(Luận văn) scalable and flexible photothermal material based on bacterial cellulose for solar steam generation

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI KIEU TRANG SCALABLE AND FLEXIBLE PHOTOTHERMAL MATERIAL BASED ON BACTERIAL CELLULOSE FOR SOLAR STEAM GENERATION MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI KIEU TRANG SCALABLE AND FLEXIBLE PHOTOTHERMAL MATERIAL BASED ON BACTERIAL CELLULOSE FOR SOLAR STEAM GENERATION MAJOR: NANOTECHNOLOGY CODE: 8440140.11QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr PHAM TIEN THANH Hanoi, 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I'd want to express my gratitude to Dr Pham Tien Thanh, one of my supervisors at Vietnam Japan University, for his excitement, support, and patient guidance throughout the preparation of my master thesis I'd want to take this opportunity to thank Dr Nguyen Hoang Duong and Dr Nguyen Duc Cuong for their assistance Their suggestions have been quite useful in my research I also thank all member of MNT Lab and MEE Lab for helping and supporting me in my lab works I really enjoy and appreciate not only researching but also around time here Last but not least, I really want to thank to MNT’s lectures for their support me during the internship period Without them, I could not have enough knowledge and experience to research and study in here I want to express my gratitude to my mother, father, brother, and friends, who have always been there for me and have always supported and encouraged me throughout my life This work is fully supported by the project with the code number of VJU.JICA.21.03, from Vietnam Japan University, under Research Grant Program of Japan International Cooperation Agency Nguyen Thi Kieu Trang Hanoi, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Clean water issue 1.2 Solar steam generation 1.2.1 Design of solar steam generation (SSG) 1.2.2 1.3 Photothermal materials Purpose of thesis CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 2.1 Fabrication of photothermal material 2.1.1 Fabrication of bacterial cellulose (BC) 2.1.2 Fabrication of photothermal material 2.2 Characterization of photothermal materials 2.3 Solar steam generation systems 10 2.3.1 Construction SSG system 10 2.3.2 Evaluate the water evaporation ability of SSG system 11 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 14 3.1 The surface morphologies of BTF materials 14 3.2 The surface structure of BTF materials 17 3.2.1 FTIR 17 3.2.2 XRD and EDS 18 3.2.3 Iron-tannic acid complexes 20 3.3 The photothermal materials: BTF 21 3.3.1 Absorption 21 3.3.2 Thermal conductivity 22 3.3.3 Contact angle 23 3.3.4 Evaluation of light to heat conversion 23 3.4 Performance of SSG system 25 3.4.1 SSG system under solar simulator 25 3.4.2 SSG system under natural sun condition 29 3.4.3 Stability of photothermal material BTF 30 3.4.4 Self-cleaning property 31 3.4.5 Quality of freshwater collected from SSG 32 CONCLUSION 36 REFERENCES 37 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Composition of BC, BC-TA and BTF 19 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 (a) Distribution of water on the Earth [6], (b) saline intrusion warning in the Mekong Delta [30] Figure 1.2 Metal nanoparticle [31] Figure 1.3 CuFeSe2 NPs - decorated wood membrane for solar steam generation [19] Figure 2.1 Bacterial cellulose fabrication process Figure 2.2 Preparation of photothermal material Figure 2.3 Some instruments in this study (a) JSM-IT100 InTouchScopeTM Scanning Electron Microscope (b) Oriel® Sol1ATM Solar Simulators (c) FLIR C2 Camera (d) X-ray Diffraction (XRD Mini Flex 600) (e) UV-VIS Lambda 950 10 Figure 2.4 The structure of steam generation part of SSG system 11 Figure 2.5 Evaluating the steam evaporation index of SSG in the laboratory condition 12 Figure 2.6 The experiment of collecting purified from seawater of SSG system 12 Figure 3.1 Images of BC growth in days 14 Figure 3.2 The change of materials during the fabrication of photothermal materials 15 Figure 3.3 SEM images of BC and BTF materials 16 Figure 3.4 BET of BC 17 Figure 3.5 FT-IR spectra of BC and BTF materials show difference of peak 18 Figure 3.6 XRD spectra of BC and BTF materials show slightly changes in the diffraction peaks 19 Figure 3.7 Schematic representation of cellulose with hydrogen bonded tannic acid 20 3+ Figure 3.8 The possible complexation mechanism of TA with Fe 20 Figure 3.9 Absorption spectra of the BC and BTF in dry/wet condition 22 Figure 3.10 Thermal conductivity of BTF 22 Figure 3.11 Contact angle of BTF 23 Figure 3.12 The maximum temperatures of BC and BTF materials 24 Figure 3.14 The mass changes in seawater evaporation under dark condition 26 Figure 3.15 The maximum temperatures of BC and BFT materials based SSG surface 27 Figure 3.16 Infrared photos of the BTF based SSG surface during evaporation process 27 Figure 3.17 The evaporation rate of BTF with different thickness under sun 28 Figure 3.18 Mass change of functionalized material under natural sun 29 Figure 3.20 Cycling stability of the SSG system under sun illumination with 60minutes irradiation for each cycle 31 ii Figure 3.21 Self-cleaning process of BTF material with the salt mas of g .31 Figure 3.22 Mechanism of self-cleaning process of BTF 32 Figure 3.23 The steam condensed on the glass and flowed down to the water tank 33 Figure 3.24 The volume of purified water from SSG system 34 Figure 3.25 The electrical resistances of seawater, desalinated water and domestic water 35 iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AuNPs Gold nanoparticles BC Bacterial cellulose BTF BC-TA-Fe BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller EDS Energy Disperse X-Ray Spectroscopy FTIR Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy LSPR Localized surface plasmon resonance NPs Nanoparticles SEM Scanning Electron Microscope SSG Solar steam generation XRD X-ray powder diffraction 3+ iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Clean water issue Water comprises 70% of our planet, and it's safe to assume that water will continue to be plentiful On the other hand, soft drinks, which we consume on a daily basis, are quite rare Fresh water accounts for only 2.5% of the total water available on earth, which will not be enough to meet the needs of the world's growing population By 2050, water demand is expected to rising by 400% and 130% from industrial and residential consumption, with more than 40% of the world's population facing extremely water shortages [5] About 1.1 billion people not have access to clean water, out of a total of 2.7 billion people experience water scarcity for at least one month of the year Rivers, wetlands, and aquifers are drying up or becoming unusable due to pollution About half of the world's wetlands have been lost Agriculture uses the most water of any source and loses a significant amount of water due to inefficiency Climate change is altering weather and water patterns all over the world, resulting in water shortages and droughts in some places and flooding in others [17] In terms of the atmosphere, water scarcity on Earth is manifested by negative environmental phenomena such as rising salinity and shrinking fresh water supplies on the land surface, such as lakes, rivers, and ponds [16] Vietnam is the world's 13th most populated nation, with nearly two-thirds of the population living along the country's three major river basins: Thai Binh, Mekong Delta, and Dong Nai In the Mekong Delta, the extent of saline intrusion in these rivers has been deeper than the same period in 2016 by about to 11 km The phenomenon of saline intrusion in the Mekong Delta affects not only agricultural production but also water supply and living conditions for millions of coastal people [29] Protecting the climate, biodiversity, and communities on Earth requires developing strategies to reduce the rise in water scarcity To alleviate water shortage, various solutions have been suggested, such as improving water filtration systems, encouraging water conservation Among these options, the use of freshwater processing technology from seawater has gotten a lot of attention in recent decades An applied technology's main value is improving seawater metabolic efficiency while lowering energy consumption