Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! VEHICLE DESIGN Vehicle Design guides readers through the methods and processes designers use to create and develop some of the most stunning vehicles on the road Written by Jordan Meadows, a designer who worked on the 2015 Ford Mustang, the book contains interviews with design directors at firms including Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Hyundai Motor Group, and Ford Motor Company, among other professionals Case studies from Ford, Mazda, and Jeep illustrate the production process from research to execution with more than 245 color behind-the-scenes images in order to help readers create vehicles drivers will cherish VEHICLE DESIGN AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES IN TRANSPORTATION DESIGN JORDAN MEADOWS First published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Taylor & Francis The right of Jordan Meadows to be identifi ed as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-68559-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-68560-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-54314-7 (ebk) Designed and typeset by Alex Lazarou (alexlazarou@aol.com) CONTENTS p.viii > FIGURES p.xiv > ACKNOWLEDGMENTS p.xv > STATEMENT OF AIMS p.xvi > INTRODUCTION CHAPTER p.1 > VISION CHAPTER p.15 > LET THE JOURNEY BEGIN! p.1 > IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITY, DEFINING A VISION, SETTING TARGETS p.2 > VERBALIZING THE VISION: IS A MENTAL PICTURE WORTH p.15 > > IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE p.21 > p.5 > WHY IS A NARRATIVE IMPORTANT? STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES AND INTRODUCTION TO THE IDEA OF NARRATIVE IN DESIGN 1000 WORDS? p.3 ANALYZE UNDERSTANDING A USER AND VISUALLY SHOWING WHY AN IDEA SHOULD BE USED IN A GIVEN EXPERIENCE p.23 > HOW TO CONSTRUCT A OPPORTUNITIES IN YOUR NARRATIVE TO ESTABLISH PORTFOLIO MOTIVATION RESEARCH EXAMPLES p.27 > OF PERSONAL DESIGN Q&A: ANGELA WELTMAN ON CONSUMER INSIGHTS MANIFESTO AND DESIGN MOVEMENTS p.8 > CHAPTER IDENTIFY A CUSTOMER AND MARKET OPPORTUNITY p.35 > EXPERIENCE p.10 > Q&A: RALPH GILLES, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT VERBALIZE SPREADING THE WORD AND GENERATING A MISSION STATEMENT BASED ON AN EMOTIONAL p.35 > SPREADING THE WORD AND GENERATING A MISSION OF DESIGN, FCA STATEMENT p.36 > UNDERSTANDING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN BRAND AND DESIGN BRIEF p.37 > CREATING A DESIGN BRIEF p.39 > CASE STUDY: MAZDA MOTORSPORTS AND FURAI CONCEPT MISSION AND BRIEF p.53 > Q&A: ROBERT DAVIS, SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, MAZDA NORTH AMERICA AND HEAD OF MAZDA MOTORSPORTS contents v CHAPTER p.61 > IDEATE CHAPTER p.81 > CREATING A UNIQUE VISUAL DNA BASED ON A DESIGN BRIEF p.61 > GET GOING! STARING AT A > EXPLORE VARIOUS VEHICLE p.81 > NEEDS OF YOUR TARGET p.81 > p.83 > CONSIDER THE POWERTRAIN p.83 > p.84 > > > MAKING A FINAL SELECTION p.110 > p.111 > EXPLORE UNIQUE VISUAL DNA FOR A VEHICLE BASED ON PROTOTYPE MAGIC, RISK AND BALANCING SCIENCE WITH SORCERY p.113 > FINAL THEME SELECTION Q&A: PETER SCHREYER, p.124 > THE FINAL CUT CHAPTER CHAPTER p.93 > YOUR DESIGN BRIEF > BEGIN TO EXPLORE SURFACE LANGUAGE p.74 > p.94 > EXPLORE DETAILS, AND UNIQUE SELLING POINTS AND FEATURES p.75 > CREATE A RANGE OF CHOICES p.76 > Q&A: FREEMAN THOMAS, p.95 > CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT AND PROCESSING IMAGERY p.128 > BRINGING IDEAS TOGETHER, ARCHITECTURAL AND VISUAL FOUNDATION THE MAJOR LEAGUE: DESIGN UX (USER EXPERIENCE) DESIGN IN OVERVIEW p.130 > EXPERIENCES IN MOTION: UX FOR VEHICLES ESTABLISHING AN DIRECTOR, FORD MOTOR > > COMPOSITION RELEASING THE WILD HORSE p.104 p.127 CREATING AN OVERALL GLOBAL ADVANCED DESIGN COMPANY SYNTHESIZE BRINGING IDEAS TOGETHER, COMPONENT DESIGN, AND THE APPLICATION OF UX EXTERIOR, PART > > > CASE STUDY: FORD MUSTANG p.94 p.96 p.127 DEVELOP DEVELOPING KEY THEMES: FORD MUSTANG CASE STUDY, PART OBJECTIVES ESTABLISHED IN p.74 CREATING AN INITIAL DESIGN KIA/HYUNDAI STRUCTURE AND A ARCHITECTURE > CASE STUDY: FORD MUSTANG, PART FRAMEWORK FOR VEHICLE p.68 REFINING PROPOSALS AND CHIEF DESIGN OFFICER, MOTIVATING THE VEHICLE! p.65 UNDERSTANDING COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING IMPLICATIONS ON BASIC PACKAGING IT’S PHYSICALLY p.109 SEGMENTATION AND OPPORTUNITY > SELECTING KEY DIRECTIONS DESIGN STRATEGY: A BRIEF SELECT REFINING PROPOSALS AND MAKING A FINAL SELECTION: FORD MUSTANG CASE STUDY, PART OVERVIEW CUSTOMER AND MARKET p.64 > AND IDENTIFYING THEMES PACKAGES AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS BASED ON THE p.109 SELECTING KEY DIRECTIONS AND IDENTIFYING THEMES BLANK PAGE p.62 IMPLEMENT CHAPTER p.133 > STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR VEHICLE UX p.136 > DEVELOPMENT IN FULL-SIZE LOOKING FORWARD: UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES p.137 > CASE STUDY: JEEP WILLYS CONCEPT, COMPONENT DESIGN vi contents CHAPTER p.147 > p.179 > VICE PRESIDENT, PRODUCT MODEL DEVELOPMENT, AND CHIEF MAKING IT HAPPEN AND TRANSLATION TO DIGITAL AND 3-D p.147 > MAKING IT HAPPEN! p.149 > VIRTUAL 3-D AND THE DIGITAL DESIGN PROCESS p.154 > DIGITAL SKETCH MODELING p.156 > THREE-DIMENSIONAL DATA > RAPID VALIDATION MOCK-UPS p.159 > CASE STUDY: CLAY MODELING, MAZDA KIORA CONCEPT p.165 > MODEL FABRICATION p.167 > p.187 > MODEL-MAKING LAUNCH POWER TO THE PEOPLE: TELLING THE STORY, PRESENTING TO MANAGEMENT, THE PUBLIC, AND THE CONSUMER p.188 > > p.189 > MANAGEMENT, AND KEY AHEAD p.197 > > PITCHING TO PROSPECTIVE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION p.198 > > LAUNCHING A VEHICLE BUILD p.192 > Q&A: MORAY CALLUM, p.200 > NEW AND EMERGENT MOBILITY PARADIGMS p.200 > CONNECTIVITY AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS p.201 > ZERO EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY p.206 > AUTONOMOUS AND DRIVERLESS SCENARIOS VICE PRESIDENT OF DESIGN, FORD MOTOR COMPANY FUTURE POPULATION SCENARIOS USERS, SELLING NEW p.191 LOOKING FORWARD: FACTORS CHANGING THE STAKEHOLDERS p.190 TAKING STOCK OF LESSONS LEARNED WHILE LOOKING PRESENTING TO CLIENTS, CHAPTER 10 BECOMING A REALITY, ENGINEERING, MASTERING, AND SHARING A DESIGN PROPOSAL WITH THE LARGER PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY > PRESENTATIONS, AND THE VIEWERS ON AN IDEA p.171 p.197 CRITIQUES, CONSTRUCTIVE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS EVALUATE TAKING STOCK OF LESSONS LEARNED AND LOOKING TOWARD THE CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT OF THE IDEA AND ITS REPLACEMENT CHAPTER 11 DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF > MOTOR COMPANY 3-D PRINTING, RAPID PROTOTYPING, AND HARD p.197 TECHNICAL OFFICER, FORD DEVELOPMENT p.156 CHAPTER 12 Q&A: RAJ NAIR, EXECUTIVE p.209 > NEW QUESTIONS FOR DESIGNERS p.209 > KEY IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGNERS p.171 > VETTING AN IDEA p.211 > ABOUT THE AUTHOR p.172 > ENGINEERING, PROCESSING, p.212 > GLOSSARY p.216 > BIBLIOGRAPHY p.217 > INDEX AND TESTING p.177 > MARKET RESEARCH, CLINICS, AND GAUGING ACCEPTANCE p.178 > EARLY-STAGE VETTING FOR DESIGNERS contents vii FIGURES 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 viii Process locator gauge A typical brainstorming session involving imaginary personas, which cars they might enjoy, and keywords that express the emotional and pragmatic targets for the intended user SWOT analysis can be a fluid exercise undertaken with Post-it notes, and adds value to any brainstorming session The Dodge Kahuna concept, front view, featuring a dominant truck-like Dodge graphic, robust crossover stance and pillars-less window aperture in which all glass drops for open air cruising The Dodge Kahuna concept, rear view Featuring a technical progressive lamp graphic that accentuates a forward-swept rear profi le hearkening back to classic American people movers The Dodge Kahuna concept, debuted at the North American International Auto Show, is an example of a design study that intentionally sought to elicit strong emotional reactions from its viewers The creative team generated the concept through strategic analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the brand that was known to be the design leader in the people mover segment Design, being different from art, is a blend of the personal vision that seeks to offer a unique experience for a user, the simple equation can form the foundation for any design exercise 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Industrial design powerhouse IDEO developed this figure that depicts an ideal blend of three key attributes to deliver resonant and meaningful design work Ralph Gilles, Head of Design, FCA Global Design development sketches from the team responsible for the original Chrysler 300 M Chrysler Chronos concept shown on the left, and the final application of the theme on the original Chrysler 300 M production car seen on the righthand side Process locator gauge Graphic indicating central focus of the why part of the design equation Maslow’s pyramid of needs Carl Jung’s archetypes depicted in radial formation with their basic orientations indicated Typical example of generational chart outlining key groups, their formative experiences, and examples of defining products The intended emotional experience for the concept A broad overview of the intended target user An image board created to display key product influences that provide the user the ability to enjoy a particular intended experience Broad overview of market analysis depicting a trend toward eco-friendly, zero emissions vehicles A basic storyboard template outlining the compositional figures 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 elements of a narrative, adapted from various open-source storytelling guides A typical journey map, a more detailed way of developing the narrative in conjunction with a storyboard, the image here depicts off-road outing as an example Storyboards for Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, depicting usage scenarios for Gen Y families Storyboards for Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, depicting usage scenarios for Gen Y singles Angela Weltman, cognitive psychologist Process locator gauge Three key elements essential in developing a brand philosophy Essential components of a typical design brief Mazda Nagare concept, featuring body side textures inspired by nature Mazda Ryuga concept, sibling to the Mazda Nagare concept, that explored different textures and proportions Mazda Hakaze concept, exploring an all-road application of the design DNA Mazda Taiki concept, using the DNA to express a sense of lightweight, flowing elegance Mazda Furai concept, front tip up view Inspirational image created to focus discussion on rotary and racing heritage Mazda Furai concept, front view depicting deep arrow channels 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 sculpted to provide optimum flow while also communicating signature Mazda front-end graphic DNA appearance Mazda Furai concept, side view depicting dynamic body side sculpting and dominant rear wing Mazda Furai concept, front three-quarter view showing the impact of different color on rear of body side sculpture Mazda Furai concept, top view showing extreme arrow channels allowing optimal flow from front to rear and dramatic sculptural impact Early Mazda Furai concept, study depicting progressive sculpture with modern forms complemented by colors inspired by classic endurance racing cars Mazda Furai concept, presented at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, side view image captured as vehicle turns through hairpin corner Mazda Furai concept, presented at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, rear three-quarter tip-up view captured on straight-way Mazda Furai concept, presented at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, side tip-up view captured in pit lane Mazda Furai concept, engine cover detail featuring micro rotary pattern graphic Mazda Furai concept, presented at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, accelerating through turn Mazda Furai concept, elevated on integrated pneumatic pit stands Mazda Furai concept, interior featuring key controls integrated with removable steering wheel Le Mans-winning Mazda 787B Le Mans-winning Mazda 787B Mazda Furai concept, presented at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, side view featuring 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 4.0 Negare body side textures, accelerating through turn Mazda continues to look forward considering how its racing DNA may evolve in the distant future with the Mazda Kann, experimental future electric racer, front view depicted Mazda Kann experimental racer study took top honors winning the prestigious Designers Challenge at the Los Angeles International Auto Show in 2008 Mazda LM 55 design concept, study executed for GT6 Sony PlayStation videogame, rear view featuring advanced spoiler and diffuser Mazda LM 55 design concept, study executed for GT6 Sony PlayStation videogame, front view featuring evolved Mazda DNA graphic MNAO VP Robert Davis Mazda RX Vision concept, displayed at the Tokyo Motor Show in 2015, pays homage to classic rotary sports cars from Mazda’s past while featuring the Kodo Design Language Mazda RX Vision concept, rear three-quarter featuring sophisticated emotional body side highlight composition Mazda Cosmo 110, front view, illustrating roots of Mazda’s sporting DNA Mazda Cosmo 110, rear view featuring lightweight, poised athletic, sporting stance common in almost all sports cars to this day Mazda Miatas racing through turn one at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca Four iterations of Miata and MX cup racers, making the Mazda experience available to the masses through successive generations Process locator gauge figures 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 The key elements of vehicle packaging Side view of typical driver mannequin with H-point indicated by the circle Package drawing featuring occupant and tactical layout for Toyota Cross Cruiser concept Supplemental copy of vehicle inspirations that depict the desired Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, user experience Image illustrating hypothesis of increased demand for zero emissions vehicles of how to add emotional appeal to the genre Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, inspirational loose rapid ideation sketches Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, intermediate theme development exploring proportion, form, graphic and signature lines Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, final two-dimensional side view elevation drawing done in conjunction with the package in preparation for threedimensional validation via model-making Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, front three-quarter sketch, showing design and appearance intent for the front end graphics and overall stance of the vehicle Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, front three-quarter rendering of digital model Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, rear three-quarter theme rendering depicting subtle surface articulation and graphic details Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, three-quarter rendering of the digital model Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, side view rendering of digital model Toyota Cross Cruiser concept, rendering of digital model featuring overboard concept and ix 12.19 Autonomous technology possible adoption rates of moving forward in the future, adapted from McKinsey Automotive and IHS Insights studies Source: image credit, Jordan Meadows 12.20 Velodyne LIDAR sensor, essential for enabling autonomous vehicles to read their surroundings Source: image credit, Ford degree of artificial intelligence The change in our relationship to personal modes of transportation will undoubtedly alter how we use our time both inside and outside of vehicles It will have an impact on our communities, cities, roads, and public spaces In principle it will also offer enhanced safety As with all new technology, autonomous self-driving vehicles offer new possibilities that will also pose new questions and new responsibilities The very nature of how these vehicles will be integrated into the fabric of our 208 evaluate taking stock of lessons learned lives will be the result of decisions made by designers moving forward (see Figure 12.20) New Questions for Designers When these five key factors are combined, the industry is faced with new questions In combining these evolving macro trends, one quickly understands the potential for radical disruption of traditional business models in the world of vehicle design, marketing, and manufacturing Consider the bygone era when the average person purchased hard copies of music rather than downloading and sharing The record industry experienced massive change due to technology Moreover, one could argue the very nature in which we appreciate music shifted The world of imaging has experienced a fundamental shift as well Analog cameras were at one time quite popular Large corporations such as Fuji and Kodak were quite successful in offering and developing film Digital imaging has undeniably altered the way most of us capture, process, and share images From journalism to publishing, the list of traditional industries upended by the advent of new technology is not a short one Anyone actively engaged in the vehicle and transportation sector should consider where they stand in this regard This is particularly crucial for designers as they are directly responsible for the aesthetic, human, and emotional qualities of the user experience These macro trends indicate that the way many of us purchase and use our vehicles is likely to change While some consumers will always opt for traditional vehicle ownership, one can imagine the day when shared usage will become ubiquitous As demand for different types of mobility grows, and technology offers ways to make mobility less burdensome, users will have a broader range of ways to access transportation Many of these choices will not involve going into a traditional dealership every few years to purchase or lease a vehicle The key question for traditional vehicle manufacturers then becomes how to monetize mobility They will have to remain competitive in their current areas of expertise However, many of the opportunities for growth moving forward will not be from the sources familiar to them Future growth will come as a result of new business propositions created by the confluence of new technologies and sociocultural trends To remain competitive and grow, traditional vehicle manufacturers must evolve to include services and experiences As the competitive landscape is redefined to include services and experiences in the technology age, new competitors will emerge Where vehicle manufacturers traditionally competed among themselves, they are now potentially faced with competition from a range of technology-based service providers For example, the big three at one point in time referred to General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler It then evolved to more accurately refer to Toyota, Volkswagen, and General Motors Moving forward, the three key players in the transportation world may not only include traditional automotive manufacturers As a result, core competencies will be reframed The scope of product development and evaluate taking stock of lessons learned design will undoubtedly evolve To be successful in this fluid and competitive world, successful vehicle manufacturers will have to simultaneously learn new skills and leverage partnerships when necessary In fact, the central focus of some organizations may shift in a quantum way Consider if a company like Apple had only remained a computer manufacturer and ignored mobile phones or music Just imagine then how key players in the vehicle world may involve moving forward Key Implications for Designers As stated before, creating future scenarios for any business can be a bit like predicting the weather In considering these key factors and their impact on the world of vehicle design and transportation, it’s important to remember that none of them are actually etched in stone It is true that they exist currently; however, they are evolving to varying degrees and subject to whatever unpredictable twists, turns, and occurrences the future may hold Change may take place slowly, or it may occur rapidly, but in either case you can be certain that much of the timing and outcome is truly uncertain This is one of the things that makes design exciting We can be certain, however, that people will always have a need for transportation For as long as we’ve been around, we’ve had the need to get around Furthermore, we’ve always had a desire to appear a certain way while traveling Vehicles are and will continue to be an integral part of our society, from the days of horse-drawn wagons to autonomous self-driving automobiles And considering that horses are intelligent animals and 209 stories exist of them navigating on their own, one can draw parallels Through the ages, history and human nature have also shown us that narrative is crucial to the way we view ourselves and how we interact with the world around us The need for visual meaning is deep within and informs the way we create and appreciate design on a psychological level It’s the framework for the aesthetic principles behind everything we create, see, and experience This phenomenon will remain vital in the way transportation providers offer and communicate their goods and services in the future As long as humans have different personalities with opinions on how they would prefer to move through the world, designers will offer an array of choices to suit their needs Notes McKinsey & Company Automotive Revolution – Perspective Towards 2030: How the Convergence of Disruptive Technology-Driven Trends Could Transform the Auto Industry (Advanced Industries, 2016) Available at: www.mckinsey de/files/automotive_revolution_ perspective_towards_2030.pdf United Nations department of economic and social affairs – World’s population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas Available at: www.un.org/en/development/ desa/news/population/worldurbanization-prospects-2014.html The Rise of the Sharing Economy (Thinkers 50, 2013) Available at: thinkers50.com/wp-content/ uploads/The-Rise-of-the-SharingEconomy.pdf How will the Internet of Things look by 2025? Lee Rainie (Pew Research Center 2016) Available at: www.pewinternet org/2016/03/29/how-will-theinternet-of-things-look-by-2025/ With emergent technology bordering on mysterious and magical, trust and promise become ever more important Users will need to see and understand that their wants, needs, and safety have been given the utmost importance Vehicles will need to not only offer transportation, but also communicate a sense of advancement and well-being And now more than ever, designers are the ones to deliver that message and shape a vision of a better tomorrow! 210 evaluate taking stock of lessons learned ABOUT THE AUTHOR JORdAN MEAdOWS was a key member of the Mustang design team Prior to Ford, he served as Design Manager at Mazda While there, his team completed the noteworthy Nagare concepts Prior to this, Meadows was a Team Leader at Volkswagen During his time at Volkswagen, Meadows assisted the realization of an advanced studio near Berlin Meadows began at Chrysler creating the Jeep Willys and Dodge Kahuna concepts A graduate of the Royal College of Art, and the Rhode Island School of Design, he now resides in Los Angeles, and serves as a Design Specialist at Ford’s Global Advanced Design Group and a faculty member at the ArtCenter College of Design (see Figure 12.21) 12.21 Vehicle Design: Aesthetic Principles in Transportation Design author Jordan Meadows Source: image credit, Jordan Meadows about the author 211 GLOSSARY Glossary words appear in bold on their first occurrence in the chapter Some definitions in the Glossary have been paraphrased from the sources below and blended with the author’s personal knowledge: Merriam-Webster www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 3-D Design (or development programs) The process of using specialized computer software to develop a digital representation of the surface of any threedimensional object Aerodynamic (1) The qualities of an object that affect how easily it is able to move through the air; (2) Designed in a way that reduces wind drag and thereby increasing fuel efficiency Aesthetic (or Aesthetic Principles) (1) The philosophical theory or set of principles governing the idea of beauty at a given time and place; (2) A set of principles underlying and guiding the work of a particular artist or artistic movement; (3) The philosophy of art; the study of beauty and taste The term aesthetic is also used to designate a particular style, for example “Japanese aesthetics.” Aesthetic design principles include ornamentation, edge delineation, texture, flow, solemnity, symmetry, color, granularity, the interaction of sunlight and shadows, transcendence, and harmony ALMS (American Le Mans Series) A sports car racing series based in the United States and Canada It consisted of a series of endurance and sprint races, and was created in the spirit of the 24 Hours of Le Mans Archetypes See Carl Jung 212 glossary Autonomous Technology Any kind of technology that allows for function without human input; in relation to vehicles, it is a car that is capable of driving, sensing its surroundings, and navigating without human input Autonomy (Autonomous Technology/Vehicles) The state of functioning, existing, or driving independently Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) A vehicle that uses batteries and electric motors instead of an internal combustion engine for propulsion Body on Frame An automobile construction method; mounting a separate body to a rigid frame that supports the drivetrain was the original method of building automobiles and continues today B-Pillar The vertical or near vertical supports of a car’s window area, designated as A, B, C, or (in larger cars) D The B-pillars reside where the driver and passengerside windows end Carl Jung Psychologist, Carl Gustav Jung used the concept of archetypes in his theory of the human psyche He believed that universal, mythic characters (see Archetypes) reside within the collective unconscious of all people and are the psychic counterpart of instinct Clay Modeling The process of manipulating clay which can be used to sculpt shapes and figures As related to vehicle design, it is a way to transform a sketch into a three-dimensional object so it can be studied and reviewed Design Movement A specific philosophy or ideal that is followed and promoted by a group of artists for a defined period of time, examples are: Abstract Expressionism, Art Deco, Minimalism, Cubism, etc CNC (Computer Numerical Controlled) Machine A highly automated device that uses computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs to produce an object by cutting material or building up material in layers Design Strategy A discipline which helps individuals and firms determine what to do, why to it, and how to inform selections, both immediately and over the long term The process involves the interplay between design and business strategy Competitive Benchmarking The continuous process of comparing a firm’s practices and performance measures with one of its most successful competitors Digital Design (or Digital Sketch Modeling) The process of using a computer and software programs to create pixel-based images and renderings of prototypes and/or graphics Concept Car A car made to showcase new styling and/or new technology Often they are shown at motor shows to gauge customer reaction to newness and may or may not be mass-produced Cowl Point The top portion of the front part of an automobile body, supporting the windshield and dashboard Design (1) Creative problem solving; (2) The creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object or a system creating a solution to a problem; (3) To plan or make something for a specific use or purpose; (4) To plan and make decisions about how something will be built or created Design Brief An overview for a design project developed by a business need, the focus is on the desired results of the design, not the aesthetics DNA (Brand-Concept) Words, images, and experiences that are the fundamental elements of an organization, creating clarity and unity about its vision and purpose Engineer A practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics, and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical, social, and commercial problems An automotive engineer incorporates elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software, and safety engineering as applied to the design, manufacture, and operation of motorcycles, automobiles, and trucks Ethanol-Fueled A vehicle running on 100% ethanol fuel or a mix of ethanol and gasoline (flex-fuel) Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol and most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a biofuel additive for gasoline glossary F1 (Formula One) The highest class of open-wheeled, single-seat, auto racing that is sanctioned by the FIA (Federation Internationale de l’Automobile) Fabricator A person who is skilled in constructing a complex finished product from a design idea FCA Group Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, formed in 2014 through the merger of Fiat and Chrysler, it is the seventh-largest automaker in the world that designs, engineers, manufactures, and sells cars, light commercial vehicles, components, and production systems worldwide Hard Model A non-functioning prototype created to evaluate appearance and design HMI (Human–Machine Interface) Any design application that presents information to an operator or user with intent to implement control instructions, typically displayed in a graphic format, and often governed by software H-Point The theoretical relative location of an occupant’s hip: specifically, the pivot point between the torso and upper leg portions of the body, as used in vehicle design HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) The technology of vehicular environmental comfort, its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable occupant air quality Kodo Design Language The appearance and design DNA associated with Mazda Motor Corporation’s vehicles, typified by sophisticated, sculptural, but minimalistic surfaces 213 Le Mans The world’s oldest active sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since 1923 near the town of Le Mans, France A 24-hour race which is a mix of closed public roads and a specialist racing circuit, in which teams have to balance speed with their car’s ability to withstand mechanical damage Market Opportunity A situation in which a company can meet an unsatisfied customer need before its competitors A newly identified need, want, or demand trend, that a firm can take advantage of because it is not being addressed by the competitors Market Research An organized way to gather information about specific target markets or customers Market Target (Target Customer) A particular group of consumers at which a product or service is aimed Mill (or Digital Milling) The computer-controlled machining process of using rotary cutters to remove material from an object by advancing (or feeding) in a direction at an angle with the axis of the tool It covers a wide variety of different operations and machines, on scales from small individual parts to large, heavyduty operations Mission Statement (Corporate Vision) A statement which is used to communicate the purpose and/or goals of an individual or organization Mobility (Mobility Design) Referring to the broadest definition of transportation products, experiences, and systems capable 214 of moving people or objects from one place to another sporty or performance-oriented image Modeler A person who makes models, especially from a plastic medium such as clay Powertrain The main components that generate power and deliver it to the road surface, water, or air; this includes the engine, transmission, drive shafts, differentials, and the final drive Monocoque A structural design approach whereby a vehicle’s stresses and loads are supported through its body or external skin Muscle Car Any group of American-made, two-door sports coupes with powerful engines, designed for high performance driving Narrative The art, technique, or process of telling a cohesive story NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational Basis Spline) A mathematical model commonly used in computer graphics for generating and representing curves and surfaces It offers great flexibility and precision for handling both analytic (surfaces defined by common mathematical formulae) and modeled shapes Occupant Sightlines (Vision Angles) The area available for driver or occupant observation out of a vehicle, not obscured by bodywork, or componentry Performance Car An automobile that is designed and constructed specifically for driving enthusiasts, performance cars are road vehicles Specially designed racecars are not regarded as performance cars, but performance cars are often raced Pony Car An American class of automobile launched and inspired by the Ford Mustang in 1964 The term describes an affordable, compact, highly styled car with a glossary Proportion The relative size, scale, and relationship of various elements in a design Quadrant Positioning Charts A visual communication aid divided into four sections that graphs the positioning of products, experiences, or brands based on predetermined attributes Quarter Scale The percentage of proportional reduction for a design study model R&D (Research and Development) Activities in connection with corporate innovation situated at the front end of the product development lifecycle R&D departments develop new products or may applied research within their field to facilitate future product development and design Rapid Validation Mock-up A low fidelity simulation, model, or prototype constructed to quickly prove a theory or idea Rapid Visualization A technique used by graphic artists to create a drawing of a concept in several stages After the completion of thumbnail drawings, a preferred drawing is selected and rendered in full size, usually in pencil Then a sheet of paper (layout bond) is put over the drawing and it is redrawn/ traced with corrections, additions, and alterations This process is repeated several times, often with color added at some stage, until the image is perfected to the desire of the artist SWOT An acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats: A structured planning method that evaluates those four elements of a project Rotary Engine A type of internal combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into rotating motion, conceived by German engineer, Felix Wankel Track Car A car suited in some way to be used on a racetrack Scale Model A representation or copy of an object that is smaller than the actual size of the object being represented, and very often used as a guide to making the object in full size Semiotics The study of signs and symbols as elements of communicative behavior Sharing Economy (1) Also known as collaborative consumption, a trending business concept that highlights the ability of individuals to rent or borrow goods rather than buy them; (2) A hybrid market model which refers to peer-topeer-based sharing of access to goods and services, coordinated through community-based online services Silhouette The outline or general shape of an object Storyboard An organized form of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of visualizing and defining the creative concept or idea Surface Language An overarching theme or characteristic to an object’s threedimensional finishing used to express a thought and/or feeling steering wheel, doors, and floor in order to evaluate ergonomics, comfort, and function Zero Emissions Refers to an engine, motor, process, or other energy source, that emits no waste products that pollute the environment or disrupt the climate Transportation Design The creative development of vehiclebased products, experiences, and systems capable of moving people or objects from one place to another Uni-body Construction Sometimes referred to as monocoque, it blends both the frame and body into a single unit, onto which reinforcements are added in specific zones UX (User Experience) Design The process of enhancing user satisfaction by improving the usability, accessibility, and pleasure provided in the interaction between the user and the product Vehicle Architecture The manner in which the components of transportation experiences are organized and integrated Vehicle Engineering The design, manufacture, and operation of motorcycles, automobiles, and trucks and their respective engineering subsystems Vehicle Segment Classification schemes that are used to regulate, describe, and categorize vehicles Whalebone Buck (Seating Buck) Sometimes referred to as a packaging buck; an accurate representation of only the vehicle’s interior which may include the seats, pedals, instruments, glossary 215 BIBLIOGRAPHY Booker, Christopher The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories London: A&C Black, 2004 Campbell, Joseph The Hero with a Thousand Faces San Francisco: New World Library, 2008 Cheskin, Louis Why People Buy: Motivation Research and Its Successful Application New York: Ig Publishing, Incorporated, 1959 Damasio, Antonio Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain New York: Quill, 2000 Diller, Steve, Shedroff, Nathan, and Rhea, Darrel Making Meaning: How Successful Businesses Deliver Meaningful Customer Experiences, Berkeley, CA: New Riders, 2005 Gibson, James J The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception London: Routledge, 1986 Gibson, William Neuromancer New York: HarperCollins, 2011 IDEO Design Kit: The Field Guide to Human-Centered Design IDEO.org Jung, Carl The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (Jung’s Collected Works vol 9a) Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959 Jung, Carl Man and His Symbols New York: Dell Publishing, 1968 Kahneman, Daniel, Slovic, Paul, and Tversky, Amos Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1st edn, 1982 Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark Metaphors We Live By Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd edn, 2003 LeDoux, Joseph The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998 216 bibliography Lovell, Sophie Dieter Rams: As Little Design as Possible London: Phaidon Press, 2011 Macey, Stuart and Wardle, Geoff H-Point: The Fundamentals of Car Design and Packaging Los Angeles: Art Center College of Design, 2009 Maslow, Abraham A theory of human motivation Psychological Review, 50(4) (1943): 370–96 McKinsey & Company Automotive Revolution–Perspective Towards 2030: How the Convergence of Disruptive Technology-Driven Trends Could Transform the Auto Industry Advanced Industries, 2016 Available at: www mckinsey.de/files/automotive_ revolution_perspective_ towards_2030.pdf Merriam-Webster Dictionary Available at: www.merriam-webster.com Norman, Don The Design of Everyday Things New York: Basic Books, 2002 Rainie, Lee How will the Internet of Things look by 2025? (Pew Research Center 2016) Available at: www.pewinternet org/2016/03/29/how-will-theinternet-of-things-look-by-2025/ The Rise of the Sharing Economy (Thinkers 50, 2013) Available at: thinkers50.com/wp-content/ uploads/The-Rise-of-the-SharingEconomy.pdf United Nations department of economic and social affairs – World’s population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas Available at: www.un.org/en/development/ desa/news/population/worldurbanization-prospects-2014.html www.daimler.com/company/strategy/ Web (accessed March 2016) www.mazda.com/en/about/vision/ Web (accessed March 2016) INdEX A acceptance, gauging 177–8 accident avoidance systems 206 accountability 79 advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) 206 advertising 178 aerodynamics 43, 59, 63, 65–6, 72, 87, 97, 155, 212 aerospace 78 aesthetics 13, 17, 29, 38–40, 75; aesthetic principles 82, 171, 187, 190–1, 197, 201, 210, 212; and engineering 172, 180, 184; and evaluation 209; and ideation 78; and implementation 83; and modeling 155, 157, 169; and product launches 194; and synthesis of ideas 127, 133, 136 affordances 68 Airbnb 200 airbags 67 Alias 150, 152, 154, 156, 167 all-wheel drive 64–5 ALMS 44, 50, 212 Alpha Romeo 10 aluminum 38, 65, 87, 132, 144, 152 amateur racing 56 analysis 3–4, 7–9, 15–34, 63, 95, 127, 150 Andretti, M 55 animations 191 anthropology 29, 157 anthropomorphization 21, 71 Apple 7, 10, 209 archetypes 18, 27–31, 61, 63–5, 68, 75, 95, 177, 212 architecture, definition 62 armatures 159, 161 ArtCenter College of Design 18, 76 artificial intelligence 208 artwork 191 Asia 54, 102, 179, 189 aspect ratios 65 aspirations 9, 28–9, 31, 57, 67–8, 95 assemblages 128, 200 assembly lines 175 Audi 76, 84, 86–7, 102; Audi 80 87; Audi 100 87; Audi Avant 86; Audi Quattro 86–7; Audi TT 76, 85 audits 136 Auto Union 76 autonomous technology/vehicles 13, 30, 32, 59, 78, 184, 194, 197–8, 206–9, 212 index B B-pillars 113, 119, 212 Baby Boomers 18–19 Bache, D 193 bandwidth of solutions 75, 81–2, 102 batteries 65, 184, 201, 203–4 battery electric vehicles (BEVs) 184, 201, 203–4, 212 Bauhaus beltlines 155, 157, 178 benchmarking 7, 81, 83, 95, 178, 180, 213 Bertone 10 Bertoni, F 192 Birtwistle, P 86 Blake, T 94 blank pages 61 blueprints 31 BMW 57, 62, 87, 102 body on frame 65–6 bodywork 65, 67 brainstorming 1–2, 4–5, 8, 13 brands 11, 13, 18, 23, 213; and engineering 173; and ideation 68, 71–2, 77–8; and implementation 82, 84, 87; and mission statements 35, 39–40, 42, 46, 50, 54, 56; and product development 95, 107, 109; and product launches 192–3; statements of brand essence 36; and synthesis of ideas 132–3 Braun briefs see design briefs building 171–86 bumper beams 67 Burig, G 193 burnout business viability C Cadillac CTSV 86 California 89, 161 Callum, M 187, 192–4 Campbell, J 21, 30 cantilevers 77 carbon fiber 38, 65 caregivers 18, 68 cargo space 66, 72 carryover components 38 Cartesian (XYZ) coordinates 149, 154–5, 157, 164 cartoons 157 case studies 35, 39–52, 93–107, 109–27, 136–45, 147, 159–64 217 Catia 150, 156 centerlines 96, 155, 161 challenges 1, 3, 5, 7, 30; and engineering 184; and evaluation 198, 200, 207; and final selections 110; and ideation 68, 78–9; and implementation 82–3, 87, 89; and mission statements 35–6, 39, 59; and modeling 156, 159, 167; and product development 97; and product launches 188–90, 194; and synthesis of ideas 133; and vision 9, 11, 13 chaos 30, 32 Chapman, C 180 character 21, 29–30, 71–2, 75, 212; and ideation 77–8; and implementation 85, 87, 90–1; and modeling 152, 156; and product development 93, 95–8, 102; and product launches 191 Cheskin, L 17–18 children 30, 68, 157 China 13, 89, 199 choices 61, 68, 75, 81 Chrysler Corporation 4–5, 11–12, 53–4, 86, 192, 209, 213; Chrysler 300 76; Prowler 11; PT Cruiser 11 Citroen DS 192 clarity 30–2, 38 clay models 74, 90, 104, 106–7, 213–14; and engineering 180; and final selections 110, 124; and modeling 147, 149, 152, 154, 156–7, 159–65, 168; and product launches 188 clients 38, 77, 187, 189–91, 198 climax phase 23 clinics 177, 180 cognitive bias 28 collaboration 89–90, 104, 124–5, 188, 193, 215 collective unconscious 18, 28–30 combustion engines 64, 184, 201, 204 commodification 13 communication 22, 28, 30, 32, 36; and evaluation 200, 210; and final selections 124; and ideation 74–5, 78; and implementation 91; and mission statements 38, 40, 46; and modeling 161, ‘152-3 154; and product development 95; and product launches 187–8, 190–1, 194; and synthesis of ideas 128, 132–3, 136, 138 commuting 57–8 competition 3–5, 37–8, 50, 56, 59; and competitive benchmarking 7, 81, 83, 213; and engineering 178, 180; and evaluation 209; and ideation 63, 66–7; and implementation 89–90; and modeling 169; and product development 95, 98, 102, 104, 107 component design 75, 127–46 composition 22, 55, 67–8, 74–5, 96–8; and evaluation 201; and final 218 selections 113, 119, 124; and modeling 150, 155, 157; overall 127–46 computational fluid analysis 43–4, 181 computer numerical controlled (CNC) machines 156, 161, 213 computer-aided models 43, 74 concept cars 18, 35, 39–52, 76, 84, 213 conceptual issues 30–2, 38, 61, 147, 190 connectivity 197–8, 200–2 consultancies 17, 38 consumers 11, 17, 57, 113, 128, 133, 214; and consumer insights 15, 18, 27–32; and engineering 177–8, 181–2, 184; and evaluation 200, 205, 207, 209; and presentations 187–96; and synthesis of ideas 128, 133 context 28, 30–1 contracts 38 Le Corbusier 193 corporations 11, 22, 36, 38–9, 53; and engineering 173, 180; and evaluation 209; and final selections 110; and ideation 66; and product development 94, 104, 106 corrosion 172 Countach 179 Courage C 65 chassis 44 cowl points 155, 213 craftmanship 124, 133, 161, 187, 191 critiques 136, 168, 178, 187–9 crush zones 67 curation 193 Curic, K 94 customers 8–9, 11, 13, 29, 53; and engineering 182; and final selections 125; and ideation 65–6, 78; and implementation 87–8; and mission statements 56–7; and product development 95–7, 102, 104, 106–7; and product launches 188; target customers 28, 30–1, 61–2, 109, 180, 214 CUVs 84 D 3D data development 147, 171, 212 3D models 74, 90, 104, 147–72, 191, 212 3D printing 147, 165 Daimler 36; Noble American Sedan 76 Damasio, A 28 data collection 177, 200–1 data development 147, 156, 168 Davis, R 35, 53–60 daylight opening (DLO) 119 Daytona 179, 182 dealers 53, 106, 125, 209 decision-making 28, 81, 88–9, 97, 104; and engineering 178, 180; and evaluation 197, 209; and final selections 109, 111, 113, 119; and modeling 147, 161; and product launches 188 index deconstructivism 7, demons 7, 38, 172 deployment strategies 147, 167–9 Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany 84 design briefs 1, 35–52, 61–81, 133, 136, 190, 213 design freeze 124 design movements 5–6, 213 design proposals 97, 110, 156–7, 171–86, 193 design strategy 81–2, 87–8, 90–1, 93, 213 detailing 61, 75, 104, 111, 124; and modeling 154, 156, 164–5; and product launches 190–1; and synthesis of ideas 133, 136, 140–2, 145 development 93–108 digital design process 149, 213 digital milling see milling digital models 43, 90, 104, 147–70, 180 Dino 179 DNA 7, 12, 37, 39–40, 213; and ideation 61–80; and implementation 82, 88; and mission statements 42, 44, 46, 50–2, 54, 56; and synthesis of ideas 137 Dodge 4–7, 11; Dodge Kahuna 4–7; Dodge Magnum 86 dreams 1–2, 28–9, 31, 35, 55, 61, 95 driverless technology 197–8, 206–7 Ducati 62 ducks 152 durability 38, 111, 133, 165, 171–2 dynoc 164 E Earl, H 10, 53, 161 easy-to-love design 78 EcoBoost 181–2 ecology 40, 46, 129, 138 economies of scale 201 egress features 132–3, 155, 157, 184 electric cars 50, 65, 184, 201, 203–5 elevations 72 emissions 30, 59, 65, 78, 184, 194, 197–8, 204–5, 215 emotional experiences 8–9, 11, 13, 15–18, 22–3; and engineering 184; and evaluation 209; and ideation 67–8, 78; and implementation 78, 87; and mission statements 27–8, 30, 36, 57; and product launches 187–8; and synthesis of ideas 134 empathy 9, 35, 75, 133, 154, 188, 190 end views 63, 65, 72, 75, 90–1, 155–6 energy types 30 engineering 63, 65, 77–8, 95–6, 98; and final selections 110, 119, 124; and mastering 171–86; and modeling 150, 156, 159; and product development 104; and product launches 192–3; and synthesis of ideas 127; vehicle engineering 215 engineers 156, 180, 182, 184, 213; and analysis 31; and final selections 124; and ideation 77; and modeling 150; and product development 104; and vision 11, 13 enthusiasts 7, 39, 42, 46, 214; development 95, 97; and engineering 181–2; and final selections 125; and ideation 63; and mission statements 50, 53, 57, 59; and product development 102, 106 entry features 132–3, 155, 157 ergonomics 128, 130, 136 Eros 30 ethanol 46, 213 ethics 201 Europe 62, 89, 179, 189 evaluation 31, 75, 97–8, 102, 104; and engineering 172–3, 178, 180; and final selections 113, 125; and improvement 197–211; and modeling 156–7, 162, 164–5, 168; and product launches 188–9; and synthesis of ideas 136 executive reviews 102, 125, 189 Exner, V 54 explorers 18, 23, 63, 65 exposition phase 23 exterior design 94–107, 127, 130, 132, 138, 156–7 F fabricators 165, 213 falling action phase 23 fears 29 feasibility 9, 124, 150, 156, 171, 173, 175, 187 feedback 88, 104, 125, 133, 180 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) 1, 10–11, 213 Fioravanti 179 first impressions 187 first-read phase 75 foam models 112, 156–8, 161, 168 focus groups 78 fonts 172 Ford Motor Company 61, 171, 179, 192, 209; Ford Airstream Concept 76; Ford Explorer America Concept 76; Ford F150 62, 76, 180; Ford Fiesta 62; Ford Figo 180; Ford Fusion 76, 83; Ford GT 180–4, 194; Ford Interceptor Concept 76; Ford Mondeo 76; Ford Mustang 29, 76, 78, 93–107, 109–27, 132, 180, 193–4, 202; Ford North America 94; Ford SR-71 Blackbird 78; Ford Start Concept 76, 158; Ford Sync 202 forecasting 83, 198–200, 209 Formula One (F1) 59, 180, 184, 213 fossil fuels 201 Foyt, A.J 55 frameworks 61, 65, 67–8, 136 framing 28 France 192 freedom 18, 23, 95, 155 freelancers 38 Freud, S 27, 30 front views 71–2, 75, 90–1, 97, 154 functionality 11, 13, 15–16, 23, 40; and engineering 171–3; and evaluation 202, 207; and ideation 61, 63, 77–8; and implementation 82–3, 86; and mission statements 44, 58–9; and product development 95; and product launches 191, 193; and synthesis of ideas 130, 133 future design 13, 31, 36, 50, 59; and engineering 178, 180, 184; and ideation 67, 76, 78; and implementation 83; and improvement 197–211; and product development 102; and product launches 194; and synthesis of ideas 136 G Gale, T 11 Gandini, M 179 General Motors 83, 161, 209; Buick 54; Oldsmobile 54 Generation X 18–19, 68 Generation Y 18, 20, 26 generational groups 18, 27 geometry 149, 152 Germany 11, 76, 84, 89, 102 Gibson, J.J 68 Gibson, W 31 Gilles, R 1, 10–13 Giugiaro, G 10, 179, 193 Go for One decisions 113 goals/goal-setting 2, 7, 28, 31, 35–6; and engineering 172–3; and evaluation 197; and final selections 109; and ideation 67, 74, 77–8; and implementation 83; and modeling 147, 157; and product development 95, 97; and product launches 188, 190; and synthesis of ideas 133, 136 Golden Rule 188 Gosling, R 96 graphical user interfaces (GUI) 128, 130, 136 graphics 68, 71–2, 74–5, 85, 90; and final selections 110, 113, 119, 124; and modeling 154, 157, 164; and product launches 191; and synthesis of ideas 130, 133 gravity 155 Gropius, W H H-points 63–6, 161, 213 index haptics 132–3, 191 hard models 147, 149, 161, 167, 213; and engineering 172; fabrication of 165; and final selections 111–13, 124; and implementation 86, 88 hardware 75, 130, 136 Harley-Davidson 62, 132 headers 142, 155 Heffernan, J 86 heritage 37, 42, 44, 46, 50, 58, 97–8, 182 heroes 7, 10, 18, 23, 27–8; and analysis 30; and engineering 172, 179; and evaluation 197; and ideation 63–5, 76–7; and mission statements 53–5; and modeling 167; and product development 96; and product launches 190, 192 heuristics 28 hierarchy of needs 17 Hill, P 55 hip (H) point 63–6 Hollywood 29, 96, 125 Honda 83 hot rods 11 human-machine interfaces (HMI) 128, 130, 156, 172, 213 HVAC 130, 213 hydrogen fuel tanks 65, 204–5 Hyundai Motor Group 84, 87–8, 93; Hyundai Genesis 84, 88–9; Hyundai Sonata 87 I Id 30 ideal section 156 ideal self 28–9, 31 ideation/ideas 61–80; bringing together 127–46; continuous improvement of 197–211; exchange of 187–8; generation of 190; and new viewers 187, 190–1; vetting 171–3, 178, 180–1, 187 identification 1, 3, 8–9, 13, 81–92 identity 27 ideology IHS Insights 208 imagery/image boards 20, 67–8, 93, 96, 113, 133, 147, 191 implementation 81–92 implications 197, 209 impressionism India 89, 199 individuation 28 information architecture 130 infotainment 136, 202 innovation 7, 31–2, 82, 180, 190, 201 inspiration 1, 5, 7–8, 27–9, 214; and analysis 31; and ideation 67–8, 76–7; and mission statements 35, 39, 42, 44, 46, 54–6, 58; and product development 98; and synthesis of ideas 133 Insta-cart 200 insurance 66, 173, 207 219 interior design 15, 127–32, 152, 156–7, 167, 172, 178, 191, 194 Internet of Things 197–8, 200–1 internships 86 intuition 29, 77–9, 83, 88, 104, 106, 110, 133, 180, 194 investment 3, 78, 172, 177 Isem Surf 150 isometric views 72, 155 Issigonis, A 192 Italdesign Giugiaro 10 Italy 192 Ive, J J Japan 54, 56, 192 Jeep 11, 38, 63, 133, 138; Jeep Willys Concept 127–32, 136–45; Wrangler 63; Wrangler Unlimited 63 Jinba Ittai 56 Johnson, K 78 journey maps 23–5, 133–6 Jung, C.G 18–19, 27–9, 212 K Kahneman, D 28 Katayama, Y 55–6 key directions 81–92 key frame instructions 136 keywords 2, 95 Kia/Hyundai 81, 84, 87, 93; Kia Optima 87; Kia Soul 84–5, 87; Kia Sportage 87 kill rates 171 Kodo Design Language 54, 213 Komenda, E 76–8 Korea 39, 87–9 Kuzak, D 180 L Lakoff, G 28 languages 85 Lapine, A 76 latent needs 13 launches 187–96 law/legislation 66, 207 layout 65, 98, 119, 136 lead-times leadership 39, 53, 58, 78, 88, 110, 124 LeDoux, J 28 legibility 133, 172 lesson plans 38 lessons learned 197–211 Lexus 189 lifestyle 86 lighting 75 Lincoln 192; Lincoln C Concept 76 Lockheed Martin: Lockheed Constellation 78; P-38 Lightning 78 Los Angeles Auto Show 40 220 Lotus Esprit 179 Loyer, M 163 luxury cars 29, 82, 175, 189 Lyft 200 M Macey, S 63 McKinsey Automotive 208 McQueen, S 95 Maeda, I 54 magic 81, 83, 90–1, 210 management presentations 187–96 mannequins 63–4 Le Mans 46, 50, 58, 180, 214 manufacturers 3, 27, 50, 53, 82; and engineering 172, 175, 177, 184; and evaluation 198, 200, 205, 209; and product development 102, 106–7 market research 104, 110, 113, 125, 171, 177–8, 180, 187, 214 marketing 17, 53, 106, 110, 124, 180, 209 markets/marketplace 3–4, 8–9, 11, 17, 57; and engineering 171, 177–8, 180, 184; and implementation 86, 88; and mission statements 59; and product development 106, 109 Maslow, A 17–18 mass production 172–3, 177, 204 Maya 150, 154–6 Mazda Corporation 36–7, 39, 192; Cosmo 46, 56; Furai Concept 35, 39–52, 59; Hakaze 40; Halo 39; Kann 50; Mazda 787b 46, 50, 58–9; Mazda Kiora Concept 147, 159–68; Mazda LM 55 50, 59; Mazda Motorsports 35, 39–53; MAZDASPEED Driver Development 53; Miata 56–7, 59; Nagare 39–40, 44, 46, 54; RENESIS engines 46; RX 54–6; Ryuga 40; Six GT 57; Taiki 40 Mazda North American Operations (MNAO) 42, 53, 58–9 media 188 mentors 86, 91, 180 Mercedes Benz 82, 87, 102, 189; Mercedes Smart 62 MetalBack Café Racer 148–54 metaphors 27–8, 30–1 metaphysics 21 Mies van der Rohe, L milling 102, 104, 110, 156–8, 161, 167–8, 214 Mini 192 minimalism 7, 193 minivans 11, 13, 157 mission statements 23, 35–61, 81, 214 mistakes 13, 79 mobility paradigms 197–8, 200, 207, 209–10 mockups 136, 147, 156–8, 178, 214 models/model-making 147–70, 190–1; model types 147, 167–9, 215; index modelers 77, 104, 150, 152, 156–7, 159, 161, 164–5, 168, 180, 214; modeling programs 149–50, 152, 154–6 Modernism Modo 149 monocoque construction 65–6, 214–15 Montouse, J 58 mood 96, 110, 154, 190 morphology 68 motivation 15, 23, 27–8, 30–1, 95 motorcycles 62, 127, 130, 148–54, 173 motorsports 42, 50, 53, 55, 57, 59, 102, 181–2, 184 MPVs 84 Muira 179 mules 172 Munsey, W 59 Murray, G 180 muscle cars 54, 102, 214 music 136, 191, 209 myths 21, 28–9, 212 N Nagasaka, K 18, 23, 26, 67, 74 Nair, R 171, 179–85 naming 85 narrative 30, 61, 63, 65–6, 214; definition 15; effective 28–9; and evaluation 197, 210; and ideation 68, 75; and implementation 82–3; importance of 21; patterns 23; and product development 95; and product launches 190–1; and synthesis of ideas 132–3, 136 Narrative in Design 15, 27 NASCAR 184 Nassau 11 neurosciences 28–9 non-uniform rational basis splines (NURBS) 152, 154–6, 214 Norman, D 68, 130 North America 42, 53, 62, 179, 192 North American International Auto Show 40 nostalgia 11 O objectives 4, 16–17, 23, 35–8, 46; and engineering 173, 178; and ideation 61, 66–8, 74–5, 77, 81–2; and implementation 81–2; and modeling 147; and product launches 188–90, 193; and synthesis of ideas 133 off-road vehicles 24, 63, 129, 138, 142, 155 opportunities 1–3, 8–9, 11, 13, 61–3, 127, 133, 136, 194, 214–15 order 30, 32 orthographic views 148 overlays 63, 65–6, 164 P Pacifica 11 packaging 61–8, 72, 78, 83, 97–8; and evaluation 201, 203, 205; and occupant packages 63, 154, 157–8; and product launches 194 passion 1, 28–9, 37, 58–9, 84, 95, 106, 123, 125, 184, 188 people 16–17, 22, 27–32, 212, 214–15; and development 102; and engineering 172, 177, 180, 182, 184; and evaluation 198–200, 207, 209; and final selections 124; and ideation 62, 64, 68, 78–9; and implementation 81, 85–7, 90; and mission statements 36–7, 56–7, 59; and modeling 157; and product launches 187–96; and vision 5–6, 9–11, 13 performance 31, 36, 38, 44, 213; and engineering 172–3, 177–8, 180, 182; and ideation 64, 66, 74; and mission statements 56; and modeling 161; performance cars 46, 59, 63, 65, 89, 192, 194, 214; and product development 97, 102–3, 107; and synthesis of ideas 127, 133 personal design manifestos 5–7, 13 personas 18, 21, 23, 68, 96, 133, 177 perspective views 72 Peugeot Citroën 192 Pfefferle, G 86 Photoshop 90, 154, 156 physical energy 30 physics 43 physiology 17 Pininfarina 10, 179 pitching 187–8, 190–1 Pitt, B 96 plan views 63, 72, 154–6, 161 PlayStation 50, 59 plot types 23, 29, 79 plug-ins 150 polygon modeling 154–6 pony cars 95, 102, 214 pop culture 94, 125 population scenarios 198–200 Porsche 57, 76–7, 107; Porsche 356 77; Porsche 550 Spyder 77; Porsche 911 95; Porsche four-cam motor 77 portfolios 3, Post-it notes post-modernism posture 63–4 powertrains 61–5, 68, 132, 154, 198, 205, 214 presentation types 187–96 primary information 133 privacy 201 PRNDL 133 processing 172 product design 7, 10–11, 27, 86–7, 128, 201 product development 61, 83, 93–108, 171–86 profit 177, 198 proportion 41, 68, 71, 74–5, 86, 214; and engineering 184; and final selections 116, 119; and modeling 161; and product development 97, 107; and product launches 193–4 prototyping 88, 109, 111, 124, 136; and engineering 172–3, 182; and modeling 150, 164; and product launches 191; rapid prototyping 147, 165, 167 proxemics 157 psyche 27, 29, 68 psychiatrists 18, 27 psychic energy 30 psychologists 17–18, 21–2, 27–9, 68, 95, 157 public presentations 187–96 Q Q&A: Callum 187, 192–3; Davis 35, 53–9; Gilles 1, 10–13; Nair 171, 179–85; Schreyer 81, 84–91; Thomas 61, 76–9; Weltman 15, 27–32 quadrant positioning charts 13, 214 qualitative research 9, 38, 83, 110, 113, 177, 180, 190 quality metrics 38 quantitative research 38, 83, 110, 113, 177, 180, 190 quarter scale 88, 90, 102, 214 R racecars 42–4, 46, 50, 53, 56, 58, 77, 86, 102, 181, 184 Rams, D 7, 179 range of choices 61, 75 Range Rover 193 rear views 63, 65, 72, 75, 90–1, 154, 156 rebels 7, 18, 28–30, 95, 191 recycling 129, 132, 150–2 refinement process 75, 93–4, 102, 104, 107; and final selections 109–26; and modeling 147, 149–50, 154, 156–7, 164; and product launches 191, 193 regulation 67, 133, 184, 207 reintegration phase 23, 190 rendering 16, 71–2, 91, 148, 150–2, 154–5, 161, 164, 213–14 rental cars 102 replacement vehicles 197–211 required resources 37 research 1, 5–6, 17–18, 95, 97; and analysis 28; and evaluation 198; and ideation 77–8; and implementation 87, 89; market research 104, 110, 113, 125, 171, 177–8, 180, 187, 214; and mission statements 53; and index product launches 190; and vision 8, 13 research and product development (R&D) 42, 53, 89, 214 resilience 32 resolution phase 23 retro-futurism review yards 162 ridesharing 200 rising action phase 23 risk 81, 83 road racing 42, 53 roadcars 58 role models 54–5 Rolls-Royce 38 rotary engines 42, 44, 46, 54, 215 Royal College of Art (RCA) 84, 86–7 S safety 66–7, 72, 133, 171–3, 178, 205–6, 208, 210 sampling techniques 177 scale models 72, 88, 90, 102, 214 Schifrin, L 95 Schreyer, P 81, 84–91, 93 science 28–9, 81, 83 sculpture/sculpting 43–4, 74, 87, 90, 213; and development 98, 104; and final selections 119; and modeling 154, 159, 161; and product launches 192 seating buck 157, 215 second-read phase 75 secondary information 133 sedans 3, 64, 72, 76, 88, 189, 192 segmentation 5–6, 11, 13, 38, 62, 81, 83, 162, 180, 215 selection processes 81–93, 109–26 self-actualization 17–18, 23, 29 self-driving vehicles 198, 207–9 semantics 17, 39, 132, 191, 197 semiotics 68, 215 senior management 95, 106, 110, 119, 125, 193 Senna, A 55 separation phase 23, 190 shareholders 36 sharing economy 200 show cars 84–5 side views 63–4, 71–2, 90–1, 154, 156–7 sightlines 65, 133, 157, 214 signage 68 signature elements 42, 58, 71–2, 88, 95, 98, 110–11, 113, 116–17, 124 silhouettes 46, 63, 65–6, 68, 86, 90, 96, 154–5, 201, 215 simulators 172 situational awareness 7, 35 sketches 63, 65, 68, 71–2, 213; and development 97–8, 104, 107; and ideation 75, 81–2; key sketches 90–1; and modeling 147, 149–50, 154–6, 159; and synthesis of ideas 129–30, 136–45 221 Skunk Works 78 slogans 87 Smith, M 86 social networking 178 sociology 21, 29 Soderberg, D 76 software 150, 152, 154 solar power 201 Sony 50 sorcery 81, 83, 159 South America 179, 192 spiritual energy 30 sponsorship 86 sports cars 3, 11, 22, 38, 46, 53, 56–7, 63, 65–6, 155, 191–2 spreading the word 35–60 stakeholders 38, 169, 171, 187, 189–90, 193 storage 63 storyboarding 15–18, 23, 26, 67, 133, 215 storytelling 15, 18, 21–3, 27–30, 63, 77–9, 85–6, 95, 187–96 streetcars 56 strengths and weaknesses (SWOT) analysis 3–4, 6, 8, 188, 197, 215 structure 61–3, 65, 67–8, 74, 154–5, 190–1 students 35, 38, 58–9 stuff 62–3 stylists 4, 77, 193 subordinate information 133 Superego 30 surface language 74–5, 215 surrealism sustainability 36 SUVs 3, 64–5, 84, 86 symbolism 21, 29, 68, 78, 95, 215 synergies synthesis of ideas 127–46 T taking stock 197–211 tape drawings 90, 107, 149, 152, 154, 161 targets 1–2, 13, 28, 32, 37–8; customers 28, 30–1, 61–2, 109, 180, 214; and engineering 173, 178; and final selections 109; and ideation 79; markets 180, 214; and synthesis of ideas 133 taste-makers 11 teamwork 22, 38, 40, 76, 79, 90, 94–7, 102, 111, 119, 124, 127, 156–7, 179–80, 187–8, 193 technical resources 37 technical solutions 61–2, 82 templates 157, 161 tension 11, 30, 83, 86 Tesla 132, 184; Tesla Autopilot 207; Tesla Giga 204; Tesla Model S 194, 203–6 testing 172–8, 180 Thanatos 30 themes 81–109, 113, 133, 138, 177 222 third-read phase 75 Thomas, F 61, 76–9 threats 3, 6, 39, 178, 215 timeframes 2, 37, 133 Tokyo Auto Show 54 touch points 24, 58, 75, 82, 130, 132, 134 Toyota 83, 209; Toyota Cross Cruiser 18, 23, 26, 68–74; Toyota Tacoma 62 track cars 215 tractors 77 transition phase 23, 190 transportation design 30, 76, 84, 127, 215; and engineering 171; and evaluation 210; and modeling 147, 149, 152, 165; and product launches 191, 197–8; and synthesis of ideas 136 triangulation 191 triggers 27, 30 trucks 29, 62, 65 trust 37, 59, 133, 179, 188–90, 207, 210 Tversky, A 28 two-wheel drive 64 U Uber 200 understanding 35, 62, 88, 133, 147, 157, 169, 177, 180, 189 uni-body construction 65, 215 unique selling points 16, 61, 75, 83 United Kingdom (UK) 192 United States (US) 11, 53, 86, 94, 96, 102, 125 usage scenarios 16, 23, 65–6, 200, 207, 209 user experience (UX) 127–47, 178, 187, 191, 209, 215 users 37, 61–8, 79, 82–3, 97; and development 106; and engineering 177; and evaluation 209–10; and modeling 157; and product launches 189, 194; profiles 35; prospective 187–8, 190; and synthesis of ideas 127, 133–4; understanding 15–35; usability 133, 171–2, 215 V validation mockups 147, 156–8, 178, 180, 214 Value Added 17 vehicle architecture 61–5, 67–8, 71, 74–6, 215; and development 93, 96, 98; and engineering 184; and evaluation 201, 205; and final selections 119; and product launches 187–96; vehicle classification 62; vehicle lifespans 172; vehicle speed 133, 155 verbalization 1–2, 8, 35–60 vetting 171–3, 176–8, 180–1, 187 videogaming 50, 154 vintage cars 42 index virtual 3D design 147–70 virtual reality 172 vision 5, 28, 31, 37, 59; angles of 65; concise 57; corporate 214; creative 15, 35, 38; definition 1–2; and evaluation 210; and ideation 79; and implementation 83, 87, 90; and product launches 193; shared 22; statements of 36 visual language 39, 61, 93, 96–7, 191, 197 visualization 68, 81, 95, 150, 154, 157, 214 Volkswagen (VW) 11, 76, 209 Volkswagen (VW) Beetle 76–7 Volkswagen (VW) Concept 1/New Beetle 76 Volkswagen (VW) Golf 62, 193 Volkswagen (VW) Group 84, 91 Volvo 173 W wagons 86–7 Wall Street 59 Wardle, G 63 Warkuss, H 76, 86–7, 90 weatherproofing 172 weight requirements 38 Weltman, A 15, 27–32, 95 whalebone buck 157, 215 white space 11, 180 wind tunnels 43 windshields 65 wireframes 136, 156 work streams 127 workflow 188 World Endurance Challenge (WEC) 59 Wright, F.L 77–8 X XYZ coordinates see Cartesian coordinates Y youth-karting 53 Z zero emissions 21, 30, 59, 65, 215; and engineering 184; and evaluation 197–8, 201, 205; and ideation 67, 78; and product launches 194 Zipcar 200