Lca based comparison between centralised and home composting management systems in vietnam

a VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LE VAN SON LCA-BASED COMPARISON BETWEEN CENTRALISED AND HOME COMPOSTING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN VIETNAM MASTER'S THESIS Hanoi, 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LE VAN SON LCA-BASED COMPARISON BETWEEN CENTRALISED AND HOME COMPOSTING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN VIETNAM MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof Seiji Hashimoto Dr Nguyen Thi Hoang Lien Hanoi, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Seiji Hashimoto and Dr Nguyen Thi Hoang Lien I find myself lucky to have the opportunity to study and work with them They have been always there to guide me and help me out with great patience not only for academic but also for daily life Many thanks to Professor Seiji Hashimoto for his keen guidance in preparing this thesis during my internship in Japan In addition, special thanks to Nguyen Thi Hoang Lien at Vietnam I would like to thank teachers in Environmental Engineering Program from Vietnam Japan University who gave me essential knowledge of environmental major Moreover, I also would like to thank to Jica, always support us Last but not least, I would like to thank my family, my classmates and my friends for their unfailing love and support throughout this process to complete my master’s degree Hanoi, June 15th, 2019 Le Van Son i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF FIGURES iii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 11 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 21 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS 23 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Collect and transport solid waste in Hanoi Figure 2: Composition of solid waste in Hanoi Figure 3: Life cycle assessment Figure 4: Diagram of processing compost at Cau Dien plant Figure 5: The amount of greenhouse gases at home composting Figure 6: Put organic waste to make compost iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Composition of solid waste in Hanoi Table 2: Demand for energy consumption of Cau Dien plant Table 3: The amount of greenhouse gases iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LCA: Life cycle assessment VJU: Vietnam Japan University IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change URENCO: Hanoi Urban Environment Company v INTRODUCTION Along with the development of the economy, our country is facing many pressing issues about land degradation, air pollution, water pollution, deforestation and biodiversity loss, in pollution problems due to waste are becoming increasingly popular Recently, in some localities across the country, especially in big cities, there have been environmental pollution points where the direct cause is caused by waste, the pollution has created adversely affect people's health and life Therefore, finding solutions to overcome the pollution caused by waste is the top concern of countries, especially those with high economic growth, industrialization and modernization, strong modernization Hanoi is one of the economic, cultural and political centers of the country With the current strong economic growth rate, Hanoi has contributed greatly to the economic development of the region and the country However, during that development process there were many negative impacts on the natural environment of the city The urbanization process and the increase in human needs increase the amount of waste generated in Hanoi According to the Hanoi Department of Environmental Protection, the total amount of municipal waste currently is about 2,800 tons/day, of which industrial waste, construction waste and medical waste are about 2,000 tons/day Domestic solid waste accounts for the largest proportion in all types of about 60%; construction waste accounts for about 25% and sludge sludge waste is 5% As we know that waste is not only one of the sources of environmental degradation, but also there are many hazards to the health of urban population, therefore, in the management of waste currently in question Domestic waste disposal is a pressing issue in social life In recent years, the city has sought all measures to reduce waste and reduce the area and pressure for landfills Among the city's domestic waste treatment methods being used, it is shown that the method of treating domestic waste to make compost is highly feasible Processing domestic waste makes organic fertilizer solve environmental problems on the one hand, and takes advantage of useful parts of waste for the agricultural development of the city Objective of master thesis: - Compare between home composting and centralized composting - Compare emissions from two processes - Evaluate the effectiveness of two processes The structure of the thesis This thesis combined and displayed the results from study which was conducted during master program at Environmental Engineering Program, Vietnam Japan University Chapter 1: Literature review Chapter 2: Methodology Chapter 3: Results and discussions Chapter 4: Conclusions CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW Solid waste management is a combination of management processes from recovery, sorting at source, collection, transportation to processing stage and finally destruction Classification of solid waste at source: The classification of solid waste at source depends on the policy of waste recycling and the resources obtained The State should have a policy on waste collection and recycling with price incentives to encourage waste separation at source In Vietnam, there is a contingent of scrap collectors and collectors who contribute to recycling waste: paper, bottles, steel, aluminum Collection and transportation of solid waste: Collection and transportation of solid waste to recycling, processing or landfill facilities is a part of solid waste management system environmental aspects of the product, production process and is a true picture of environmental balance in products and process selection In particular, LCA is a technique to assess environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by: - Inventory of relevant energy sources, input products and wastes into the environment - Evaluate potential environmental impacts associated with inputs and outputs - Interpretation of results helps decision makers get the right decisions LCA is a phased approach to the system and consists of four parts: Defining goals and scope, lifecycle inventory, assessing the impact of life cycles, and interpreting results (1) Determine goals and scope: Identify and describe products, processes or activities Set up plans for evaluation; identify limits and review environmental performance evaluations (2) Analysis of life cycle inventory: Quantification of energy, water and common materials; emissions to the environment (eg emissions, solid waste, sewage ) (3) Assessing the impact of life cycle: Evaluating human potential and the impact of energy, water and material use on ecology and environmental impacts in the environmental analysis report (4) Interpret the results of the life cycle: Evaluate the results of the analysis, assess the effects for optimal product selection, assess the process or the 12 operation is unclear with specific understanding and the suppose to be used to produce general results System analysis to assess environmental performance is increasingly applied to industrial products and solid waste management systems over the past two decades The lifecycle approach has been noticed by a comprehensive perspective, a systematic approach and standardization Over the past 10 years, several models have been developed to assess the environmental results of solid waste management systems in a lifecycle approach White et al (1995) published a book that includes a spreadsheet model, (Total waste management) to calculate the life-cycle inventory of waste management systems This model is updated with a more user-friendly version and was introduced in the new book in 2001, but no model includes lifecycle impact assessments (LCA) but offers results of life cycle inventory (LCI) Mimes is a waste model developed at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden and used to evaluate waste systems in many cities since 1992 The purpose of the model is to find effective solutions Cost results meet emission limits due to cost reduction and emission calculation requirements Another model of Sweden, the ORWARE model (organic waste research), focuses specifically on evaluating different strategies for organic waste from households and industry The model includes a set of functional units that can all be used for all comparison scenarios The United States Environmental Protection Agency has developed a decision-making support tool (ISWM DST) that manages solid waste that aims to optimize the waste system ISWM DST does not include LCIA calculations but focuses more on optimizing modules 13 A traditional LCA tool for industrial products, UMBERTO, has developed a special module for solid waste management This module is proven to be very sensitive to the type of input waste being chosen in the model A spreadsheet model developed specifically for estimating emissions from landfills will be used in LCA This model examines the components present in the waste and estimates the emissions calculated on the basis of the input volume and the type of component Wisard tools developed by Ecobilan (now Price Waterhouse Coopers) serve the UK Environmental Agency and are one of the most complex models that gives users the opportunity to choose a variety of methods and technologies This model is criticized for its usability, lack of transparency and lack of guidance to explain the results In Vietnam, the concept of product lifecycle assessment (LCA) has been introduced a few decades ago, but only more commonly applied when quality standards (ISO) are focused on quality control products increase competitiveness as well as to improve the processes of producing goods and services in counterbalance with environmental protection objectives LCA has been used as a tool or a method to apply to all products that require full-life studies to understand its environmental impacts (eg, cars, washing machines, paint, etc.) In general it does not include secondary impacts, such as the energy used for firing bricks, which are used for the construction of kilns to produce raw materials Recently, in some studies in the agricultural field, to study the environmental effects of rice cultivation models, LCA method has also been applied to compare the effectiveness of the above models In the field of solid waste management there are not so many specific, detailed studies on the application of LCA in environmental impact assessment In the documents related to regulations, the process of environmental impact 14 assessment (EIA), LCA is also mentioned as the application method when developing the evaluation standard Regarding this content, Vietnam has just stopped at the scope of "applying" theories to build processes and regulations, not yet giving specific scenarios and models A study is quite specific when proposing the application of LCA method to study the material ring of waste when assessing the impact of urban waste treatment methods in the Mekong Delta region of the authors at Dai Can Tho learns to calculate and compare emission factors and standard references of waste treatment scenarios for the region The studies on LCA application in the world and Vietnam have shown that, LCA is a quite effective tool to contribute to assessing the environmental impacts of production processes, services as well as of all both matter exists in nature However, in Vietnam, the number of researches on this method is still limited and especially in the field of solid waste management, the field of need for environmental impact assessment is not really focused, therefore, this study tries to contribute a specific and comprehensive approach to the LCA method for this area Advantages of LCA: - LCA helps to model the physical, energy and resource flows, solid waste and emissions of the entire system Modeling helps identify environmental issues that need to be overcome in the system, determining the ability to improve the environment when we make any changes or improvements - At present, when assessing the environment, people often consider single pollution issues such as pollution by organic matter, etc focusing on one problem can lead to neglect or exacerbate other environmental problems LCA 15 helps managers overcome this In addition, with the use of quantitative methods, LCA also provides an objective basis for decision making, eliminating feelings Disadvantages of LCA: - The biggest drawback is that LCA uses the overall material balance of the system to synthesize the use of resources, solids, emissions by space and time, so it is not capable of assessing the impact Actual environment of products and services The International Standards Organization (ISO) impact assessment document specifically notes that LCA does not predict the actual impact or assess the safety, risk, or threshold limits The actual environmental impact of emissions and waste will depend on when, where and how they are discharged into the environment, and other assessment tools and information must be used For example, the impact of emissions from an oil refinery will be much different from that of many other sources over the years - On the other hand, the environmental inventory analyzes the inputs and outputs of the plant for different product systems while LCA only handles input for a single system, which means only a small percentage of the total activity is considered to represent the entire final product The term "index" is now used to show that LCA does not predict the actual environmental impact Therefore, the shortcoming is that LCA is the only tool to cover the entire product life cycle and all environmental issues associated with a system of products or services and is the only point related to functional units, however it may not predict the actual environmental impact likely to occur Other tools, such as risk assessment, can predict potential impacts that may occur, but they not cover all environmental issues in the life cycle as well as they not associate the effects Dynamic with functional units 16 - Obviously no single tool can everything - a combination of complementary strengths is essential for overall environmental management LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) LCA studies the environmental aspects and potential impacts throughout a product’s life (i.e cradle-to-grave) from raw material acquisition through production, use and disposal The general categories of environmental impacts needing consideration include resource use, human health, and ecological consequences (ISO 14040) Figure 3: Life cycle assessment Goal and scope: + Functional Unit: ton of organic solid waste Inputs: Organic solid waste, Energy Output: Compost, emissions, residuals 17 + System boundaries: Includes all processes, materials, energy use, and emissions Life cycle inventory: Impact assessment: A quantification on how a compost product, process, or system affects the environment Such as CO2, CH4 emission Interpretation of results: Overview about Cau Dien plant  Location: 60B Nhue Giang street, Tay Mo, Nam Tu Liem, Hanoi  Technology: Forced aerobic (Spain)  Design capacity (ton / day): + 140 tons of organic waste / day; + 300 tons of sludge / day  Actual capacity (ton / day): + 30 tons of organic waste / day; + 300 tons of sludge sludge / day 18 Figure 4: Diagram of processing compost at Cau Dien plant Process to fulfil the composting in Cau Dien plant Time and volume of organic compost production 19 The production of organic compost will be completed within weeks of the date the organic waste is received at the plant In addition, the process of refining and packaging takes only about a day Original: 21 days Nine: 21 days Total: 42 days (six weeks) Energy Consumption Electricity 36,000 kwh / month Diesel oil 17,906 liters / month Petrol (for pumps): 865 liters / month Water 5m3 / day Table 2: Demand for energy consumption of Cau Dien plant Source: Urenco 20 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The amount of greenhouse gases generated from bio-composting from the IPCC calculation model 2006: Air Total the amout of Emission Amount factor generated GWP 20 years waste 2011 Thousand g/kg ton ton Emission Ton CO2 eq CH4 58,04 232,14 16714,08 N2O 58,04 0,3 17,41 5188,33 status Total 21 747,59 Table 3: The amount of greenhouse gases Home composting 21 Figure 5: The amount of greenhouse gases at home composting Figure 6: Put organic waste to make compost Compare between HC and CC, the results is calculated base on OpenLCA software and IPCC - Home composting: 22000 ton CO2 eq - Centralized composting: 16714 ton CO2 eq 22 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS The analysis of LCA mechanism in urban solid waste management system can be considered as a useful scientific basis to meet the practical needs of choosing solid waste treatment technologies suitable to the cities Marketing in Vietnam in general and Hanoi City in particular in the current development period Thus, in a comprehensive way, applying LCA in waste management is a scientific and practical method to solve many problems and difficulties that are being posed for Hanoi city in particular and Vietnam, in general While there are limitations due to the complexity of the system and the data system are insufficient to provide a more comprehensive evaluation, this approach will help policy makers and institutions State management agencies, scientists and experts in the field of waste management will provide specific solutions for each stage, each region Based on the limitations and shortcomings of the model applied in this thesis, student will continue to study additional tools and methods to further improve their research, while answering the questions Existing questions are inevitable in the scope of their research We can simultaneously make compost at home or in the concentration area This helps to reduce solid waste to landfill Composting is part of the city's solid waste management strategy The quality of organic fertilizer is highly dependent on input waste, so this project must be attached to waste separation at source Therefore, in order for the factory to be highly effective, there must be active participation and support of the whole community 23 REFERENCES Vietnamese Bộ Tài nguyên Môi trường, Báo cáo môi trường đô thị 2016, Hà Nội Nguyễn Phúc Thanh, Lê Hoàng Việt, Nguyễn Xuân Hoàng, Nguyễn Võ Châu Ngân, Trường Đại học Cần Thơ Đánh giá tác động phương pháp xử lý rác thải đô thị vùng đồng sông Cửu Long – Việt Nam Science & Technology Development, Vol 15, No.M1- 2012 Nguyễn Võ Châu Ngân cộng (2014) Tính tốn phát thải khí Mê-tan từ rác thải sinh hoạt khu vực nội ô thành phố Cần Thơ Tạp chí Khoa học Trường Đại học Cần 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