Mechanical engineering series  engine oils and automotive lubrication

Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! ENGINE OILS AND AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION MECHANICAL ENGINEERING A Series of Textbooks and Reference Books Editor L L Faulkner Columbus Division, Battelle Memorial Institute and Department o f Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Spring Designer’s Handbook, Harold Carlson Computer-Aided Graphics and Design, Daniel L Ryan Lubrication Fundamentals, J George Wills Solar Engineering for Domestic Buildings, William A Himmelman Applied Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, G Boothroyd and C Poli Centrifugal Pump Clinic, Igor J Karassik Computer-Aided Kinetics for Machine Design, Daniel L Ryan Plastics Products Design Handbook, Part A : Materials and Compo­ nents; Part B: Processes and Design for Processes, edited by Edward Miller Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, EarlLogan, Jr Vibrations o f Shells and Plates, Werner Soedel Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook, Mario Di Giovanni Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design, Alexander Blake An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, John H Bickford Optimal Engineering Design: Principles and Applications, James N Siddall Spring Manufacturing Handbook, Harold Carlson Industrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications,edited by Lewis H Bell Gears and Their Vibration: A Basic Approach to Understanding Gear Noise, J Derek Smith Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling: Design and Applications Handbook, American Chain Association Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook, edited by Philip A Schweitzer 20 Gear Drive Systems: Design and Application, Peter Lynwander 21 Controlling In-Plant Airborne Contaminants: Systems Design and Calculations, John D Constance 22 CAD/CAM Systems Planning and Implementation, Charles S Knox 23 Probabilistic Engineering Design: Principles and Applications, James N Siddail 24 Traction Drives: Selection and Application, Frederick W Heilich III and Eugene E Shube 25 Finite Element Methods: An Introduction, Ronald L Huston and Chris E Passerello 26 Mechanical Fastening of Plastics: An Engineering Handbook, Brayton Lincoln, Kenneth J Gomes, and James F Braden 27 Lubrication in Practice: Second Edition, edited by W S Robertson 28 Principles of Automated Drafting, Daniel L Ryan 29 Practical Seal Design, edited by Leonard J Martini 30 Engineering Documentation for CAD/CAM Applications, Charles S Knox 31 Design Dimensioning with Computer Graphics Applications, Jerome C Lange 32 Mechanism Analysis: Simplified Graphical and Analytical Tech­ niques, Lyndon Barton 33 CAD/CAM Systems: Justification, Implementation, Productivity Measurement, Edward J Preston, George W Crawford, and Mark E Coticchia 34 Steam Plant Calculations Manual, V Ganapathy 35 Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers, John A Burgess 36 Heat Transfer Fluids and Systems for Process and Energy Applications, Jasbir Singh 37 Potential Flows: Computer Graphic Solutions, Robert H Kirchhoff 38 Computer-Aided Graphics and Design: Second Edition, Daniel L Ryan 39 Electronically Controlled Proportional Valves: Selection and Appli­ cation, Michael J Tonyan, edited by Tobi Goldoftas 40 Pressure Gauge Handbook, AMETEK, U.S Gauge Division, edited by Philip W Harland 41 Fabric Filtration for Combustion Sources: Fundamentals and Basic Technology, R P Donovan 42 Design of Mechanical Joints, Alexander Blake 43 CAD/CAM Dictionary, Edward J Preston, George W Crawford, and Mark E Coticchia 44 Machinery Adhesives for Locking, Retaining, and Sealing, Girard S Haviland 45 Couplings and Joints: Design Selection, and Application, Jon R Mancuso 46 Shaft Alignment Handbook, John Piotrowski 47 BASIC Programs for Steam Plant Engineers: Boilers, Combustion, Fluid Flow, and Heat Transfer, V Ganapathy 48 Solving Mechanical Design Problems with Computer Graphics, Jerome C Lange 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 Plastics Gearing: Selection and Application, Clifford E Adams Clutches and Brakes: Design and Selection, William C Orthwein Transducers in Mechanical and Electronic Design, Harry L Trietley Metallurgical Applications o f Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena, edited by Lawrence E Murr, Karl P Staudhammer, and Marc A Meyers Magnesium Products Design, Robert S Busk How to Integrate CAD/CAM Systems: Management and Technol­ ogy, William D Engelke Cam Design and Manufacture: Second Edition; with cam design software for the IBM PC and compatibles, disk included, Preben W Jensen Solid-State A C Motor Controls: Selection and Application, Sylves­ ter Campbell Fundamentals of Robotics, David D Ardayfio Belt Selection and Application for Engineers, edited by Wallace D Erickson Developing Three-Dimensional CAD Software with the IBM PC, C Stan Wei Organizing Data for CIM Applications, Charles S Knox, with contributions by Thomas C Boos, Ross S Culverhouse, and Paul F Muchnicki Computer-Aided Simulation in Railway Dynamics, by Rao V Dukkipati and Joseph R Amyot Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and De­ sign, P K Mallick Photoelectric Sensors and Controls: Selection and Application, Scott M Juds Finite Element Analysis with Personal Computers, Edward R Champion, Jr., and J Michael Ensminger Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Dale Ensminger Applied Finite Element Modeling: Practical Problem Solving for Engineers, Jeffrey M Steele Measurement and Instrumentation in Engineering: Principles and Basic Laboratory Experiments, Francis S Tse and Ivan E Morse Centrifugal Pump Clinic: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Igor J Karassik 69 Practical Stress Analysis in Enineering Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Alexander Blake 70 An Introduction to the Deisgn and Behavior o f Bolted Joints: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H Bickford 71 High Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Marsbed H Hablanian 72 Pressure Sensors: Selection and Application, Duane Tandeske 73 Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, Frank Porter 74 Thermal Fatigue of Metals, Andrzej Weronski and Tadeuz Hejwowski 75 Classical and Modern Mechanisms for Engineers and Inventors, Preben W Jensen 76 Handbook o f Electronic Package Design, edited by Michael Pecht 77 Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials, edited by Marc A Meyers, Lawrence E Murr, and Karl P Staudhammer 78 Industrial Refrigeration: Principles, Design and Applications, P C Koelet 79 Applied Combustion, Eugene L Keating 80 Engine Oils and Automotive Lubrication, edited by Wilfried J Bartz Additional Volumes in Preparation Mechanical Engineering Software Spring Design with an IBM PC, Al Dietrich Mechanical Design Failure Analysis: With Failure Analysis System Software for the IBM PC, David G Ullman ENGINE OILS AND AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION EDITED BX WILFRIED J BARTZ Technische Akademie Esslingen Ostfildern, Germany CRC Press T a y lo r & Francis G ro u p Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an im p rin t o f th e Taylor & Francis G roup, an in fo rm a business C R C P ress Taylor & F n cis G ro u p 0 B roken S o u n d Parkw ay N W , S u ite 300 B oca R aton, FL 33487-2742 © 1993 by Taylor & F n cis G ro u p , LLC C R C P re ss is a n im p r in t o f T ay lo r & F n cis G ro u p , a n I n fo rm a b u sin e ss N o c la im t o o rig in a l U.S G o v e rn m e n t w o rk s T h is b o o k c o n ta in s in fo rm a tio n o b ta in e d fro m a u th e n tic a n d h ig h ly re g a rd e d so u rc e s R easo n ab le e ffo rts have b e e n m ad e to p u b lish reliab le d a ta a n d in fo rm a tio n , b u t th e a u th o r a n d p u b lis h e r c a n n o t a s su m e re sp o n sib ility for th e v a lid ity o f all m a te ria ls o r th e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f th e ir use T h e a u th o rs a n d p u b lish e rs have a tte m p te d to tra c e th e c o p y rig h t h o ld e rs o f all m a te ria l r e p r o ­ d u c e d in th is p u b lic a tio n a n d a p o lo g iz e to c o p y rig h t h o ld ers if p e rm iss io n to p u b lish in th is fo rm h a s n o t b e e n o b ta in e d I f any c o p y rig h t m a te ria l h a s n o t b e e n ac k n o w led g e d p lease w rite a n d let u s k n o w so w e m ay r e c tify in a n y f u tu re re p rin t E xcept a s p e rm itte d u n d e r U.S C o p y rig h t Law, n o p a rt o f th is b o o k m ay b e re p rin te d , rep ro d u c e d , tra n s m itte d , o r u tiliz e d in any fo rm by a ny e le c tro n ic , m e c h a n ic a l, o r o th e r m e a n s, n o w k n o w n o r h e re a fte r in v en te d , in clu d in g p h o to co p y in g , m ic ro film in g , a n d re c o rd in g , o r in a ny in fo rm a tio n s to g e o r re trie v a l sy ste m , w ith o u t w r itte n p e rm iss io n fro m th e p u b lish e rs F or p e rm iss io n to p h o to c o p y o r u se m a te ria l e le c tro n ic a lly fro m th is w ork, p lease a c cess w w w c o p y rig h t.c o m (h ttp ://w w w co p y rig h t.c o m /) o r c o n ta c t th e C o p y rig h t C le a n c e C e n te r, In c (CCC ), 22 R o sew ood D rive, D an v ers, M A 01923, 978 -7 -8 0 C C C is a n o t-fo r-p ro fit o rg a n iz a tio n t h a t p ro v id es lic e n ses a n d r e g is tra tio n fo r a v a rie ty o f u se rs F or o rg a n iz a tio n s th a t h ave b e e n g r a n te d a p h o to c o p y licen se by th e C C C , a s e p a te s y ste m o f p a y m e n t h a s b e e n a rra n g e d T r a d e m a r k N o tic e : P ro d u c t o r c o rp o r a te n a m e s m ay b e tra d e m a rk s o r re g is te re d tra d e m a rk s , a n d a re u se d o n ly for id e n tific a ­ tio n a n d e x p la n a tio n w ith o u t i n te n t to in frin g e V is it t h e T a y lo r & F r a n c is W e b s ite a t h ttp ://w w w ta y lo r a n d f r a n c is c o m a n d t h e C R C P r e s s W e b s ite a t h ttp ://w w w c r c p r e s s c o m Preface Lubricants and lubrication techniques are indispensable in the automobile industry Owing to the special operating conditions, characterized by high tem­ peratures, loads and speeds, lubricants have to cover extreme requirements Therefore, the necessary properties of these lubricants require appropriate classification, production and form ulation, testing and application as well as expert disposal This book deals w ith the state o f the art in the field of automotive lubrication, particularly engine lubrication The different topics are covered by experts from the mineral oil, additive and automobile industries as well as from research institutes, thus providing high standard expert knowledge in any specific area of automotive and engine lubrication Experts from several countries contributed to this book In different chapters the following topics are covered: — Film thickness in engine bearings - Base oils for automotive lubricants — Additives and mechanism o f effectiveness — Engine oils and their evaluation - Sludge deposits in gasoline engines - Special aspects of engine lubrication - Two-Stroke-Engine Oils - Tractor lubrication — Gear lubrication — Lubricant influence on ceramic and seal materials This book is characterized by the fact that experts from all over the world gathered and summarized their knowledge, resulting in a general but nevertheless comprehensive presentation of all major aspects of automotive and engine lubrication This book might be useful to all who are active in the field of automobile tribology and lubrication Experts from the mineral oil and additive industries can also find new points o f view to supplement their knowledge, as w ill junior scientists and engineers who are introducing themselves to this field of trib o ­ logy and lubrication engineering In addition, w ith the aid of this book a great number of students of tribology may gain a great deal of useful information Prof W.J Bartz iii Figure 7.3.7: An Exterior View o f the Test Equipment Table 7.3.5: Test Liquid P04- 0.80 wt% Ca+S 0.05 wt% Fe+3 0.30 wt% Cu+I 0.10 wt% pH 7.3.4 Experimental Results The changes o f leakage rates are plotted against the running time in Fig 7.3.8 All the test pieces o f the carbon A materials resulted in abrupt increases of leakage over 200 hrs Fig 7.3.9 shows the representative surface profiles o f mechanical seals after the test The circumferential deposition was observed on the sealing surfaces of the carbon A similarly to the seals which generated excessive leakage due to the deposition on the sealing surfaces experienced in the actual market 787 Based upon results o f analyses, i.e ERMA (Electron prove X-ray micro analysis) MAXRD and XPS, it was clarified that the deposition was mainly composed of Fe, Cu, P, Ca and its structure was recognized to be amorphous On the other hand, all of the carbon B materials depositions generated very little From these results, it was considered that the excessive leakage due to the deposition in the actual market could be reproduced in these experiments TIME Figure 7.3.8: 788 (Hr) The Changes o f Leakage Rate Figure 7.3.9: 7.3.5 The Representative Surface Profiles after the Test D iscussions As it was considered that the electrochemical properties of carbon materials affected to build up depositions on seal ring surfaces, the authors measured a Zeta-potential and surface electric charge Table 7.3.6 shows the Zeta-potential measured by the flow-potential method and the amount o f the static surface electric charges o f the carbon materials A and B Comparing both the carbon materials, the following facts were clarified: The carbon material A which showed the tendency to promote the deposition resulting in leakage was characterized by a larger absolute value o f the electric charge as well as the Zeta-potential The carbon material B shows the quite opposite result Consequently, it is considered that the electrochemical properties of carbon materials, i.e the amount of the potential energy due to the interaction bet­ ween metal ions (Fe, Cu) and the sealing surfaces of carbon rings, influence the coagulation phenomena of the deposits 789 The potential energy E, due to the interaction w ill be obtained by the equation (1) related to the hetrocoagulation theory (7) (8) E = K ( f , , + f JJ ) Where, (1) f i : Zeta-potential o f carbon material f : Zeta-potential o f deposit composition K : Proportionality constant However, the absolute value o f f may be estimated to be negligibly small because the surface areas of particles o f deposition are much smaller than that o f rubbing surfaces o f the carbon rings Consequently, the larger the absolute value o f f j , and the surface electric charge of the carbon ring are, the larger the potential energy due to the interaction becomes and the deposition builds up On the other hand, the stability o f oxides and double oxides of Fe and Cu elements can be well explained w ith the aid of the potential/pH diagram concerning the Fe-Cu-H2 system according to the Pourbaix's equilibirum theory (5) (6) It is confirmed by this diagram that Fe30 , Fe20 3, Cu20 , FeCu02 and so on are stable in the test coolant shown in Table 7.3.5 Furthermore, as the activation energy fo r the progress o f the electrochemical reaction can be assumed to be very small, the reduction from the deposition to the form o f metal ions is considered to be attributed to the self-catalytic reaction This reaction generally progresses in the solution showing the unstable thermodynamic characteristics, where electrons are generated as a result of the catalytic reaction on the surface o f the in itia lly nucleated deposition In this experiment, as soon as the hypophosphorous acid ions contact the elements which belong to the V III group o f the periodic table under the definite condition, these metal elements accurate dehydrogenation o f H20 as the following catalytic reaction; [H 2P02] - + H20 -> H [H P 3] - + 2H (2) Fe2+ + 2H -* Fe + 2H + (3) The hypophosphorous acid is generated by the hydrolysis o f the sodium hypophosphite, and the equilibrium o f the solution due to production of sodium hydroxide shifts to increase alkalinity 790 Accompanied by this, the following chain reaction is considered to progress; Fe + H3PO4 -*■ Fe(H2P0 )2 + Ha t 3Fe{H2PO4)2 -*• Fe3 (P04 )2 + H 3P04 (4) (5) In this connection, the authors used three kinds o f materials for the coolant containers, i.e stainless steel, aluminium coated w ith PTFE and acrylic resin, to investigate the possibility o f the above reactions In this experiment, the highest rate deposition was observed in the case of using the stainless steel container As a result, it was considered that the above reactions accelerated the deposit formation From the above discussion, the countermeasures to excessive leakage due to the deposit form ation on the seal surfaces are considered to be effective as follows; a Decreasing the potential energy due to the interaction =» Decreasing the absolute value o f the Zeta-potential and surface po­ tential energy of carbon materials b Removing the factors to promote the self-catalytic reaction =* Suppressing the generation o f hydrogen =» Preventing the elution o f metal ions to coolant 1.0 10 pH a t Temperature Figure 7.3.10: The Potential-pH Diagram for the Fe-Cu-Hj System at 423 K 1 cn°r\ (150 C) 791 Table 7.3.6: Electrochemical Properties o f Carbon Material A and B CARBON A Height of Deposition CARBON B 27 nm /im ZETA-Potential -6 mV - 3 mV Surface Electric Charge - 0.27 nC - 7.3.6 0.08 nC Conclusions 1) The deposit form ation on sealing surfaces o f water pump mechanical seals is closely related to the electrochemical phenomena =* The electrochemical properties inherent to carbon materials, i.e the Zetapotential and the surface electric charge, are responsible fo r the initial nucleation o f the deposits => The growth o f the depositions is promoted by the self-catalytic reaction which is accelerated by the generation o f hydrogen 2) The countermeasures are considered as follows; =* Decreasing the absolute value of the potential energy due to the inter­ action between the deposition particles and the carbon materials =» Removing the factors to promote the self-catalytic reaction 7.3.7 Acknowledgement The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation to Dr F Hirano, Professor Emeritus o f Kyushu University, fo r his valuable advice during this investigation, and to thank the directors o f Eagle Industry Co., Ltd for permission to publish this paper 7.3.8 (1) (2) (3) 792 References Matsushima, A.: Guide to Automotive Water Pump Seals, SAE (1978) Paper No 780404 Kiryu, K.; Fukahori, K.; Matsumoto S.; Shimomura, T.; Hirabayashi, H.: A Status of Sealing Performance of End-Face Type Seals for Water Pumps of Automotive Engines in Japan, SAE (1988) Paper No 880303 Kiryu, K ; Tsuchiya, K.: Yonehara, Y ; Shimomura, T.; Koga, T.: An Investigation of Deposits Formation and Sealing Surfaces o f Water Pump End Face Seals, STLE, Lubr Eng (1988) Vol 45 1, -5 (4) (5) (6) (7) 18) Kiryu, K.; Tsuchiya, K.; Shimomura, T.; Yanai, T ; Okada, K.; Hirabayashi, H.: The Effect of Coolant Additives and Seal Composition on Performance o f Water Pump Seals o f Automotive Engines, SAE (1989) Paper No 890609 Pourbaix, M.; Zoubov, N.; Muylder, J.V.: Atlas Dequilibres Electrochimiques a 25°C, Gauthier-Villars & Ceditier Paris (1963) Cubicciotti, D.: Pourbais Diagrams for Mixed Metal Oxide Chemistry of Copper in BWR Water, Corrosion (1988) Vol 44, No 12, -8 Devereux, O F & Bruyn, P.L.: Interaction of Plane Parallel Double Layers The M it Press (1963), Cambridge, Mass Hogg, R.; Healy, T.W.; Fuerstenau, D.W.: Trans., Faraday Soc (1966) 62, 1638 793 i Index Abrasion 422, 463 Abrasive wear 568, 661 Additive 459 Additive systems 459 Additive viscosity 216 Adhesion 264 Adhesive 406 Adhesive cracks 206 Agricultural single purpose machines 594 Alpha olefin 231 Alumina 756 Alumina ceramic 5, 27 Antagonistic effects 287 Antioxidants 149 Antiseizure function 169 Antiwear 163, 335 Antiwear file 296 Atmospheric corrosion 587 Atomic absorption spectroscopy 102 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) 290, 409 Barium dinonylnaphthenesulfonate (B a D N ) 293 Barium thiophosphonate detergent (BaTP) 291 Batch reactor 179 Bearing oil film thickness (BOFT) 25 Bench 212 Biodegradation 631 Black sludge 492 Blow by collection 502 Blowby gases 177 Borate 263 Bore polish 517 Boundary 445 Boundary additives 163 Boundary lubrication 616 Brightstock 631 Calcium 102 Calcium carbonate 263 Calcium sulfonate detergent (CaSF) 290 Camshaft baffle 559 Cam-tappet endurance tests 375 Cam tappet wear rig 364 Capacitance 26, 365 Capacitance technique 29 Carboxylate 249 Catalyst 126 Cavitation 30 Chain length 167 Chelate complex 306 Chemiluminescence 179 794 Chemisorption 168 Chromatography 180 Cocatalyst 125 f Coefficient 732 Coefficient of friction 445 Cohesive cracks 206 Cocking process 200 Color 726 Compatibility 287 Compression 10 Compression strokes 10, 13 Concentration 167 Configuration 167 Correlation coefficients 16 f., 34 Corrosion 586 Corrosion and rust inhibitors 149 Corrosion Inhibitor 151, 589 Corrosion protection 308 Crankshaft B p e e d 15 Cyclanic 49 Decomposition mode 264 Degradation 177 Delamination 406 Deposit build-up 200 Deposit formation 177, 502 Deposition of sludge 242 Deposit precursor 502 Depressant 152 Detergents 149, 151 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) 253 Dilution oil 384 DI package 383 Direct insertion probe (DIP) method­ ology 116 Dispersancy 242 Dispersant 149, 151 Double decomposition 338 Dowson and Higginson formula 664 DPPH 247 Ductile film 200 Dynamic vibration 732 Eddy current 26 EHD 406 Elaatohydrodynamic lubrication 445 Electronic structure 759 Elongation changes 775 Encapsulation 200 Energy-Dispersive-Xray Analysis (EDAY-9100) 409 Engine tests 212 Environment 336 Equations 383 Ertel and Grubin's formula 715 Ester 616 Evaporation 202 Exhaust 10, 12, 607 Exhaust particulate 608 ExhauBt pipes 542 Exhaust stroke 13 Exhaust valve stems 516 Extraneous friction 471 Extreme pressure (EP) additives 163 Extreme-pressure (EP) properties 335 Fade Test 652 Fatigue corrosion pits 422 Fatigue crack 416 Fatigue strength 278 Field desorption-mass spectrometry (FD-MS) 116 Film thickness 664 Firing stroke 10, 13 Fluid film rupture 413 Foam control 720 Foam inhibitor 149, 152 Formation of thick films 287 Four-ball machine 311 Four ball machine tests 317 Four-ball test 242 Free enthalpy 315 Free radical 180 Friction 732 Friction coefficient 292, 294, 310 Friction curves 294 Friction durability 721 Friction modifiers 149, 163, 465 Friction reduction 287 Friction zone 264 FT-IR 563 Fuel saving motor oils 287 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 116 GC 180 GDS (Glow Discharge Spectroscopy) 272 Green gears 690 Grey-staining 692 Heavy aromate 49 Heavy metals 344 High efficient liquid chromato­ graphy 48 Highly saturated Nitrile Elastomer (HSN) 765 High molecular weight polymer 40 High Speed Deceleration Test 652 High-temperature, high-shear vis­ cosity (HTHSV) 3, 455 Hot tube test 242 HPLC 180 HRMS 50, 563 HTHSV 20 Hydrocarbons (P+N) 49 Hydrocracked mineral oil 125 Hydrodynamic lubrication 700 Hydroperoxide decomposer 247 Hydrophobic film 293 Imino groups 242 Impedance 365 Induction 10, 13 Induction period 287 Induction stroke 12 f., Initial Seizure Load 320 Intergranular fracture 756 Intrinsic viscosity 384 Iodine value 772 Iodometrically 180 Ionic surfactant behaviour 214 IR, NMR 116 Kraemer equation 391 Lacouer precursors 501 Leadfree fuel 430 Leakage 779 Leaks 610 Light aromate 49 Liner wear 517 Load capacity 445 Load-carrying agent 149 Load-carrying capacity 169 Load Wear Indices 320 Locus of minima 31 Low ash additives 632 Low temperature fluidity 721 (PIBBSI) 254 LRMS 50 Zinc dithiophosphates 264 M.102E sludge test 430 Mass spectrometry 48 Matrix interference 102 MAXRD 781 Mean viscosity 388 Metallurgy 167 Metathesis 338 Micelles 242 Micro welds 635 Minimum oil film thickness (MOFT) Mo compounds 694 Molecular weights of polysobutenyl groups 242 Molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) 288 Molybdenum dithiophosphate (MoDTP) 288 Multi-channel analysis (MCA) 118 Multigrade crankcase oil 102 Multiple linear regression 66 Nitrate ion 571 Nitric acid 553 Nitrous ion 571 NMR spectrometry 48 Non-linear regression analysis NOx bubbling test 242 NOx emission 629 Nyquist 365 OCP Oil Oil Oil Oil 67 103 changes 610 corrosion 406 drain intervals 359 flow rate 445 795 Olefin chain length 126 Olefin copolymer (OCP), Oligomers 231 Orbital Combustion Process 630 Organometallics 163 Oxidation inhibitor (antioxidant) 151 Oxidation stability 242 Oxidation-thermal stability 721 Panel coking test 242 Paraffinic 49 Peeling test 204 PEMSI 260 Phenates 212 PIBEA 260 PIBMBSI 257 PIBMSI 260 Piston rings 516 Planetary gears 661 Plasma spectroscopy 270 Plastic properties 285 Plowing 406 PMA 103 P-NMR 563 Polar carboxylic groups 635 Polar group 167 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 605 Polymers 383 Polymethacrylate (PMA) Position of double bond 126 Potassium triborate 263 Pour point depressant 149, 237 Protective film 299 Protective lubricanta 586 Pseudoplastic fluids 452 Radical trapper 247 Radical trapping antioxidant 186 Reaction-catalyst 125 R ear a x le 688 Regression analyse 66 Regression equation 34 Residual mean square, RMS 17 Residual stress 209 Resistance technique 29 Reynold's equation 446 Rig test 224 Ring stick 517 RMS 20 Rubber 765 Running-in phase 408 Rust inhibitor 151 SAE Viscosity Classification J300 3, 24 Salicylates 212 SBCP 103 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 311 Scissor linkage Scuffing 670 Seal compatibility 721 Sediments 612 Semiconductors 759 Shear stability 455 Shear strength 285 796 Shear stress 160 SICP 103 Side leakage 445 Silicon carbide 755 Silicon nitride 753 Silver bearingB 456 Single and multiple regression ana­ lysis 59 Single linear regresaion 66 Sludge 177 Sludge analysis 501 Sludge binders 494, S03 Sludge deposition 495 Sludge formation 493 Sludge precursora 493 Solubility 242 Sommerfeld Number, S 32, 34 Specific gravity 390 Specific viscosity 59 Speed/torque studies Spin turns 652 Standard deviation 388 Stick-slip 732 Storage engine protecting oil 587 Styrene-butadiene (S-B) Styrene-isoprene (S-l) Sulphonates 212 sulphuric 589 Sulphurised alkyl phenols 218 Sump oil temperature 34 Surfaxe electric charge 789 Synergistic-effect 153, 287 Temperature 126, 167 Temperature moderator 7719 Temporary viscosity loss (TVL) 455 Thermal stability 242 Thermogravimetric analysis 317 Thickening tendency 59 Thin film oxygen uptake test 242 f Time 126 TLC 563 Transition concentration regions 293 Tribochemical interaction 761 Tribological agent 149, 152 Tribometry 616 Triethoxy aluminium (TEAL) 309 Turbocharger 542 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methlyphenol (MPH) 186 Two stroke 616 Valve lifters 406 Varnish 502 VI improver 60 f., 102 Viscosity 59, 515 Viscosity increase 59 Viscosity index 59, 223 Viscosity index improver 60, 102, 149, 151, 149 Viscosity Loss Trapezoids (VLT) 481 Viscous grip 484 Viscous tarque signal 471 Volatility 515 Hater 588 Water vapor 753 Wear protection 721 Wear reduction 287 Wear scar 300 Weld load 320 White layer 692 Whitening 692 XHVI (Extra High VI) fluid 125 XPS 781 XPS (X-ray photon electron spectroscopy 275 X-ray Energy Dispersion Spectro­ scopy (EDX) 311 X-ray fluorescence 270 Yellow metals corrosion 721 Young's modulus 206 Zero centistoke base oil 384 Zeta-potential 789 Zinc 102 Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates 156, 167 Zinc dithiophosphates 242, 264, 553 Zinc free 459 Zirconia 756 797 The Authors Section 1.1 T.W Bates Shell Research Ltd., Chester, Great Britain M.A Vickars Esso Research Centre, Abingdon, Great Britain Section 2.5 R.L Shubkin and M.E Kerkemeyer Ethyl Corporation Baton Rouge, USA D.K Walters and J.V Bullen Ethyl Petroleum Additives Ltd Bracknell, Great Britain Section 1.2 J.A Spearot General Motors Research Laboratories Warren, USA Section 3.1 C Kajdas Technical University at Radom, Poland Section 2.1 P Daucik, T Jakubik, N Pronayova and B Zuzi Slovak Technical University Bratislava, Czechoslovakia Section 3.2 S Korcek and M.D Johnson Ford Motor Company Dearborn, USA Section 2.2 H.H Abou el Naga and S.A Bendary MISR Petroleum Co Cairo, Egypt Section 2.3 H.H Abou el Naga, M.M Mohamed and M.F el Meneir Research Centre, MISR Petroleum Co Cairo, Egypt Section 2.4 K Rollins, M Taylor, J.H Scrivens and A Robertson ICI Wilton Materials Research Centre W ilton Middlesborough, Great Britain H Major VG Analytical Ltd Whythenshane, Great Britain 798 Section 3.3 J.M Georges, J.L Loubet, N Alberola and G Meille Ecole Centralede Lyon, France H Bourgognon, P Hoornaert and G Chapelet Centre de Recherche Elf Solaize Saint-Symphorien d'Ozon, France Section 3.4 S.P O'Connor BP Chemicals Hull, Great Britain J Crawford Adibis, Redhill, Great Britain C Cane Adibis, Hull, Great Britain Section 3.5 G Deak, L Bartha and J Proder Veszprem University of Chemical Engineering, Hungary Section 3.6 K Endo and K Inoue Nippon Oil Company Ltd Yokohama, Japan Section 3.7 L Bartha and J Hancsok Veszprem University of Chemical Engineering, Hungary E Bobest Komarom Petroleum Refinery Komarom, Hungary Section 3.8 M.F Morizur and Teysset Institut Francais du P6trole Rueil-Malmaison, France Section 3.9 D Wei, H Song and R Wang Research Institute o f Petroleum Processing Beijing, P.R China Section 3.10 J Dong, G Chen and F Luo Institute o f Logistics Engineering Chongquing, P.R China Section 3.11 G.S Cholakov, K.G Stanulov and I.A Cheriisky Higher Institute o f Chemical Technology Sofia, Bulgaria T Antonov Petrochemical Combine Pleven, Bulgaria Section 3.12 M Born, J.C Hipeaux, P Marchand and G Parc Institut Francais du Petrole Rueil-Malmaison, France Section 3.13 G Monteil, A.M Merillon and J Lonchampt Peugeot S.A Voujeaucour, France C Roques-Carmes ENSMM Besancon, France Section 3.14 H Bourgognon and C Rodes Centre de Recherche Elf Solaize Lyon, France C Neveu and F Huby Rohm & Haas European Operations Paris, France Section 3.15 Y de Vita, I.C Grigorescu and G.J Lizardo Intevep S.A Caracas, Venezuela Section 4.1 A Quilley Adibis BP Chemicals (Additives) Ltd Redhill, Great Britain Section 4.2 Part I + Part 11 S.L A ly, M.O.A Mokhtar, Z.S Safar, A.M Abdel-Magid, M.A Radwan and M.S Khader Cairo University Cairo, Egypt Section 4.3 J.R Nanda, G.K Sharma, R.B Koganti and P.K Mukhopadhyay Indian Oil Corporation Ltd Faridabad, India R.M Sundaram Ministry of Railways Lucknow, India 799 Section 4.4 T.W Selby Savant Inc Midland, USA T.J Tolton Dow Corporation Freeland, USA Section 4.12 D Moura and J.-P Legeron Cofran Research Sari La Rochelle, France Section 4.13 D Kenbeek and G van der Waal Unichema International Gouda, The Netherlands Section 4.5 C.D Neveu Rohm & Haas European Operations Paris, France W Bottcher Rohm GmbH Chemische Fabrik Darmstadt, Germany Section 5.1 D.J Neadle Small man Lubricants Ltd West Bromwich, Great Britain Section 4.6 P.G Carress Adibis — BP Chemicals (Additives) Ltd Redhill, Great Britain Section 5.2 B.M O'Connor The Lubrizol Corporation W ickliffe, USA H Winter Technical University Munich Munich, Germany Section 4.7 D.C Roberts Esso Petroleum Co Ltd Abingdon, Great Britain Section 4.8 P T ritthart, F Ruhri and W Cartellieri A V L-List Ges.m.b.H Graz, Austria Section 4.9 J.A McGeehan and E.S Yamaguchi Chevron Research Company Richmond, USA Section 4.10 A Zakar Hungarian Hydrocarbon Institute Szazhalombatta, Hungary G Borsa Danube Refinery Szazhalombatta, Hungary Section 4.11 P van Donkelaar Greentech Research sprl Essen, Belgium 800 Section 6.1 S Watanabe and H Ohashi Tonen K.K Corporate Saitama, Japan Section 6.2 G Venizelos and G Lassau Conservatoire National des A rt et Metiers Paris, France P Marchand Institut Francais du P6trole Rueil-Malmaison, France Section 6.3 A.G Papay Ethyl Petroleum Additives Division St Louis, USA Section 6.4 R.F Watts and R.K Nibert Exxon Chemical Company Linden, USA Section 7.1 T.E Fischer and W.M Mullins Stevens Institute o f Technology Hoboken, USA Section 7.3 H Hirabayashi, K Kiryu, K Okada, A Voshino and T Koga Eagle Industry Co Ltd Okayama-ken, Japan Section 7.2 M Oyama, H Shimoda, H Sakakida and T Nakagawa Nippon Zeon Co Ltd Tokyo, Japan 801