeev Ahuja (eds.) Advanced Engineering Materials and Modeling, (503–505) © 2016 Scrivener Publishing LLC Advanced Theranostic Materials Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari, Hirak K Patra and Jeong-Woo Choi Published 2015 ISBN: 978-1-118-99829-8  Advanced Functional Materials Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and Lokman Uzun Published 2015 ISBN 978-1-118-99827-4 Advanced Catalytic Materials Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and Salam Titinchi Published 2015 ISBN 978-1-118-99828-1 Graphene Materials Fundamentals and Emerging Applications Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and Mikael Syväjärvi Published 2015 ISBN 978-1-118-99837-3 DNA Engineered Noble Metal Nanoparticles Fundamentals and State-of-the-art-of Nanobiotechnology By Ignác Capek Published 2015 ISBN 978-1-118-07214-1  Advanced Electrical and Electronics Materials Process and Applications By K.M Gupta and Nishu Gupta Published 2015 ISBN: 978-1-118-99835-9  Advanced Materials for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Safety Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and Mikael Syväjärvi Published 2014 ISBN: 978-1-118-77343-7 Advanced Biomaterials and Biodevices Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and Anis N Nordin Published 2014 ISBN 978-1-118-77363-5 Biosensors Nanotechnology Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and Anthony P F Turner Published 2014 ISBN 978-1-118-77351-2 Advanced Sensor and Detection Materials Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and Mustafa M Demir Published 2014 ISBN 978-1-118-77348-2 Advanced Healthcare Materials Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari Published 2014 ISBN 978-1-118-77359-8 Advanced Energy Materials Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and Sergiy Valyukh Published 2014 ISBN 978-1-118-68629-4 Advanced Carbon Materials and Technology Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and S.K Shukla Published 2014 ISBN 978-1-118-68623-2 Responsive Materials and Methods State-of-the-Art Stimuli-Responsive Materials and Their Applications Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and Hisatoshi Kobayashi Published 2013 ISBN 978-1-118-68622-5 Other Scrivener books edited by Ashutosh Tiwari Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Tissue Engineering Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari and Atul Tiwari Published 2013 ISBN 978-1-118-29032-3 Biomedical Materials and Diagnostic Devices Devices Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari, Murugan Ramalingam, Hisatoshi Kobayashi and Anthony P.F Turner Published 2012 ISBN 978-1-118-03014-1 Intelligent Nanomaterials (first edition) Processes, Properties, and Applications Edited by Ashutosh Tiwari Ajay K Mishra, Hisatoshi Kobayashi and Anthony P.F Turner Published 2012 ISBN 978-0-470-93879-9 Integrated Biomaterials for Biomedical Technology Edited by Murugan Ramalingam, Ashutosh Tiwari, Seeram Ramakrishna and Hisatoshi Kobayashi Published 2012 ISBN 978-1-118-42385-1