Municipal solid waste management toward circular economy in vang vieng district, vientiane province, lao pdr

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DAOPHET PHIMDAPHON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TOWARD CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN VANG VIENG DISTRICT, VIENTIANE PROVINCE, LAO PDR MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DAOPHET PHIMDAPHON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TOWARD CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN VANG VIENG DISTRICT, VIENTIANE PROVINCE, LAO PDR MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: 8520320.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: Associate Prof Dr NGUYEN THI HA Dr NGUYEN THI AN HANG Hanoi, 2022 COMMITMENT I have read and understood the plagiarism violations I pledge with personal honor that this research result is my own and does not violate the Regulation on prevention of plagiarism in academic and scientific research activities at VNU Vietnam Japan University (Issued together with Decision No 700/QD-ĐHVN dated 30/9/2021 by the Rector of Vietnam Japan University Author of thesis (Signature) PHIMDAPHON DAOPHET ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I, Mr Daophet Phimdaphon, a student in the Vietnam Japan University, Master Program in Environmental Engineering, was able to finish the project at time because of the cooperation and advice from the professors throughout the period of writing the graduation thesis As a result, I would want to use this opportunity to acknowledge and show my gratitude to the faculty members, professors who have imparted knowledge that has been helpful to me throughout our time as students there I would like to express my gratitude to Associate Prof Dr NGUYEN THI HA and Dr NGUYEN THI AN HANG for giving up valuable teaching time to oversee the graduation project, assist in knowledge transfer, provide advice, and methodically correct the graduation thesis so that my graduation project could be successfully finished I would like to convey my gratitude to Mr Chairman and the committee for their suggestions on how to improve my chapter for more completion I would like to convey my deep delight in the Vietnam Japan University, especially the Master Program in Environmental Engineering for making it possible for me to learn theory, specialized courses, as well as the practical component, allowing us to put the knowledge and skills into practice I would like to express my gratitude to all my parents, relatives, and friends for their support and encouragement throughout this research, which led to its completion You owe me nothing in return for your appreciation, but I wish you well I wish you all a long and healthy life Finally, I would like to wish all of you good health, happiness, prosperity and success in all your work TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES .ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 MSW generation 1.1.1 Types of municipal solid waste 1.1.2 The sources of MSW .6 1.2 Impacts of MSW 1.2.1 Environmental Impacts of MSW 1.2.2 Social Impacts of MSW 1.2.3 Economic Impacts of MSW 11 1.3 MSW management 11 1.3.1 Reduction and segregation of solid waste at source 11 1.3.2 Collection and transportation 12 1.3.3 Solid waste disposal .13 1.4 Circular economy in MSW management 14 1.4.1 The value chain of the CE 17 1.4.2 Problems and barriers in applying the concept of the CE 19 1.5 The legislative framework supporting waste management and CE 21 1.5.1 National government 22 1.5.2 Local government 23 1.6 Material flow analysis 25 1.7 Cost-benefit analysis 27 1.8 SWOT analysis and TOWS matrix 28 1.8.1 SWOT analysis .28 1.8.2 TOWS matrix 30 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 32 2.1 Study area 32 2.2 Conceptual framework 33 2.3 Data collection method 35 2.3.1 The secondary data 35 2.3.2 The primary data 35 2.3.3 Data collection tool 36 2.4 Data analysis 36 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38 3.1 Current status of MSW management in Vang Vieng 38 3.1.1 MSW management 38 3.1.2 Role of organizations/institutions 41 3.2 Opportunities and barriers of MSW management toward CE in Vang Vieng 44 3.2.1 Internal factors .44 3.2.2 External factors 46 3.3 Applying the concept of CE in local government organizations 54 3.3.1 Applying the CE concept to MSW management 54 3.3.2 Suggestions for management of MSW for local government organizations 56 CONCLUSION 61 REFERENCES 63 APPENDIX 67 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Problems and barriers in applying the concept of the CE 19 Table 1.2 Legislative Framework Supporting Waste management and CE in Lao PDR .24 Table 1.3 TOWS Matrix (Peeraya, 2013) .31 Table 3.1 Composition of MSW from different areas in Vang Vieng 39 Table 3.2 UDAA's Van Vieng annually budget plan 2016 – 2020 (UDAA's Vanvieng, 2021) 42 Table 3.3 Estimated benefits cost from selling recycling waste 53 Table 3.4 TOWS Matrix .55 Table 3.5 Solutions for applying CE in specific areas 56 Table 3.6 Guidelines MSW management at sources to final disposal 57 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Variation in MSW composition grouped by country income (Hoornweg & Bhada, 2012) Figure 1.2 Circular economy concept (Wautelet, 2018) 16 Figure 1.3 Value Chain of Circular Economy (Kalmykova et al., 2018) 18 Figure 1.4 MFA of MSW in LPB in 2015 (tons/year) (Xaysackda & Sandhya, 2017) .27 Figure 1.5 SWOT Analysis (Theerawadee, 2008) .30 Figure 2.1 Conceptual framework 34 Figure 3.1 Waste flow in Vang Vieng 38 Figure 3.2 Composition of MSW in Vang Vieng district 39 Figure 3.3 Waste before collected and compactor trucks .40 Figure 3.4 Vang Vieng landfill under upgrading 41 Figure 3.5 Organization chart of waste management in Vang Vieng District (Vientiane Provincial Statistics Centre, 2020) 43 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3R: CBA: CE: FAO: GHG: LFG: MFA: MoH: MoIC: MoNRE: MPWT: MSW: PoNRE: SWOT: TOWS: UDAA: UNEP: US EPA: Reduce, reuse, and recycle Cost Benefits Analysis Circular economy concept the Food and Agriculture Organization Greenhouse gas Landfill gases Material Flow Analysis the Ministry of Public Health the Ministry of Industry and Commerce the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment The Ministry of Public Works and Transport Municipal solid waste The Provincial Natural Resource and Environment Department Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, Strength’s matrix the Urban Development and Administrative Authority United Nations Environment Programme United State Environmental Protection Agency iii INTRODUCTION Globally, due to the rapid population growth, industrialization, and urbanization in urban areas, the natural resources (e.g., land, water, energy, etc.) are increasingly exploited and utilized to meet the growing production and consumption demands Consequently, a large amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated annually Therefore, the appropriate MSW management is becoming essential to prevent the environmental degradation and enhance the waste valorization (Hoang et al., 2022) According to (Senate Commerce Industry Committee, 2020) the human beings will use natural resources 1.5 times more than their quantity that the world can provide in 2030 It means that even if we had two earths, they would not provide sufficiently the natural resources for human beings In the past, the focuses were placed on the industrial development and economic growth, which reply on one-way consumption, rather than the management and reuse of the solid waste and sewage (Overseas Industrial Consulting Office, 2016) It is predicted that the global MSW generation rate will increase from 1.2 kg/day/capita in 2012 to 1.42 kg/day/capita in 2025 The annual MSW volume is expected to double, being 2.2 billion tons in 2025 (Hoornweg & Bhada, 2012) Clearly, the linear economy, which is based on the principles of take, make, use and dispose, is causing negative impacts on the global environment In recent years, the volume of MSW in Lao PDR tends to increase due to the higher MSW generation rate The main components of the MSW in Lao PDR are organic solid waste (30%), plastic waste (30%), paper waste (15%), and the solid waste that can sold (25%) (MoNRE-Lao, 2020) While landfilling is the main method for the disposal of MSW in urban areas, open dumping is a prevailing method in the remaining areas It is worthy to note that most of landfills in Lao PDR currently not have the landfill leachate monitoring and management systems (Viengkham, 2020) The poor management of MSW in Lao PDR poses the high risks to the environment The concept of circular economy (CE) is becoming popular in the world It is defined as a comprehensive waste management system, which is based on the principle of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3Rs) to generate the value added and environmentally friendly products from waste by using technology and design (Sakolnakorn & Leknoi, the area of responsibility's areas, villages, separate waste bins should have to modify parks, and attractions the bins because they are still needed People are more likely to separate their trash if they have separate trash cans to put it in This is a good reminder of why and how important it is to separate trash To effectively cover the amount of solid It is vital to set aside funds to hire garbage waste generated responsibility, in the arrange area for of collectors in places where there is a lot of rubbish trash because it will improve waste transportation, a waste collection truck, collection efficiency As a result, waste and a crew separation capacity will be increased Because waste sorting during the middleof-the-road waste collection procedure is critical to recycling waste and adding value once more MSW at final disposal Encourage the community to manage on Local their own governments encourage communities to manage some waste on their own, such as organic waste for composting and biogas production, and recyclable waste to be sold separately to antique shops so that the rest can be recycled The local government will get rid of it Encouraging community enterprise People, communities add value from waste community enterprise, and community government groups must be promoted and supported by local government organizations in order to reduce the amount of waste that can be contributed to the landfill Through 58 invention, value has been altered to add value as a keepsake or a container for multiple functions, including marketing support for the artifacts generated, which can have distribution channels Because if a product is produced but cannot be sold, this event will not gain the attention of the community in the end According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, implementing the concept of a circular economy in local governments must begin with defining the vision and policies of the local administrative organization the following actions must be taken (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015): Developing a vision for local government necessitates the development of implementation plans and road maps educating the people and empowering communities to execute the circular economy concept, Local administrative need financial help to promote activities that generate economic returns, regulations that support the promotion of the circular economy or requirements and legislation that need to be updated The terminology "circular economy" is not yet widely used in Vang Vieng district However, Vang Vieng has been working on the circular economy concept, particularly promoting the 3Rs principle and encouraging garbage separation in many places while also selling recycled waste to generate income Promoting the concept of the circular economy is not only something that large businesses can play a role in driving, but at the community level, the idea of circular economy can be adapted by utilizing resources to generate income with a sense of value through wisdom local community to convey as products or services that insert innovation and creativity and adhere to self-reliance as a priority, for example, encouraging communities to use more recycled waste in the community as raw materials for production Local government organizations play an important role in promoting the circular economy concept in local areas because of their closeness to the people However, the government, as a policy maker and a law maker play a very important role 59 Vatthanamixay has made an intriguing suggestion that makes for an engaging discussion to ensure that waste management practices transition from a line economy approach to an integrated resource management strategy, policy frameworks must be strengthened Additionally, at the local level, the 3Rs must be incorporated into MSW management strategies and action plans (Vatthanamixay, 2020) 60 CONCLUSION Currently, the MSW management in Vang Vieng now still has some limitations, such as the lack of proper awareness of solid waste management, insufficient collection service, recycling facilities, and disposal technologies The open dumping at a landfill is the main disposal pathway of the MSW in Vang Vieng The concept of CE is not familiar to the government authorities and local communities Some challenges to the implementation of CE in the MSW management in Vang Vieng include equipment, capita/fun, policies/plans/projects, and human resources (internal factors) The opportunities for this derive from community engagement, raising people’s awareness, cooperation with external agencies, and implementation of projects from external organizations (external factors) In the future, it is viable to apply the concept of CE in the MSW management in Vang Vieng in the form of various activities, such as (1) Sorting the household waste at home so that recyclable garbage can be sold to the recycling centers to generate additional incomes for households, (2) Collecting and purchasing the recyclable waste for recycling purposes to generate beneficial products for households (e.g., food waste is collected for use in (a) composting facilities to make bio-fertilizers or (b) anaerobic digestion facilities to produce biogas) Besides, the MSW management based on the 3Rs principles and community activities towards CE should be encouraged in Vang Vieng The following is recommendation: - The MSW separation in households, businesses, and communities should be encouraged - The MSW separation trash cans should be located throughout the district (e.g., parks, public areas, villages, etc.) to favor people to classify the waste - The MSW transportation should be improved by providing more the waste collection trucks and labors - The organic fraction in the MSW should be recycled to produce biogas for community’s use at home - The community-based MSW management should be encouraged 61 - The promulgation and enforcement of the incentive policies to encourage individuals, communities, and enterprises to recycle the MSW into value added products should be done 62 REFERENCES 10 11 12 13 14 15 Agrawal, V., Atasu, A., & Van, W L., 2017 Obstacles on the Way to a Circular Economy Retrieved from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/4obstacles-on-the-way-to_b_11019722 Beaulieu, L., 2015 Circular economy: A critical 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Resources, conservation and recycling, 141, 299-300 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.044 Sungkap, C., Yongchil, S., Sangyeop, L., Seungwon, L., Yejin, K., Eung, K., Seungbum, H., 2019 2019/20 KSP Policy Consultation Report Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Laos In Kokea: Ministry of Economy and Finance, Republic of Korea Suvimol, L., 2015 Cost-benefit analysis of investment in warehouse management system a case study of Roland Digital Group (Thailand) Ltd (Master of Arts thesis) Thammasat University, Thailand Tatsaneewan, N., 2013 Household Hazardous Waste Management of Local Authorities (Master of Science thesis) National Institute of Development Administration Thailand Tech, S., 2013 Mass flow analysis of infectious waste management in Bangkok (Master of Science thesis) Chulalongkorn University Thailand Thares, S., 2010 Municipal solid waste management engineering In Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press The Global Green Growth Institute., 2018 Solid Waste Management in Vientiane, Lao PDR Situation assessment and opportunities for waste toresource Retrieved from https://gggi.org/site/assets/uploads/2018/09/Solid-WasteManagement-in-Vientiane-Lao-P.D.R_Publication-3.pdf Theerawadee, C., 2008 Cost-benefit Analysis of Solid Waste Materials Business in Chiang Mai Municipality (Master of Economics thesis) Chiang Mai University, Thailand 65 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 UDAA's Vanvieng 2021 Summary of the Vang Vieng Urban Development and Administration Organization's efforts from 2015 to 2021, as well as the direction of future plans from 2021 to 2025 Laos UN Habitat., 2010 Solid waste management in the world's cities: UNHABITAT UNDP., 2021 Circular economy policies in Lao PDR Retrieved from https://www.ndcs.undp.org/content/dam/LECB/events/2020/20201208-undpndcsp-lao-pdr-circular-economy/undp-ndcsp-lao-pdr-circular-economyppt2.pdf United Nations., 2012 Resource Manual to Support Application of the UNECE Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment New York and Geneva: United Nations US EPA., 2021 Landfill Gas Energy Energy Project Development Handbook USA: US EPA Vatthanamixay, C., 2020 Solid Waste Management in Lao PDR: A Pathway Toward the Circular Economy In Circular Economy: Global Perspective (pp 149-156): Springer Viengkham, S., 2020 Model Of Effective Waste Management Of Kaisonephomvihan City, Savannakhetprovince,Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Doctor of Philosophy) Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University Thailand Vientiane Provincial Statistics Centre., 2020 Annual 2018 statistics of Vientiane Province In Vientiane Provincial Statistics Centre Wautelet, T., 2018 The Concept of Circular Economy: its Origins and its Evolution.(January) In Wilson, D C., Rodic, L., Modak, P., Soos, R., Carpintero, A., Velis, K., Simonett, O., 2015 Global waste management outlook: UNEP Worldbank., 2021 Environmental Challenges for Green Growth and Poverty Reduction: A Country Environmental Analysis for the Lao People’s Democratic Republic In: The World Bank Group Xaysackda, V., & Sandhya, B., 2017 Benefits of improved municipal solid waste management on greenhouse gas reduction in Luangprabang, Laos Environmental technology https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1301562 Zhu, Q., Geng, Y., & Lai, K h., 2010 Circular economy practices among Chinese manufacturers varying in environmental oriented supply chain cooperation and the performance implications Journal of Environmental Management, 91(6), 1324-1331 66 APPENDIX 1) Interview question for Government sector Noted: This questionnaire is part of the study in the Master's degree programme Master of Environmental Engineering, Vietnam Japan University – Vietnam National University, Hanoi In in order to investigate municipal solid waste management toward a circular economy in Vang Vieng District, Vientiane Province, Lao PDR We appreciate you taking the time to respond to the questionnaire on this occasion, so please share your honest opinion The interviewer will keep the information you provide confidential and use in study purpose only I Personal information Sex  Male  Female Age ……………….…………… Organization…………………… Telephone number ……………… II Municipal solid waste management information The situation of municipal solid waste and solid waste management policy, The problem of illegal dumping of hazardous waste in the community, and infected solid waste and surveillance ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….……………………………………………………… …… How does your municipality separate, collect, transport, and dispose of general solid waste? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… Plans/projects, budgets, and sources of budget for municipal solid waste management ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… Operation of municipal solid waste management with other agencies? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… Motivating people in the community to take part in the management of municipal solid waste? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 10 Public relations to educate people on solid waste management and public participation in municipal solid waste management? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 67 11 Opportunities and barriers of municipal solid waste management? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 12 How does local government organizations apply the concept of 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to manage waste? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 13 How does local government utilization from municipal solid waste? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 14 Does people in your area create economic value from municipal solid waste or not? Why ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 15 How does your local government organization have the policy to encourage people to apply the circular economy concept? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… III Additional comments and suggestions 16 Do you have any further comments or suggestions about municipal solid waste management? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………… 68 2) Interview question for private sector Noted: This interview form is part of the study in the Master's degree programme Master of Environmental Engineering, Vietnam Japan University – Vietnam National University, Hanoi aimed at Study of Municipal solid waste management toward circular economy in Vang Vieng District, Vientiane Province, Lao PDR Please answer the questionnaire based on your actual opinion the organizer will not disclose the information you have provided in this questionnaire and thank you for taking the time to answer the questionnaire on this occasion I Personal information II Sex  Male  Female Age …………………………….………………………………………… Organization……………………………………………………………… Telephone number ……………… Municipal solid waste management information The situation of municipal solid waste and solid waste management policy of your company? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… How does your municipality separate, collect, transport, and dispose of general solid waste? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… Opportunities and barriers of municipal solid waste management company? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… How does your company apply the concept of 3Rs to manage waste? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… How does your company utilization from municipal solid waste? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 10 Does your company create economic value from municipal solid waste or not? Why ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 11 How does your company have the policy to encourage people to apply the circular economy concept? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 69 III Additional comments and suggestions 12 Do you have any further comments or suggestions about municipal solid waste management? 70 3) Interview question for community Noted: This interview form is part of the study in the Master's degree programme Master of Environmental Engineering, Vietnam Japan University – Vietnam National University, Hanoi aimed at Study of Municipal solid waste management toward circular economy in Vang Vieng District, Vientiane Province, Lao PDR Please answer the questionnaire based on your actual opinion the organizer will not disclose the information you have provided in this questionnaire and thank you for taking the time to answer the questionnaire on this occasion I Personal information II Sex  Male  Female Age ……………….……………………………………………………… Organization……………………………………………………… …… Telephone number ……………………………………………………… Municipal solid waste management information In your community there are any municipal solid waste problem? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… - What are the main sources of municipal solid waste? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… Getting municipal solid waste management services and municipal solid waste management fees? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… Knowledge and understanding about different types of solid waste of the people in your community or village? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… Public relations to educate people on solid waste management and public participation in solid waste management? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… Factors affecting the municipal solid waste management in your community? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 10 Opportunities and barriers of municipal solid waste management in your community or village and guidelines or solutions? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… 71 11 Opportunities and barriers of municipal solid waste management in your community or village and guidelines or solutions? …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… ………… 12 How does your community or village utilization from municipal solid waste? …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… ………… 13 Do people in your area create economic value from municipal solid waste or not? Why? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 14 How does your community or village have the policy to encourage people to apply the circular economy concept? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …… 15 Supporting municipal solid waste management policies? …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… ………… III Additional comments and suggestions 16 Do you have any further comments or suggestions about municipal solid waste management? ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …………… 72