Users’ intention of route choice on toll roads case studies in vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY MO MO ME KO USERS’ INTENTION OF ROUTE CHOICE ON TOLL ROADS: CASE STUDIES IN VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY MO MO ME KO USERS’ INTENTION OF ROUTE CHOICE ON TOLL ROADS: CASE STUDIES IN VIETNAM MAJOR: CIVIL ENGINEERING CODE: 8900201.04 QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Assoc.Prof NGUYEN HOANG TUNG Hanoi, 2023 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been able to be completed without the various contributions of several people I would like to express my gratitude to everyone who supported and assisted me in many ways in order to complete my thesis First and foremost, I would like to express sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Assoc.Prof Nguyen Hoang Tung for giving me numerous helpful ideas and advice, continuous motivation and supervision, patience and constant support I got a good memory and remembrance of his patiently guiding and directing me and keeping me on the right track in my study I also would like to express my gratitude from the bottom of my heart to Professor Hironori Kato and Professor Shinichi Takeda for giving me their precious time, patience, insightful suggestions, enthusiastic encouragement, immense knowledge and aspiring guidance with a systematic approach, which not only helped to improve the entire quality of my thesis but also supported my further studies and professional career I wish to extend my special thanks to Professor Nguyen Dinh Duc not only for his lectures and valuable knowledge but also for providing opportunities to study at Vietnam Japan University (VJU) I am also grateful to Japan-ASEAN Integration Fund (JAIF) organization for fully funding my Master‟s Degree in Civil Engineering Program at VJU Moreover, I would like to convey my sincere gratitude to Dr Nguyen Tien Dung and Dr Nguyen Ngoc Vinh, who have always provided me with insightful lectures, great suggestions and care while I studied and finished the thesis I would like to extend great thanks to my senior, Mr Bui Van Tuan for letting me use data in the thesis Besides, I am grateful to all VJU family including the program assistants for their enthusiastic support throughout my VJU journey Additionally, I would like to appreciate my friends being with me in difficult times Last but not least, none of my efforts would have been possible without my lovely father, mother and two elder sisters who always catch me when I fall and encourage me to pursue the best version of myself I would like to offer them my sincere appreciation for their unequivocal love, care and most importantly for believing in me All in all, I would like to express my warmest thanks to everyone who has supported me throughout my academic years ABSTRACT Transport infrastructure especially toll road development plays an important role to increase the country‟s economic activities Therefore, governments especially from developing countries always invite private investors for toll road projects to improve the road quality This is because toll roads can improve service quality, reduce traffic congestion and promote equitable development between regions not only for government and private investors but for road users also However, there are many toll road projects that fail to support adequate service for road users in two cases including a case in which new toll roads often compete with existing non-toll roads, and the other case in which private investors not understand well about users‟ preferences Therefore, route choice behaviour is necessary to understand the knowledge of users‟ preferences for successful toll-road investment Although toll roads have been widely studied in the past, there is still little research on the relationship between service quality and route choice Moreover, the competition between toll and non-toll roads in a route choice was not considered in most of the previous studies To fill these gaps, this study investigated two cases of competition including a case in which toll and non-toll roads are parallel (no shared section) and the other case in which there is a shared section of the two types, and bivariate probit model is performed to compare dependent binary choices between toll and non-toll roads collecting data from Hanoi, Vietnam The results revealed that in the non-shared section case, road users highly evaluating toll road's safety system, more satisfied with road usage price, and more dependent on route-finding applications have higher willingness to use toll roads than non-toll roads These factors, however, were not found in the shared section case Only individuals highly evaluating toll road surface conditions prefer using toll roads in the shared section case This study highlights the crucial significance that the competition context plays in supporting users choose their utility function while deciding their route choice Therefore, the related policies based on the competition context are recommended to improve future toll road projects Keywords: route choice, toll and non-toll roads, bivariate binary probit model, developing country Contents LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Statement of the Problems 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Objectives 1.5 Overview of the Study CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 PPP Projects in Transportation 2.3 Overview of Route Choice on Toll Roads 2.4 Route Choice Rule 2.5 Factors Influence on Route Choice 11 2.6 Relationship between Road Services Quality and Route Choice 14 2.7 Summary of Previous Route Choice Studies 15 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 18 3.1 Introduction 18 3.2 Field Survey 18 3.2.1 Case Studies 18 3.2.2 Description of Information 20 3.2.3 Field Survey Results 20 3.3 Data Collection 21 3.4 Hypothesis Development 22 3.4.1 Conceptual Model .22 3.4.2 Working Hypothesis 23 3.5 Bivariate Binary Probit Model 24 CHAPTER DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 26 4.1 Introduction 26 4.2 Socio-demographic Characteristic of Respondents 26 4.2.1 Gender 26 4.2.2 Age .27 4.2.3 Income 27 4.2.4 Ratio of travel cost to total income 28 4.2.5 Frequency 29 4.3 Aspect of Route Choice Behaviour Related to Service Quality 29 4.3.1 Accessibility 33 4.3.2 Ameniy 33 4.3.2 Safety 33 4.3.3 Quality and Comfort 34 4.3.4 Connection Level .34 4.3.5 Serviceability .34 4.4 Aspect of Route Choice Behaviour Related to Users‟ Travel Characteristics 35 4.4.1 Modes 37 4.4.2 Role of Road in Daily Life 37 4.4.3 Puropose to Use Road 38 4.4.4 Attitude toward Road Use Fee 38 4.4.5 Applications when Choosing Route 38 4.5 Selecting Variables 38 4.6 Results for Pair-1 and Pair-2 40 4.7 Discussion Results 43 4.8 Policy Implications 46 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS 49 5.1 Discussion and Conclusion 49 5.2 Suggestion for Further Studies 50 References 51 APPENDIX 58 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Vietnam: International Ranking of Infrastructure Table 2.1 Categorization of Factors Affecting Route Choice 13 Table 2.2 Summay of Previous Route Choice Studies 15 Table 3.1 Field Survey Information 20 Table 3.2 Data Collection Information 21 Table 4.1 Route Choice Behaviour Related to Service Quality (%) 29 Table 4.2 Route Choice Behaviour Related to Users‟ Travel Characteristics (%) 35 Table 4.3 Final selection of 36 Variables through the First Step 39 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Quality of Road Infrastructure in ASEAN Countries Figure 1.2 Flow of Research Figure 2.1 Number of PPPs Project in Each Sector Figure 2.2 Number of Transport Sub-Sector Projects Sector Figure 2.3 Flow Diagram of Choice Rule 10 Figure 3.1 Pair-1 (Phap Vhan- Cau Gie) 19 Figure 3.2 Pair-2 (Chan Cau Thanh Tri- Hung Yen) 19 Figure 3.3 Data Collection from Local People 22 Figure 3.4 Conceptual Diagram 23 Figure 4.2.1 Gender 26 Figure 4.2.2 Age 27 Figure 4.2.3 Income 28 Figure 4.2.4 Ratio of Travel Cost to Total Income 28 Figure 4.2.5 Frequency 29 Figure 4.3 VIF Test 39 Figure 4.4 Safety System/ Design in Pair-1 44 Figure 4.5 Condition of Toll Road Surface in Pair-1 (Photo from Field Survey) 44 Figure 4.6 Condition of Non-Toll Road Surface in Pair-2 (Photo from Field Survey) 44 Figure 4.7 Toll Gate in Pair-1 46 Figure 4.8 Toll Gate in Pair-2 46 Figure 4.9 VMS LED signs source: fine pixel led in Japan 47 Figure 5.1 Factors Affecting Route Choice on Toll Road 49 ii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background All socio-economic interactions are based on transportation, which is a significant component of human activity Among the various types of transportation, road transport is one of the most important components (Santos et., 2010) According to numerous studies (Wang and Pfister, 2008; Park et., 2015; Kanwal et., 2019), the development of road transport creates employment opportunities, improves economic activity, and has a number of other positive effects on the local population However, a growing economy and population in many developing nations are creating an excessive demand for road infrastructure (Oxford Business Group, 2018) As a result, pressure is increasing as inadequate road infrastructure hinders foreign investments in nations that depend on them to improve their economic performance and competitiveness (Ahukannah et al., 2003; Ivanova and Masarova, 2013) Figure 1.1 below shows the quality of road infrastructure in ASEAN countries 7=extensive and efficient among the best in the world World Average 1=extremely Among top performers Around the world average Despite improvements, ranking remain low underdeveloped among the worst Singapore Malaysia 2019 Brunia Indonesia 2014 Thailand Laos Philippines Cambodia Vietnam Myanmar in the world Figure 1.1 Quality of Road Infrastructure in ASEAN Countries (Source: World Bank, Global Competitiveness Report 2014, 2019) In order to reduce the pressure on the public sector debt while also expanding and improving public facilities, governments have invited the private sectors for financing both locally and internationally to enter into long-term contractual agreements that 70 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