(Luận văn) public private partnerships in urban water supply a case study in ho chi minh city

i to tn gh CERTIFICATION p ie I certify that this work has not been submitted and is not being currently submitted for any w degrees other than the Master in Public Policy of Fulbright Economics Teaching Program, n ad lo MPP4 I certify that at my best knowledge, I conducted myself in an ethical manner in all aspects of th yj my research and all sources used have been acknowledged in the thesis uy ip The research does not necessarily reflect either the views of Ho Chi Minh City University of an lu la Economics or Fulbright Economics Teaching Program n va tz n oi m ll fu Author Ngo Minh Phuong z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th ii to tn gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS p ie This thesis has found its ways with the support of many people First, I would like to express w my sincere gratefulness to Dr Huynh The Du who supervised my performing this thesis He n ad lo has continuously spent his valuable time and given me helpful advice without those I would have hardly been able to finish my study Also I thank Dr Jan Hoffer for his initial guidance, th literatures and review, Mr Ly Chung Dan for his professional knowledge sharing, Mr Le Huu yj ip uy Quang for experience and information sharing, Mr Gerard Soppe for his proof reading and contribution Last, I am very thankful for the study at Fulbright Economics Teaching program la questions and support an lu and all the teachers and friends who have made themselves available to all the academic n va m ll fu Ngo Minh Phuong tz n oi Ho Chi Minh City – May 2013 z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th iii to tn gh ABSTRACT p ie The study analyzes the effects of private sector involvement in Saigon Water Corporation (Sawaco) through equitization with an aim to draw a picture on lessons learnt from Sawaco for w n future PPP activities in Vietnam’s urban water supply Sawaco equitized six out of eight water ad lo supply branches into joint stock companies However, two years after the equitization, the th People’s Committee of HCMC guided Sawaco on plan for re-buying the shares in JSCs to yj uy achieve ownership of 75% In addition, the two remaining branches were transformed to one la ip member limited liability company Sawaco Parent Company has transformed to One Member Limited Company under parent-subsidiary company model since 01 October 2010 an lu The privatization was one of the efforts in correcting the government failure Nevertheless, n va very little evidence showed the positive influence of equitization on Sawaco Except for m ll fu political criteria like annual new household connections, there was no improvement observed in NRW or financial situation On the contrary, the joint stock companies embraced the new n oi institutional form well Yet, there is no share of responsibilities between the public (Sawaco) tz and private (joint stock companies) sectors In term of the population accessing the drinking z water network, despite the expansion of network connection, not much attention was paid to ht vb the water provision for poor people The incentive to give connections to the low-income jm group goes down due to commercial characteristics of the equitization process k Although the equitization has realized the policy to socialize urban water services in Vietnam gm in general and in HCMC in particular as well as seeded the market orientation for the water forethoughts and baseline analytical work om l.c sector, it has threatened the political priority targets and could have achieved better with Lu an Following the findings, generally it is vital to produce baseline analysis on the situation and va prepare a favorable business and policy environment before involving the private sector n Second, a balance between commercial achievements of the private sector and societal gains is y te th transparency, accountability and efficiency re required Last, active involvement of all stakeholders is essential in the increase of iv to tn gh For Sawaco, it is recommended that private engagement should be bounded to non-core p ie operation and maintenance activities of the utility Water supply affiliates need to stay with the parent utility as long as network ownership is involved, therefore efforts to gain full control w over tertiary networks are necessary It may be executed through the collection of sufficient n ad lo shares in JSCs or negotiation for buying back the tertiary network currently owned by JSCs th Another option is to complete the equitization meaning privatization of the entire Sawaco and yj subsidiaries with asset ownerships in hands of the government This shall transform the uy ip corporation into an operator of the water system Last, better preparation on asset evaluation an lu la and hydraulic network separation could have helped avoiding problems n va tz n oi m ll fu z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city v to tn gh CONTENTS p ie CERTIFICATION i w ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii n ABSTRACT iii ad lo CONTENTS v th ABBREVIATIONS vii yj uy LIST OF TABLES viii la ip LIST OF FIGURES viii an lu Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement n va 1.2 Research objective m ll fu 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Research structure n oi Chapter 2: UNDERSTANDINGS ON WATER AND PPP IN URBAN WATER SUPPLY tz 2.1 Water is special goods: 2.1.1 Nature of the water product and market failures in water supply: z ht vb 2.1.2 Government failures in urban water supply: jm 2.1.3 Assessment on performance of a water utility k 2.2 Public – Private Partnerships in urban water supply 10 gm 2.2.1 Theory on PPP 10 l.c 2.2.2 Empirical findings 13 om 2.2.2.1 Experience in developed and developing countries 13 Lu 2.2.2.2 Case Cancún, Mexico 14 an 2.2.2.3 Case Manila, the Philippines 14 n va 2.2.2.4 Experience in Vietnam 15 3.2 Problems of water supply in Ho Chi Minh City 19 (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city th 3.1 Overview on water supply activity in Ho Chi Minh City 18 y te Chapter 3: WATER SUPPLY IN HO CHI MINH CITY 18 re 2.3 Research method 16 (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city vi to tn gh 3.3 Public policy in water supply sector 20 p ie 3.3.1 General management and guidelines 20 3.3.2 Water tariff in Ho Chi Minh City 20 w 3.3 Policy framework for private engagement in HCMC water supply 22 n ad lo Chapter 4: PRIVATE ENGAGEMENT IN SAIGON WATER CORPORATION 24 th 4.1 Sawaco’s history and existing situation 24 yj 4.2 Equitization and impact on governmental performance 28 uy ip 4.2.1 Sawaco parent company operation 28 la 4.2.1.1 Operational figures of Sawaco 28 an lu 4.2.1.2 Financial situation 31 n va 4.2.1.3 Technology innovation 33 4.2.2 Impact of the equitization on HCMC People’s Committee 33 m ll fu 4.3 Equitization and joint stock companies’ performance 34 n oi 4.4 Impact of the equitization on customers of the water services 36 tz Chapter 5: THE RIGHT PATH FOR URBAN WATER SUPPLY IN VIETNAM 38 5.1 Major findings 38 z 5.2 Policy implication and recommendation 39 vb ht 5.2.1 Recommendation for Sawaco 39 k jm 5.2.2 Other recommendations 41 gm 5.3 Study limitation and avenues of further research 42 REFERENCE 43 l.c om Appendix 1: WATER SYSTEM PRIVATIZATION IN CANCÚN, MEXICO 48 Appendix 2: NETWORK MANAGEMENT AT JSCs IN HO CHI MINH CITY 50 Lu an Appendix 3: OPERATIONAL RESULT OF JSCs AFTER 2007 51 va Appendix 4: SHARE OWNERSHIP IN JSCs 54 n Appendix 5: PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN WATER SUPPLY AND th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city y te PRACTICE 55 re SANITATION: LESSONS LEARNED AND GUIDELINES FOR PUTTING LESSONS TO (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city vii to tn gh ABBREVIATIONS p ie Asian Development Bank HCMC Ho Chi Minh City ADB w n ad lo HH Joint Stock Companies th JSCs Household yj One Member Limited Liability Company an lu la One Member LLC Non-revenue water ip uy NRW Private Participation in Infrastructure PPIAF Public – Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility PPP Public Private Partnership Sawaco Saigon Water Corporation SOE State-owned Enterprise WB The World Bank WS Water Supply WTP Water Treatment Plant n va PPI tz n oi m ll fu z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city viii to tn gh LIST OF TABLES p ie Table 2.1: PPP models in the water sector 12 Table 4.1: Equitization of Sawaco’s Subsidiaries 27 w n Table 4.2: Sawaco Coverage and Connections 2004 - 2010 28 ad lo Table 4.3: Sawaco NRW 2004 - 2010 29 th Table 4.4: Sawaco Employees/1,000 Connections 2004 - 2010 30 yj Table 4.5: Sawaco Operational Figures 2004 – 2010 30 uy an lu la ip Table 4.6: Loans of Sawaco to JSCs till 31 Dec 2008 32 n va LIST OF FIGURES m ll fu Figure 2.1: Natural Monopoly and Deadweight loss n oi Figure 2.2: Positive externalities and Deadweight loss tz Figure 2.3: Vicious Spiral Performance Declines of Utilities Figure 2.4: Thesis analysis structure 17 z Figure 3.1: Urban Water Supply in HCMC 18 vb ht Figure 3.2: Average Water Tariff of HCMC 2009 – 2013 21 jm Figure 4.1: Corporate Chart of Sawaco 26 k Figure 2.2: Key performance data of Joint stock companies 35 om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city to tn gh Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION p ie 1.1 Problem statement w Following the trend on Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure, Saigon Water n ad lo Corporation (Sawaco) was equitized under the issuance of decision 131/2005/QD-TTg dated 02 June 2005 by the Prime Minister and Decision 141/2005/QD-UBND instructing the th yj socialization of water services in HCMC Sawaco who was the front-runner among water ip uy utilities in Vietnam piloted the equitization of six out of eight branches The results, however, development activities an lu la have yet to meet the expectation, and problems arose in network management and n va Equitization of Sawaco was the ultimate effort for PPPs in the Vietnam water sector after several successful attempts PPPs are understood in Vietnam as the cooperation between the m ll fu governmental bodies and private enterprises in investing to the infrastructure, and delivery of n oi public services.1 As assessed by the Southeast Asia Water Utility Network, there are some tz successful PPP models in Vietnam like Phu My Water Supply Joint Stock Company in Ba Ria – Vung Tau province, the water supply systems in Lim Town (Design-Build-Lease) and Tu z Son Town (Build-Own-Operate), Bac Ninh Province In HCMC, the percentage of water vb ht produced by private firms in the total water production of the city increased from 0% in 1995 k jm to 12% in 2000 and 28.9% in 2011 There are also a few attempts to incorporate private gm partners in the distribution work of Sai Gon Water Corporation (Sawaco) including services in Phu My Hung urban area (district 7), Trung Son area (Binh Chanh district), the Nonperformance5 (HIDS, 2012) om l.c Revenue Water (NRW) project4 and Contract for management and leakage reduction based on an Lu re y te th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city n va There is no common agreement on definition of PPP in Vietnam This explanation comes from the Decree 71/2010/QD-TTg regarding regulations for pilot investments under PPP model Water is bought from Nha Be water supply company – a privatized branch of Sawaco Water is bought from Cho Lon water supply company – a privatized branch of Sawaco This type of contract aims to encourage the private engagement in construction, management and maintenance of the network Majority of the project finance comes from IDA credit for four-year length This contract was signed with Manila water for zone of NRW project (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city to tn gh It could be seen from the above-mentioned cases that PPPs may be effective for the water p ie sector in Vietnam under some circumstances However, when the involvement of the private sector was enhanced to the privatization level like in Sawaco, problems arose In such case, w whether PPPs can support solving the dilemma of growing demand in infrastructure and n ad lo shortage of governmental funding and imbedding the professionalism, efficiency, and th technology innovation of the private sector to the poor performing public utilities is still a yj question The troubles in the equitization process of Sawaco are worth further study in the uy 1.2 Research objective an lu la ip context of Vietnam where more pilot PPP projects are promoted This study analyzes the branches’ equitization of Sawaco in order to draw a picture on lessons n va learnt from Sawaco for future PPP activities in Vietnam’s urban water supply It aims find out m ll fu if private sector engagement solves the primary troubles of water sector like lack of finance, low effectiveness, etc Moreover, the study also scans examples of successful PPP for urban n oi water supply in similar areas As this case is one remarkable sample of privatization, it shall be tz useful for other water utilities to know what the flaws are and how to deal with them ht jm Does private participation help to solve major problems in the urban water sector in k vb This study aims to answer the following questions: z 1.3 Research questions gm HCMC? How does private engagement influence Sawaco and the city water supply? What is the policy implication for private engagement in Vietnam urban water supply in om l.c an n va 1.4 Research structure Lu the coming time? Chapter Two Chapter Three describes the overview and problems of water supply in HCMC, (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city th analysis framework and successful examples of PPPs in water companies are elaborated in y te pursuing the thesis topic, followed by the research objectives Theoretical background, re The study is divided into five chapters Chapter One works on policy context and reasons for (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 42 to tn gh 5.3 Study limitation and avenues of further research p ie To the best of my knowledge, the case of Sawaco is analyzed in perspectives of the fours stakeholders The weight on customer group is however yet to be sufficient for policy w recommendation For that, a survey on public opinion covering different income and n ad lo educational groups shall be helpful for deeper analysis Second, the majority of primary data th from Sawaco is not public; therefore, the study used secondary data from various resources yj which obtain certain gaps and inaccuracy These factors influenced the policy uy an lu la recommendations ip recommendation to a certain level, and restrain the author from going into more detailed n va tz n oi m ll fu z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 43 to tn gh REFERENCE p ie Vietnamese w Cục Thống Kê TP Hồ Chí Minh (2011), Báo Cáo Ước Tính Một Số Chỉ Tiêu Kinh Tế n ad lo Xã Hội TP Hồ Chí Minh Tháng 12 năm 2011, retrieved from 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(HIDS) (2012), Cơ Chế Chính an Lu HCM (Tài liệu báo cáo nghiệm thu – không thức) om Sách Thu Hút Thành Phần Kinh Tế Tham Gia Dịch Vụ Cấp Nước Sạch Ở Tp 17 Vũ Kim Quyến Phạm Sỹ Liêm (2009), Sự Tham Gia Tư Nhân Ngành n va Nước Vệ Sinh Viêt Nam, Lào Campuchia, Seawun th 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(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 45 to tn gh 19 VWSA & WSP/WB (2011), Nghiên cứu Benchmarking Ngành Nước Đô Thị Viêt p ie Nam, giai đoạn 2008 – 2009 English w n ad lo 20 ADB (2008), Public-Private Partnership Handbook 21 ADB (2013), Sector Assessment (Summary): Public - Private 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: HCM City Water Supply n va Project Volume 1: Final Feasibility Study Report (Vol 1), retrieved from m ll fu http://www2.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/VIE/41456/41456-01-vie-oth-03.pdf 24 Bueren, M Van, & MacDonald, D H (2004), Addressing water-related externalities
: tz n oi Issues for consideration 25 Cat Tri (2006), Water Supply Industry to Be Equitized Saigon Giai Phong, pp 4–5, from http://www.saigon- z retrieved vb ht gpdaily.com.vn/Business/Stock_Market/2006/3/46956/ jm k 26 Danilenko, A., & Van den Berg, C (2010), The IBNET Water Supply and Sanitation gm Performance Blue Book, World Bank, doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-8582-1 l.c 27 Gunatilake, H., & Jose, M J F C.-S (2007), Privatization Revisited
: Lessons from om Private Sector Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries, n va 28 Hoffer, J (2008), Presentation for Dawaco on Water Utility Institutional Form an Lu retrieved from http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2008/Wp115.pdf th y te and Sanitation in Latin America, World Bank Publications, doi:10.1596/0-8213-3219- re 29 Idelovitch, E., & Ringskog, K (1995), Private Sector Participation in Water Supply (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 46 to tn gh 30 Jooste, S F (2008), Comparing Institutional Forms for Urban Water Supply, p ie Collaboratory for Research on Global Projects, Standford University, retrived from http://crgp.stanford.edu/publications/working_papers/S_Jooste_Inst_Forms_Urban_W w n ater_WP0038.pdf ad lo 31 Kessides, I N (2004), Reforming Infrastruture: Privatization, Regulation, and th Competition, retrieved from http://www.rrojasdatabank.info/refor04/complete.pdf yj ip uy 32 Marin, P (2009), Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities, World Bank, doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-7956-1 la an lu 33 Moriarty, P., Butterworth, J & Koppen, B van (2004), Beyond Domestic: Case n va Studies on Poverty and Productive Uses of Water at the Household Level, IRC International Water and Sanitation Center, Delft, the Netherlands m ll fu 34 Nauges, C., & Berg, C van den (2007), How “Natural” are Monopolies in the Water n oi Supply and Sewerage Sector? Case Studies from Developing and Transition tz Economies, doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4137 35 Opschoor, J B H (2006), Water and Merit Goods International Environmental z ht vb Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 6(4), 423–428, doi:10.1007/s10784-006- jm 9018-y k 36 Pacific Institute (2012), Water Fact Sheet Looks at Threats , Trends , Solutions Facts the World ’ s retrieved from om l.c http://www.pacinst.org/reports/water_fact_sheet/ Water, gm on 37 Pérard, E., Eni, F., & Mattei, E (2007), Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Lu an Reform in Water Supply
: The Middle East and North African ( MEDA ) Experience, n va 1–47 y te Company, Inc, United States re 38 Stiglitz, J E (2000), Economics of the Public Sector, Third Edition, Norton & th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 47 to tn gh 39 Tynan, N., & Kinngdom, B (2005), Otipmal Size for Utilities? Returns to Scale in p ie Water: Evidence from Benchmarking, retrieved from http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/283tynan.pdf w n 40 United Nation (2012), United Nations Global Issues - Water, retrieved from ad lo http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/water/ th 41 VEI (2010), USP-Sawaco - Completion Report, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam yj uy 42 VEI (2008), Sawaco Institutional Arrangement, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam ip Understanding an lu la 43 Whitington, D., & Boland, J (2002), Water Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia: the Basics Washington, D.C, retrieved from Interviews: n oi m ll fu 1.pdf n va http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/resources/pdf-files/WaterTariff- Interviews with one former manager of Sawaco on 27 October 2012 on equitization tz process of Sawaco, November 2012 on details of the problems after equization and z points of contact for further information, March 2013 and 10 March 2013 on ht vb discussions of the solutions for equitization jm Interviews with one current officer of Sawaco on November 2012 and March 2013 k gm on operation of Sawaco and problems of equization process in Sawaco l.c Interviews with Sawaco Utility Support Program resident project manager on om November 2012 on Sawaco’s equitization process and recommendations of the USP an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 48 to tn gh Appendix 1: WATER SYSTEM PRIVATIZATION IN CANCÚN, MEXICO p ie (This Appendix is a summary from the Case “Cancún, Mexico: Water System Privatization” w written by Gustavo Merino-Juárez and Carolina Gutiérrez de Taliercio, Case Program CR14- n ad lo 00-1593.0 and CR14-00-1593.1, Kennedy School of Government.) The water, sewerage and wastewater treatment systems in Cancún and Isla Mujeres, Benito th yj Juárez, Quintana Roo, Mexico were took over by Aguakán, a subsidiary of the construction uy conglomerate Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo (Mexican Development Group, GMD) in ip la January 1994 through a concessionaire which is the first comprehensive concession in the an lu water and sewerage sector in Mexico This was an attempt to solve the under - performance of Commission (CAPA) n va the current public agency responsible for the water system, the Drinking Water and Sewerage m ll fu The 30-year concession was granted to Desarrollos Hidráulicos de Cancún, S.A (DHC) who is n oi part of GMD only four months after the privatization thought of the government There was no tz public bidding and the concession contract was rather general guidelines than specific rules Some of the regulations of the concessionaire, including detailed rules for regulatory units and z dispute solutions, were said to be described in the annexes which were never signed or written vb ht Such a composition was excused by the insufficient level of information about the system and jm its future needs The contract, however, set out guidelines for concession rights, coverage and k gm investment, operating and commercial efficiency, tariffs, and regulation l.c CAPA remained to be the regulatory agency that reviewed tariff and monitored the om performance of the concessionaire CAPA did not transform its internal structure to fit in the an municipalities in Quintana Roo Lu new role and meanwhile continued as the operator or water and sewerage systems in other va n After Aguakán started the take-over, the number of new connections to the water service (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city th 1993 to 37%, the availability of water for at least ten hours per day y te improvements were seen in sewerage service connection in urban zone of Cancun, 30% in re increased to 13% per year in comparison to 9.3% when staying with CAPA Some other (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 49 to tn gh However, in December 1994, there was the worst economic recession in decades in Mexico p ie DHC could not get the loans from banks for investing to the infrastructure of the water system In addition, GMD was affected by the crisis, falling down in revenue that significantly w lessened the ability to fulfill its commitments to DHC and consequently, Aguakán The n ad lo alternative financial resource, tariff also did not work CAPA rejected to increase the tariff as th long as investments and efficiency was met, leading to the major disagreement between CAPA yj and the concessionaire In 1995, Aguakán charged more to the hotels to cross subsidized for uy ip the other categories but faced the strong oppose of the hotels They refused to pay water bills la between May and September, knowing that Aguakán was not allowed to suspend services for an lu non-payment or late payment by the state law n va By the end of 1995, Aguakán had failed to meet targets for investment and efficiency in the m ll fu concession contract The local authorities and private companies felt that GMD was motivated by the construction possibilities of the concession rather than the water system operation; and n oi that Aguakán made profits in spite of problematic billing and collection The population tz complained about bureaucratic performance, and inconvenience of unfinished construction They were concerned about political interests regarding the concessionaire All of these had z ht vb led to court confrontation of parties jm In 1996, Aguakán was brought to court and it resulted in the retake of company’s operation by k the state administration In 1997 Aguakán resumed the concessionaire operation in Cancún gm and Isla Mujeres as a result of significant political pressure from federal government The l.c concession contract was slightly adjusted in the target year (extended to 2000 rather than 1996 om for water and 1998 for sewerage as original) CAPA was still the regulator and drafted a state an Lu law on tariffs, service provisions and system regulation However, in 1998 GMD faced serious financial troubles and a political scandal happened with the ex-governor of Quintanara Roo In va n February 1999, the state government recommended GMD to seek association with a “strategic y te an affiliate of Enron Corporation, a global energy firm based in Houston, Texas re partner” with sufficient experience In March, GMD signed a partnership contract with Azurix, th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 50 to tn gh Appendix 2: NETWORK MANAGEMENT AT JSCs IN HO CHI MINH CITY p ie Network separated by administrative Company in charge w n Ben Thanh JSC ad lo Cho Lon JSC th yj 10 ip uy Phu Hoa Tan JSC 11 la Tan Binh an lu Tan Hoa Ltd Tan Phu Phu Nhuan Gia Dinh JSC tz n oi Binh Thanh Trung An Ltd m ll fu Go Vap n va 12 Thu Duc JSC z ht vb Thu Duc k jm gm Nha Be JSC Nha Be district l.c om Cho Lon JSC n va Binh Chanh an Binh Tan Lu re Source: Block et al (2010), table 2-3, pp.17 y te th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 51 to tn gh Appendix 3: OPERATIONAL RESULT OF JSCs AFTER 2007 p ie Criteria Unit 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 w n Cho Lon Water Supply JSC ad lo Water supplied th Total connections 55,506 59,726 64,028 70,048 73,000 Meter 132,567 147,317 163,269 181,365 195,848 82.22 83.70 85.21 88.30 90.50 Mio VND 240,369 280,406 319,354 457,551 565,518 Mio VND 21,590 13,278 15,477 22,599 37,266 Mio VND 21,365 11,448 13,376 19,115 27,284 7.00 8.00 7.00 10.00 13.50 41,250 42,269 98.90 99.18 268,741 328,470 yj 1000 m3 an lu la Total revenue ip uy Percentage of hh with connection % Total accounting profit before n va tax m ll fu Profit after tax Dividend % n oi Gia Dinh Water Supply JSC 1000 m3 z Meter jm Mio VND k Total revenue % ht Percentage of hh with connection vb Total connections tz Water supplied gm Total accounting profit before Profit after tax Mio VND 25,728 18,450 % 10,5 12.50 an Lu Dividend 21,115 om Mio VND l.c tax va Thu Duc Water Supply JSC n 1000 m3 31,573 35,530 39,980 39,999 71.56 73.41 75.84 78.67 81.56 y te Meter Percentage of hh with connection % th Total connections 27,425 re Water supplied (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 52 to tn gh Total revenue Mio VND 157,164 182,406 278,431 327,380 p ie Total accounting profit before tax 6,923 11,087 12,690 23,618 28,871 Mio VND 5,465 8,463 9,976 18,728 19,452 % 4.58 8.29 8.68 12.00 12.00 38,363 38,195 w Mio VND n ad lo Profit after tax Dividend th yj uy an lu la Total connections 1000 m3 ip Water supplied Ben Thanh Water Supply JSC Percentage of hh with connection Meter % n va Total revenue Mio VND 99.84 99.90 189,337 192,078 260,894 306,568 9,154 10,490 20,979 26,795 Profit after tax Mio VND 7,370 8,979 17,450 22,074 6.50 6.80 10.50 12.50 z % tz Mio VND n oi tax Dividend 99.84 m ll fu Total accounting profit before 99.80 vb ht Nha Be Water Supply JSC jm Water supplied 36,514 38,110 Meter 65,998 72,000 39,073 46,562 k 1000 m3 84,744 91.00 92.41 93.58 151,389 171,541 187,533 tax Mio VND 10,721 13,796 14,871 Profit after tax Mio VND 8,568 12,847 370,180 26,682 n va 21,264 11.00 12.00 (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city th Phu Hoa Tan Water Supply JSC y te 8.00 re % 24,673 an Total accounting profit before Dividend 280,046 Lu Mio VND om Total revenue % 97,000 l.c Percentage of hh with connection 82,000 gm Total connections (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 53 to tn gh Water supplied p ie Total connections w Percentage of hh with connection 30,250 30,878 30,998 Meter 87,163 86,857 87,208 % 98.52 99.57 99.89 Mio VND 143,129 199,275 239,564 Mio VND 9,339 17,002 19,135 Mio VND 8,345 14,545 15,826 % 6.00 9.50 10.50 n 1000 m3 ad lo Total revenue yj tax th Total accounting profit before an lu la ip Dividend uy Profit after tax Source: Annual reports 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 of JSCs n va tz n oi m ll fu z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 54 to tn gh Appendix 4: SHARE OWNERSHIP IN JSCs p ie JSCs Government’s Others w n Sawaco: 53.2% ad lo Ben Thanh - DongA Bank: 10% - Ben Thanh’s staff: 1.91% th - Others: 34.89% yj - Southern Bank: 10.92% - Others: 38.08% ip - Sawaco: 51.2% - DongA Bank: 10% an lu la Gia Dinh Sawaco: 51% uy Cho Lon - HFIC: 0.45% - DongA Securities: 5.08% n va Sawaco: 52.4% - Others: 22.79% m ll fu Nha Be - VOF Investment Limited: 10.48% - DongA Bank: 10% - Sacombank: 9.17% n oi - Vietnam Securities Investment Fund (VF1): 5.05% tz - Vietnam Growth Investment Fund (VF2): 5.03% - Nha Be’s staff: 1.82% z Sawaco: 70.4% - DongA Bank: 10% - Vinamilk: 10% gm Sawaco: 51% k Thu Duc jm - Others: 19.6% ht Phu Hoa Tan vb - Others: 16.53% - VOF Investment Limited: 30% om Source: Annual reports 2011 of JSCs l.c - Others: 9% an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city 55 to tn gh Appendix 5: PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN WATER SUPPLY AND p ie SANITATION: LESSONS LEARNED AND GUIDELINES FOR PUTTING LESSONS TO PRACTICE w n ad lo Lessons learned: Sufficient forethought, analytical work and public consultation are missed in th yj privatization process in developing economies and that leads to the majority of failure uy Motivation of the government sometimes comes from the need to meet conditions for ip an lu la aid and debt relief rather than the merit of the reform Developing countries’ institutions in the capital market (ex: banks, stock exchanges, n va venture capitalists and others, a well functioning legal system and conventional m ll fu standards of business behavior) are not well developed as those of developed economies This limits the business activities of the private sector as well as the n oi supervision of the government on private sector performance tz The lack of competition in the market plays a more important role in defining the performance of the private sector than the ownership structure change z ht vb Putting lessons to practice: jm General guide in engaging the private entities in the water sector comprises of the following k Conduct participatory assessments and rigorous demand analysis l.c gm steps: om Examine the existence of an investor-friendly business, policy, and institutional an (Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).public.private.partnerships.in.urban.water.supply.a.case.study.in.ho.chi.minh.city th Establish an effective regulatory body y te Broaden the information base on risks re Use a gradual and stepwise approach n va Study pro-poor 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