VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY BUI VAN TUAN IDENTIFYING LOCALIZED FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USER SATISFACTION OF TOLL ROAD PROJECT IN VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY BUI VAN TUAN IDENTIFYING LOCALIZED FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USER SATISFACTION OF TOLL ROAD PROJECT IN VIETNAM MAJOR: INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING CODE: 8900201.04 QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Assoc.Prof NGUYEN HOANG TUNG Hanoi, 2022 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is original and has not been published The use of results of other research and other documents must comply with regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis I have read and understood the plagiarism violations I pledge with personal honor that this research result is my own and does not violate the Regulation on prevention of plagiarism in academic and scientific research activities at VNU Vietnam Japan University (Issued together with Decision No 700/QD-ĐHVN dated 30/9/2021 by the Rector of Vietnam Japan University) Author of the thesis Bui Van Tuan Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the lecturers of the Master of Infrastructure Engineering Program for their help during my undergraduate at Vietnam Japan University (VJU) First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Lecturer Associate Professor Nguyen Hoang Tung who instructed me directly to conduct this research by giving particular guidance I also would like to give special thanks to all the teachers at Vietnam Japan university, who have conveyed me the precious knowledge for the duration of my learning here Especially Professor Dr.sci Nguyen Dinh Duc and Dr Phan Le Binh who always has stimulated me to try my best and has inspired me a lot of motivations for studying as well as working in life Besides that, I am grateful to Professor Hironori Kato, the Co-Director of Master’s Program in Infrastructure Engineering, and Professor Shinichi Takeda who guided me throughout the process of this thesis Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends, who always are beside me during the implementation of this master’s thesis Although there have been lots of my attempts in the research process, due to limited ability and experience of self, this master’s thesis still has some unavoidable shortcomings So, I am looking forward to hearing sincere feedback from teachers and colleagues in order to supplement and complete more of this research in the future TABLE CONTENT LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview 1.2 Statement of Problems .3 1.3 Objectives of the Study .3 1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Study methodology 1.6 Overview of the Study .4 CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The concept of road services 2.2 Customer satisfaction .5 2.3 Critical factors of Customer satisfaction CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 3.1 The equal for the Overall satisfaction 3.2 Method of Data collection CHAPTER DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 13 4.1 Demographic Characteristic of Respondents 13 4.2 Aspect of Satisfaction .17 4.3 Users’ satisfaction 24 4.4 Data analysis process 25 4.5 Discussion .33 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS 40 REFERENCES 42 APPENDIX…… 43 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: The influence of accessibility factor on users' satisfaction (%) 18 Table 4.2: The influence of Amenity factor on users' satisfaction (%) 20 Table 4.3: The influence of Safety factor on users' satisfaction (%) 221 Table 4.4: The influence of Quality and Comfort factor on users' satisfaction (%) .23 Table 4.5: Users’ satisfaction with route (%) 24 Table 4.6: Route 1.1 Toll road Phap Van- Cau Gie choose model 28 (Min AIC=440.92) 249 Table 4.7: Route 1.2 Non-toll road NH 1A choose model 12 (Min AIC=447.96) .30 Table 4.8: Route 2.1 Toll road CT.04 + Non-toll road NH 39 choose model 33 (Min AIC=386.43) 31 Table 4.9: Route 2.2 Non-toll road PR 379 + NH 39 choose model (Min AIC=438.02) 324 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Development Plan of Toll-road Network in Vietnam Figure 3.1: Toll and non-toll roads surveyed 11 Figure 3.2: Interview with Local Residents 12 Figure 4.1: Comparison of gender shares in sample data with those in Vietnamese population (%) .13 Figure 4.2: Total Viet Nam Driver’s License (From 2010 to 03/2022) (%) 14 Figure 4.3 Percentage of Age subgroup of the Respondents (%) 15 Figure 4.4: Percentage of Income of the Respondents (%) 16 Figure 4.5: Percentage of Frequency (times/month) of the Respondents (%) 16 Figure 4.6: Column chart Percentage of Travel cost/ total income of the Respondents (%) 17 Figure 4.7: Illustration image: Rest Stop on toll road CT.04……………… ……… 21 Figure 4.8: Conceptual model .26 Figure 4.9: Factors diagram affect users’ satisfaction 27 Figure 4.10: Combinations of variables 28 Figure 4.11: Users’ Satisfaction vs Frequency of using toll roads .33 Figure 4.12: Safety design in toll road of Pair 35 Figure 4.13: Poor Quality of Toll Road’s Surface Noi Bai- Lao Cai 38 Figure 4.14: Poor Quality of Toll Road’s Surface Trung Luong- My Thuan ……… ………………………………………………………………………………37 Figure 4.15: Poor Quality of Toll Road’s Surface ………………….……………… 38 Figure 5.1: Local factors affecting users’ satisfaction .40 ii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview The construction of Vietnam's highways was put in place in the 2000s in the context that the national highway system, especially Highway 1, the Ho Chi Minh road through the Central Highlands and a number of other arterial national highways had deteriorated The increase in the number of vehicles and the great demand for transportation makes the major urban gateways such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City often experience traffic jams On December 1, 2008, the Government issued Decision No 1734/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister "Approving the planning for development of Vietnam expressway network through 2020 and vision after 2020 The plan to establish Vietnam's expressway network includes 22 routes with a total length of 5,873 km On March 1, 2016, the Government issued Decision No 1734/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister "Approving the master plan on development of Vietnam's expressway network through 2020, with orientations toward 2030" The plan to establish Vietnam's expressway network includes 21 routes with a total length of 6,411 km On September 1, 2021, the Government issued Decision No 1454/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister approving the Master Plan on the road network for the 2021-2030 period, with a vision toward 2050 Goals to 2030, strive to build and complete about 5,000 km of expressways Currently, only about 1,160 km have been put into use, approximately 20% of the 2030 target Figure 1.1: Development Plan of Toll-road Network in Vietnam (Source: vnexpress.net) Road users pay VND 1,500/km/vehicle or more when they used expressways So, expressways are known as toll roads Government has a development plan to extend toll road network, and expected effects from developing toll road network: - Reduction of load on old/degraded national highways - Travel time saving and improvement of accessibility - Reduction of traffic congestion - Contribution to regional economic development In addition, the fee collected from users will help maintain the quality of expressways and contribute to the state budget 1.2 Statement of Problems Besides the toll roads with high traffic volumes such as: Toll road Phap Van Cau Gie: Average about 50,000 vehicles/day and night Ha Noi- Hai Phong: Average about 47,000 vehicles/day and night Ho Chi Minh City - Trung Luong: Averages about 23,000 vehicles/day and night There are still many toll roads suffer from low traffic demand: Bac Giang - Lang Son toll road: Average about 2000-3000 vehicles/day and night, … This may be because investors provide inadequate service to users 1.3 Objectives of the Study This study aims to: Collect empirical data on road users’ satisfaction relating toll roads and non-toll roads connecting the same origin-destination pairs; Analyze critical factors affecting the road users’ satisfaction levels; and Draw policy implications from the empirical analysis 1.4 Research Questions For the above purposes, the research question is: What factors affect the satisfaction of toll road users? 1.5 Study methodology The ordered logit model is a regression model for an ordinal response variable Model Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 Sig -0,11 Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig 1,5 Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig 0,4 Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,6 3,73 * 2,23 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 4,57 * 6,4 *** 5,24 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 9,32 *** 11,7 *** 8,14 *** Gender -0,06 0,01 Age Group -0,82 -0,65 0,57 1,04 Age Group 0,19 -0,1 -0,15 -0,06 Income 0,96 Frequency 0,49 * *** 8,24 *** -0,17 ** 0,21 0,03 ** -0,2 -0,01 0,53 -0,02 1,17 Entering the route -0,18 0,51 Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,4 0,24 Safety Safety design 1,48 Quality & Comfort Road surface No Observations 0,35 * * 5,71 1,3 Accessibility * -0,09 2,91 1,16 Travel cost/ total income -0,41 ** 0,09 0,34 * * 0,54 ** 0,87 * 0,89 ** 1,03 *** 0,77 *** 0,38 0,14 0,82 ** Sig 304 304 198 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,12 0,18 0,13 AIC 440,92 484,74 400,18 452,11 Model Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,29 5,38 ** -0,33 2,71 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,66 * 8,18 *** 2,43 * 5,59 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,39 *** 13,67 *** 5,08 *** 8,08 *** Gender -0,04 0,13 Age Group -0,84 Age Group 0,13 Income 0,92 Frequency 0,55 3,07 * -2 -0,23 0,05 0,03 -0,72 0,63 0,98 -0,16 -0,16 0,24 1,24 ** 0,51 0,33 1,58 ** -0,18 -0,31 0,45 0,13 Travel cost/ total income 1,21 Accessibility Entering the route -0,15 Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,49 * 0,3 0,38 * 0,22 Safety Safety design 1,91 ** -0,1 1,18 *** 0,6 Quality & Comfort Reasonable No Observations * -0,42 0,42 -0,09 * 1,18 304 *** 0,18 0,14 0,21 304 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,15 0,12 0,13 AIC 442,32 469,17 424,38 448,46 Model Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,73 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,03 5,66 ** 3,69 ** 4,18 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,93 * 8,67 *** 6,83 *** 7,08 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,66 *** 14,29 *** 9,82 *** 9,75 *** Gender -0,04 0,03 Age Group -0,84 Age Group 0,14 Income 0,92 Frequency 0,53 Travel cost/ total income 1,2 3,14 * * 1,78 0,04 -0,14 -0,87 0,3 1,28 -0,18 -0,1 0,23 0,22 1,13 ** 0,42 1,49 ** -0,17 -0,44 Entering the route -0,15 0,47 Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,48 * 0,29 0,49 Safety Safety design 1,76 ** -0,57 0,41 0,03 * 1,49 304 *** 304 * 0,11 1,03 Accessibility Quality & Comfort Comfortable feeling No Observations 1,26 * 0,13 ** 0,07 0,41 * 0,44 * 0,58 1,19 *** 198 1,1 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,18 0,20 0,15 AIC 442,42 452,35 391,14 438,76 58 Model Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 0,35 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 1,06 4,85 ** 2,44 * 3,2 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 4,98 ** 7,58 *** 5,41 *** 5,92 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 9,69 *** 12,93 *** 8,26 *** 8,38 *** Gender -0,07 0,01 Age Group -0,72 -0,65 0,57 1,07 Age Group 0,25 -0,08 -0,41 -0,03 Income 1,04 1,21 ** 0,32 -0,11 Frequency 0,51 1,3 ** -0,05 -0,19 Travel cost/ total income 1,04 -0,46 0,27 0,07 Accessibility Entering the route -0,03 0,53 ** 0,14 Amenity Convenience Rest Stop 0,4 0,56 * 0,48 Safety Saferty system 0,04 Quality & Comfort Road surface No Observations 2,61 * -0,26 0,68 ** 0,57 -0,13 -0,15 ** 0,68 *** -0,07 1,19 304 * 0,27 ** 0,14 0,87 304 0,32 *** 0,87 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,13 0,17 0,11 AIC 445,48 479,44 402,33 459,70 Model Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,5 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,2 5,87 *** -0,2 2,66 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 4,1 * 8,69 *** 2,51 * 5,49 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,73 *** 14,23 *** 5,08 *** 7,94 *** Gender -0,05 0,13 Age Group -0,75 Age Group 0,19 Income 0,97 Frequency 0,56 Travel cost/ total income 1,12 Accessibility Entering the route 0,08 Amenity Convenience Rest Stop 0,45 Safety Saferty system Quality & Comfort Reasonable design No Observations 3,58 * * * Model Route Variables -0,28 0,07 0,06 -0,74 0,52 1,02 -0,13 -0,43 0,25 1,3 ** 0,74 1,62 *** -0,07 -0,4 0,28 0,11 -0,51 * 0,3 0,44 * 0,19 0,48 * 0,38 * 0,83 * -0,3 0,35 * 1,17 -0,16 0,29 1,13 R-Square (Mc Fadden) -1,88 *** 0,11 0,14 *** 304 304 198 198 0,07 0,15 0,11 0,12 Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Coef 3,65 * 1,73 Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,45 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,25 6,14 *** 3,76 ** 4,49 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 4,14 * 9,19 *** 6,97 *** 7,35 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,8 *** 14,86 *** 9,96 *** 9,99 *** Gender -0,06 -0,02 Age Group -0,8 -0,91 Age Group 0,15 -0,12 Income 0,92 Frequency 0,55 Travel cost/ total income 1,16 Accessibility Entering the route 0,05 Amenity Convenience Rest Stop 0,44 Safety Saferty system Quality & Comfort Comfortable feeling No Observations * * * 0,07 * -0,15 0,28 1,3 -0,33 0,28 0,13 1,23 ** 0,53 1,55 ** -0,06 0,77 0,12 -0,6 0,48 * 0,14 0,56 * 0,57 -0,22 -0,24 0,35 1,37 304 1,57 *** 0,25 *** 304 * 0,36 * 0,53 ** -0,06 1,3 *** 198 1,22 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,07 0,18 0,20 0,15 AIC 450,59 449,67 387,35 441,36 59 Model 10 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 0,42 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 1,13 4,8 ** 2,08 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 5,11 ** 7,53 *** 5,1 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 9,85 *** 12,88 *** 8,02 *** Gender -0,05 Age Group -0,85 -0,66 0,58 0,96 Age Group 0,17 -0,08 -0,31 -0,01 Income 0,94 Frequency 0,53 2,56 * 0,23 Sig 0,02 -0,08 2,9 * 5,72 *** 8,26 *** -0,18 1,22 ** 0,27 0,06 1,31 ** -0,11 -0,14 0,25 -0,04 Travel cost/ total income 1,21 Accessibility Entering the route -0,18 0,53 ** 0,1 Amenity Convenience Rest Stop 0,41 0,56 * 0,43 ** 0,58 Safety Safety design 1,38 0,76 * 0,92 ** Quality & Comfort Road surface No Observations 0,47 1,09 *** 0,82 *** * * -0,48 0,1 0,85 ** 0,28 ** 304 304 198 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,13 0,18 0,13 AIC 441,29 479,38 397,66 450,79 Model 11 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,68 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,02 5,94 *** -0,78 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,98 * 8,76 *** 1,96 * 5,16 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,67 *** 14,3 *** 4,61 *** 7,66 *** Gender -0,02 Age Group -0,88 Age Group 0,1 Income 0,88 Frequency 0,62 1,29 Accessibility Entering the route -0,12 Amenity Convenience Rest Stop 0,46 Safety Safety design -2,45 0,13 * * Travel cost/ total income Quality & Comfort Reasonable design No Observations 3,64 * 1,85 -0,6 2,3 0,08 0,03 -0,72 0,67 0,97 -0,13 -0,29 0,24 1,3 ** 0,61 0,4 1,61 *** -0,14 -0,35 0,27 0,03 -0,51 0,44 * 0,21 * 0,49 * 0,34 * 0,12 ** -0,1 1,12 ** 0,65 * 1,01 *** -0,04 1,15 *** 0,15 0,19 304 304 198 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,15 0,12 0,13 AIC 444,29 466,07 425,08 449,55 Model 12 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Coef 3,93 * 1,58 Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,45 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,26 6,45 *** 3,57 ** 4,11 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 4,21 * 9,51 *** 6,77 *** 7,02 *** 8,9 *** 15,19 *** 9,77 *** 9,69 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 Gender -0,03 Age Group -0,89 Age Group 0,11 Income 0,88 * Frequency 0,6 Travel cost/ total income 1,29 Accessibility Entering the route -0,12 Amenity Convenience Rest Stop 0,45 Safety Safety design Quality & Comfort Comfortable feeling No Observations * * 1,73 0,06 0,02 0,06 -0,16 -0,88 0,31 1,24 -0,16 -0,3 0,29 1,18 ** 0,51 0,26 1,52 ** -0,08 0,02 0,76 0,04 -0,54 0,48 * 0,15 * 0,55 * 0,55 * -0,58 *** 0,24 1,49 304 1,22 *** 304 * 0,37 * 0,46 ** 0,59 1,28 *** 198 1,13 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,19 0,20 0,15 AIC 444,25 447,96 387,42 438,02 60 Model 13 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,53 2,04 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,79 4,33 * 2,57 * 1,25 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,13 7,04 *** 5,54 *** 3,83 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,86 12,32 *** 8,37 *** 6,24 *** Gender -0,09 0,01 -0,12 -0,2 Age Group -0,7 -0,63 0,54 1,27 Age Group 0,33 -0,11 -0,34 -0,07 Income 1,07 Frequency 0,45 *** ** Travel cost/ total income 1,08 Accessibility Entering the route 0,08 Amenity Quality of Lighting Safety system -0,52 Safety Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations * 0,78 1,12 ** 0,46 0,13 1,19 * -0,15 -0,04 0,53 -0,37 -0,24 0,49 * 0,25 * 0,47 *** ** ** 0,21 -0,07 1,14 304 * 0,43 ** -0,15 0,79 304 0,07 0,49 -0,17 0,9 -1,48 *** 0,72 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,12 0,17 0,08 AIC 444,29 482,00 405,13 473,48 Model 14 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig -2,3 2,87 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,6 5,18 ** 0,03 2,59 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,28 7,98 *** 2,75 ** 5,41 *** 13,46 *** 5,32 *** 7,86 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 6,88 Gender -0,04 0,14 Age Group -0,73 Age Group 0,24 Income 0,98 Frequency 0,51 *** * -1,63 0,07 0,05 -0,72 0,44 1,06 -0,16 -0,38 0,25 1,23 ** 0,86 1,54 ** -0,14 -0,33 0,46 0,06 Travel cost/ total income 1,2 Accessibility Entering the route 0,2 0,42 Amenity Quality of Lighting Safety system -0,32 0,28 0,43 0,24 -0,09 0,56 Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,35 Safety * -0,36 -0,34 * 1,09 304 *** * 0,12 0,34 0,12 * 0,08 -0,35 0,34 304 * * 1,21 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,07 0,15 0,11 0,12 AIC 453,96 469,60 430,59 453,45 Model 15 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -2,32 2,78 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,61 5,26 ** 3,24 ** 3,38 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,26 8,25 *** 6,35 *** 6,16 *** 13,86 *** 9,26 *** 8,76 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 6,89 Gender -0,06 0,02 Age Group -0,78 -0,89 Age Group 0,2 -0,15 Income 0,92 Frequency 0,5 Travel cost/ total income 1,24 *** * * -0,2 0,27 1,45 -0,23 0,24 0,29 ** 0,67 1,47 ** -0,23 -0,41 Entering the route 0,17 0,46 Amenity Quality of Lighting Safety system -0,35 0,27 0,19 -0,28 Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,43 1,32 304 * 0,54 0,1 1,16 Accessibility Safety 1,38 0,17 1,06 * * 0,12 * 0,07 304 -0,19 0,47 0,38 *** ** ** 0,21 -0,11 1,17 *** 198 1,2 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,07 0,18 0,18 0,13 AIC 452,72 454,55 397,34 449,36 61 Model 16 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,55 1,87 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,82 4,14 * 2,06 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,14 6,85 *** 5,09 *** 3,63 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,89 12,14 *** 7,98 *** 6,14 *** Gender -0,06 0,03 -0,05 Age Group -0,8 -0,66 0,52 1,12 Age Group 0,28 -0,12 -0,25 -0,05 Income *** 1,00 Frequency * 0,49 Travel cost/ total income 1,21 Accessibility Entering the route -0,02 Amenity Quality of Lighting Safety design -0,51 Safety Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations * 0,28 0,93 -0,19 1,13 ** 0,39 0,29 1,21 * -0,22 -0,07 0,51 -0,45 -0,26 0,48 * -1,83 * 0,4 1,37 * 0,1 0,72 ** 0,77 304 0,05 0,46 0,39 ** * 0,05 0,73 * 1,09 1,01 *** 0,69 304 * 198 ** *** *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,10 0,12 0,17 0,11 AIC 440,18 482,15 400,92 460,87 Model 17 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -2,58 2,87 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,87 5,18 ** -0,41 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,04 7,98 *** 2,36 * 4,84 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 6,71 13,46 *** 5,01 *** 7,34 *** Gender -0,01 0,15 Age Group -0,83 Age Group 0,17 Income 0,91 Frequency 0,58 *** * -0,72 0,54 0,99 -0,16 -0,27 0,22 1,22 ** 0,73 0,44 1,54 ** -0,19 -0,36 0,43 -0,03 1,35 Entering the route 0,04 0,42 Amenity Quality of Lighting Safety design -0,33 0,24 Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,06 1,87 ** 1,98 0,04 Accessibility Safety -0,91 0,08 Travel cost/ total income * -2,07 -0,34 * -0,07 1,11 *** 0,11 0,18 0,43 * -0,02 1,03 ** 0,67 * 1,05 *** 0,18 304 304 198 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,15 0,12 0,13 AIC 446,81 469,62 424,29 449,94 Model 18 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -2,39 2,91 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,69 5,41 ** 2,93 * 2,85 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,23 8,41 *** 6,05 *** 5,68 *** 14,03 *** 8,98 *** 8,33 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 6,9 *** Gender -0,03 0,06 Age Group -0,86 Age Group 0,17 Income 0,89 Frequency 0,55 Travel cost/ total income 1,35 * * -0,18 -0,86 0,29 1,37 -0,19 -0,19 0,25 0,42 1,13 ** 0,63 1,48 ** -0,25 -0,37 Entering the route 0,03 0,47 Amenity Quality of Lighting Safety design -0,36 0,18 Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,18 1,73 * 0,01 0,11 Accessibility Safety 1,09 0,11 1,01 * * 0,11 * 0,37 1,44 *** -0,26 0,48 0,36 -0,53 * 1,1 *** ** 0,1 0,72 * 1,09 *** 304 304 198 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,18 0,18 0,14 AIC 446,33 453,25 396,41 444,51 62 Model 19 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,66 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,05 4,33 * 2,77 * 1,1 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,96 * 7,02 *** 5,72 *** 3,67 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,63 *** 12,29 *** 8,58 *** 6,07 *** Gender -0,06 0,04 -0,08 -0,2 Age Group -0,67 -0,63 0,4 1,25 Age Group 0,28 -0,14 -0,3 -0,11 Income 1,06 Frequency 0,46 2,04 * ** 0,45 0,12 1,32 ** -0,25 -0,08 0,57 -0,35 1,1 Accessibility 0,02 0,53 -0,11 0,37 Amenity Safety Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations * 0,01 -0,23 ** ** * ** 0,19 -0,13 1,16 304 * 0,43 ** -0,21 0,76 304 0,11 0,5 -0,13 0,77 -1,65 1,14 Travel cost/ total income Entering the route Quality Road sign, marking Safety system 0,98 *** 0,71 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,12 0,17 0,08 AIC 448,68 483,31 404,05 473,55 Model 20 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,53 2,84 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,83 5,15 ** 0,23 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,04 7,94 *** 2,93 ** 5,2 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,62 13,42 *** 5,51 *** 7,65 *** Gender -0,03 0,16 Age Group -0,7 Age Group 0,21 Income 0,97 Frequency 0,51 *** * -1,45 0,06 -0,72 0,31 1,05 -0,17 -0,35 0,23 1,25 ** 0,84 1,61 *** -0,24 -0,38 0,49 0,05 1,2 Accessibility 0,11 0,43 0,03 0,19 0,44 -0,02 -0,04 0,5 Amenity Safety Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations * 0,3 2,38 0,13 Travel cost/ total income Entering the route Quality Road sign, marking Safety system -0,56 -0,34 * 1,1 304 *** * 0,15 0,34 0,14 * 0,02 -0,33 0,36 304 * * 1,22 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,06 0,15 0,11 0,12 AIC 455,81 470,20 429,46 453,63 Model 21 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,54 2,4 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,84 4,85 ** 3,3 ** 3,05 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,03 7,81 *** 6,38 *** 5,83 *** 13,44 *** 9,29 *** 8,43 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,63 Gender -0,05 Age Group -0,75 -0,9 Age Group 0,18 -0,16 Income 0,92 Frequency 0,5 Travel cost/ total income 1,24 Accessibility Entering the route Quality Road sign, marking Safety system Amenity Safety Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations *** 1,44 0,04 * * 0,15 -0,18 0,19 1,43 -0,18 0,19 0,27 1,18 ** 0,66 1,56 ** -0,32 -0,47 0,1 0,48 -0,01 0,05 -0,03 -0,13 0,37 1,35 304 * 0,22 0,09 1,11 * * 0,16 * 0,05 304 -0,19 0,48 0,36 *** ** ** 0,13 -0,12 1,16 *** 198 1,19 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,06 0,17 0,18 0,13 AIC 454,93 455,71 397,54 449,99 63 Model 22 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,78 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,05 4,13 * 2,21 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,89 * 6,82 *** 5,23 *** 3,64 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,59 *** 12,1 *** 8,14 *** 6,15 *** Gender -0,03 0,05 -0,01 -0,2 Age Group -0,78 -0,65 0,4 1,11 Age Group 0,23 -0,14 -0,22 -0,07 Income 0,98 Frequency 1,86 * 0,5 ** 0,38 0,28 ** -0,3 -0,07 0,56 -0,43 1,25 -0,08 0,52 -0,21 0,32 Amenity Safety Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,94 1,32 Accessibility * -1,82 1,15 Travel cost/ total income Entering the route Quality Road sign, marking Safety design 0,42 -0,26 1,47 * 0,11 0,6 * 0,75 304 ** 0,07 0,45 0,4 * * 0,07 0,74 * 1,09 1,01 *** 0,68 304 * 198 ** *** *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,12 0,18 0,11 AIC 443,96 483,34 399,89 460,76 Model 23 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig -1,91 2,86 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,2 5,17 ** -0,18 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,71 7,95 *** 2,58 * 4,81 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,35 13,44 *** 5,26 *** 7,3 *** Gender *** -1,84 -0,94 1,94 0,17 Age Group -0,81 -0,72 0,4 Age Group 0,15 -0,18 -0,23 0,23 Income 0,9 Frequency 0,58 * ** 0,71 0,45 1,61 *** -0,29 -0,37 0,48 -0,04 1,36 Accessibility Entering the route Quality Road sign, marking Safety design -0,03 0,43 -0,08 0,17 Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,02 Amenity Safety 1,87 ** 0,05 1,24 Travel cost/ total income * 0,15 -0,34 * -0,07 1,12 *** 0,14 0,18 0,45 ** -0,05 1,03 ** 0,67 * 1,07 *** 0,2 304 304 198 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,15 0,13 0,13 AIC 448,72 470,17 422,69 449,86 Model 24 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,7 2,58 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,99 5,07 ** 2,96 * 2,65 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,92 8,04 *** 6,06 *** 5,49 *** 13,68 *** 8,99 *** 8,14 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,56 Gender -0,01 0,06 Age Group -0,83 Age Group 0,14 Income 0,88 Frequency 0,56 Travel cost/ total income 1,36 Accessibility -0,03 0,48 -0,11 -0,01 Entering the route Quality Road sign, marking Safety design Amenity Safety Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations *** * * 1,75 * 0,14 1,13 -0,17 0,16 -0,17 -0,86 0,21 1,35 -0,18 -0,15 0,22 0,42 1,15 ** 0,61 1,55 ** -0,33 -0,43 0,07 1,05 * * 0,14 * 0,4 1,49 *** -0,27 0,49 0,34 -0,53 * 1,08 *** ** 0,05 0,74 * 1,08 *** 304 304 198 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,18 0,18 0,14 AIC 448,44 453,90 396,37 444,67 64 Model 25 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,34 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,37 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 4,29 * 5,67 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 9,01 *** 10,91 *** Gender -0,08 0,03 Age Group -0,69 -0,63 0,58 1,08 Age Group 0,26 -0,09 -0,24 -0,14 Income 1,09 1,2 ** 0,3 -0,11 Frequency 0,46 1,24 ** -0,19 0,02 Travel cost/ total income 0,98 -0,41 0,57 0,19 0,75 0,66 3,02 ** 2,51 * 2,89 * 5,45 *** 5,58 *** 8,28 *** 8,01 *** -0,15 Accessibility Road signal -0,1 0,34 0,18 Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,36 0,18 0,38 Safety Safety system -0,1 0,13 0,06 Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,61 * 0,92 304 ** Sig -0,19 0,15 * 0,7 *** -0,09 1,14 304 * *** 0,84 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,11 0,16 0,10 AIC 445,69 489,16 405,76 463,51 Model 26 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,02 2,28 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,32 4,64 ** -0,03 2,85 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,59 7,41 *** 2,69 ** 5,7 *** 12,87 *** 5,26 *** 8,14 *** -1,71 -0,18 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,25 Gender -0,07 0,14 Age Group -0,72 -0,73 0,5 Age Group 0,21 -0,14 -0,31 0,24 Income 1,03 Frequency Travel cost/ total income *** * 0,02 0,04 1,3 ** 0,7 0,24 0,5 1,55 ** -0,18 -0,34 1,02 -0,46 0,48 0,26 -0,03 0,26 0,22 -0,08 Accessibility Road signal Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,47 0,25 0,33 * 0,32 Safety Safety system -0,02 0,03 0,76 * -0,3 0,26 1,22 0,36 * 1,2 Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations * 304 *** 304 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,07 0,14 0,11 0,13 AIC 450,02 472,43 430,11 451,36 Model 27 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,93 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,23 4,35 ** 3,91 ** 4,06 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,67 * 7,31 *** 7,07 *** 6,88 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,35 *** 12,87 *** 10,05 *** 9,47 *** Gender -0,08 Age Group -0,77 -0,9 Age Group 0,18 -0,14 Income 0,99 1,22 Frequency 0,49 1,48 Travel cost/ total income 1,04 -0,57 1,05 0,27 0,22 0,26 0,47 -0,17 0,14 Road signal -0,07 Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,47 Safety Safety system -0,07 1,97 0,01 * Accessibility Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations 1,87 * 0,34 * 1,4 304 0,01 -0,19 0,31 1,22 -0,15 0,16 ** 0,47 0,15 ** -0,19 *** 304 1,16 * 0,16 * 0,26 0,22 ** 0,52 ** -0,01 1,25 *** 198 1,19 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,17 0,20 0,14 AIC 449,07 458,68 390,63 446,36 65 Model 28 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,27 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,44 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 4,4 * 5,61 ** 5,18 *** 5,24 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 9,17 *** 10,85 *** 8,09 *** 7,73 *** Gender -0,05 0,01 Age Group -0,83 Age Group 0,18 Income 1,01 Frequency 0,48 Travel cost/ total income 1,14 0,69 0,33 2,96 -0,41 2,16 2,47 -0,11 -0,22 -0,64 0,59 0,95 -0,08 -0,16 -0,1 * 1,21 ** 0,22 0,07 1,25 ** -0,22 0,06 * -0,44 0,51 0,08 0,35 0,14 Accessibility Road signal -0,27 Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,43 * 0,19 0,36 * 0,59 Safety Safety design 1,61 * 0,13 0,86 * 0,85 ** Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,36 1,02 *** 0,8 *** 0,89 ** 0,13 ** 304 304 198 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,10 0,11 0,18 0,12 AIC 440,01 489,20 399,49 456,06 Model 29 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,23 2,36 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,53 4,72 ** -0,51 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,43 7,49 *** 2,27 * 5,26 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,17 12,95 *** 4,94 *** 7,74 *** Gender -0,03 0,14 Age Group -0,85 Age Group 0,13 Income 0,97 Frequency 0,54 Travel cost/ total income 1,18 *** * * -2,18 -0,58 2,38 0,01 0,01 -0,71 0,66 0,94 -0,14 -0,17 0,22 0,35 1,29 ** 0,52 1,55 ** -0,22 -0,3 -0,46 0,45 0,18 Accessibility Road signal -0,25 0,27 0,23 Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,52 ** 0,26 0,37 * 0,27 Safety Safety design 2,04 ** -0,09 1,19 *** 0,56 Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations -0,09 1,24 304 *** -0,08 0,17 304 1,08 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,14 0,13 0,13 AIC 441,49 472,38 423,20 448,89 Model 30 Route Variables Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig -0,91 Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig 2,2 Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig 1,71 Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig 0,8 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,2 4,72 ** 3,62 ** 3,69 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,75 * 7,69 *** 6,78 *** 6,54 *** 8,5 *** 13,26 *** 9,78 *** 9,16 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 Gender -0,04 0,03 Age Group -0,86 Age Group 0,13 Income 0,96 Frequency 0,52 Travel cost/ total income 1,18 * * 0,02 -0,2 -0,86 0,34 1,17 -0,17 -0,12 0,19 0,28 1,18 ** 0,43 1,46 ** -0,21 -0,51 1,00 0,27 0,2 Accessibility Road signal -0,25 Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,51 ** 0,27 0,46 Safety Safety design 1,87 ** -0,56 0,38 Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,04 1,52 304 *** 304 * 0,18 * 0,18 ** 0,47 0,2 * 0,53 1,19 *** 198 1,12 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,17 0,20 0,14 AIC 441,59 456,78 389,72 443,67 66 Model 31 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 0,2 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,91 4,37 * 2,3 * 3,13 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 4,83 ** 7,08 *** 5,28 *** 5,84 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 9,55 *** 12,38 *** 8,13 *** 8,29 *** Gender -0,07 -0,01 Age Group -0,73 -0,65 0,56 0,99 Age Group 0,25 -0,07 -0,41 -0,06 Income 1,07 1,23 ** 0,35 -0,08 Frequency 0,51 1,23 ** -0,09 -0,14 Travel cost/ total income 1,02 -0,5 0,28 0,16 2,09 * 0,44 -0,15 Accessibility Road signal -0,11 0,43 * 0,15 Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,41 0,59 ** 0,45 Safety Safety design -0,2 0,02 Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,71 ** -0,18 0,17 ** 0,15 0,93 304 0,25 ** 1,18 304 0,72 *** -0,04 *** 0,89 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,12 0,17 0,11 AIC 445,25 482,91 401,98 461,14 Model 32 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,7 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,01 5,49 ** -0,38 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,89 * 8,3 *** 2,34 * 5,22 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,53 *** 13,82 *** 4,92 *** 7,66 *** Gender -0,05 0,11 Age Group -0,76 Age Group 0,18 Income 0,98 Frequency 0,57 Travel cost/ total income 3,15 * 1,11 Accessibility Road signal Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,46 Safety Safety design -0,1 Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations * * -2,06 2,39 0,04 0,04 -0,74 0,52 0,98 -0,13 -0,44 1,32 ** 0,76 1,56 ** -0,13 0,24 * 0,32 -0,39 -0,55 0,3 0,14 0,35 0,22 -0,04 0,51 * -0,03 0,29 -0,56 1,18 304 *** 0,35 * 0,17 0,85 * -0,27 0,32 304 1,21 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,07 0,15 0,11 0,12 AIC 451,53 468,50 429,12 453,43 Model 33 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,68 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,02 5,59 ** 3,65 ** 4,25 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,91 * 8,61 *** 6,87 *** 7,09 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,57 *** 14,26 *** 9,88 *** 9,71 *** Gender -0,07 -0,03 Age Group -0,82 -0,93 Age Group 0,14 -0,12 Income 0,94 Frequency 0,56 Travel cost/ total income * 1,14 * Accessibility Road signal -0,04 Amenity Quality Rest Stop 0,46 Safety Safety design -0,14 Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations 3,1 * 1,63 * -0,2 0,29 1,19 -0,33 0,24 ** 0,54 0,2 1,49 ** -0,11 0,05 -0,68 0,77 0,23 0,37 0,19 0,6 ** *** 304 * 0,22 0,53 *** 0,25 1,4 304 0,04 1,25 -0,28 0,36 1,35 0,56 ** 0,01 1,29 *** 198 1,23 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,07 0,18 0,21 0,14 AIC 450,62 452,88 386,43 444,05 67 Model 34 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 0,3 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 1,01 4,33 * 1,98 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 4,98 ** 7,03 *** *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 9,73 *** 12,34 *** 7,93 *** Gender -0,04 -0,01 Age Group -0,87 -0,66 0,58 0,87 Age Group 0,17 -0,06 -0,31 -0,04 Income 0,99 Frequency 0,53 Travel cost/ total income 2,05 * 1,19 * Accessibility Road signal -0,27 Amenity Convenience Rest Stop Safety design 0,44 1,5 Safety Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,13 -0,1 2,76 * 5,56 *** 8,08 *** -0,22 1,23 ** 0,28 0,08 1,23 ** -0,14 -0,09 0,26 0,06 -0,51 Sig -0,11 0,43 * 0,13 * 0,59 ** 0,41 ** 0,64 * 0,08 0,76 * 0,88 ** 1,08 *** 0,85 *** 0,49 0,91 ** 0,13 *** 304 304 198 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,12 0,18 0,12 AIC 440,36 482,86 397,34 453,03 Model 35 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Coef -2,7 * -0,91 Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,89 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,19 5,56 ** -1,03 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,76 * 8,36 *** 1,72 4,86 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,47 *** 13,88 *** 4,38 7,34 *** Gender -0,01 Age Group -0,9 Age Group 0,09 Income 0,92 Frequency 0,62 Travel cost/ total income 3,21 0,12 * * 1,27 * 0,04 0,01 -0,73 0,69 0,93 -0,13 -0,29 0,22 1,32 ** 0,62 0,42 1,56 ** -0,21 -0,35 -0,54 0,3 0,08 0,35 0,24 -0,04 Accessibility Road signal -0,21 Amenity Convenience Rest Stop Safety design 0,49 * 0,51 1,98 ** -0,11 Safety Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations -0,05 *** * 1,2 304 *** 0,31 * 0,16 1,14 ** 0,61 0,17 304 1,07 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,15 0,12 0,13 AIC 443,61 468,43 424,35 450,26 Model 36 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,61 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 0,09 5,84 *** 3,46 ** 3,89 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 4,04 * 8,88 *** 6,67 *** 6,76 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,75 *** 14,52 *** 9,68 *** 9,4 *** Gender -0,02 Age Group -0,91 Age Group 0,1 Income 0,91 Frequency 0,6 Travel cost/ total income 1,27 3,33 * -0,89 * * -0,21 0,33 1,13 -0,31 0,26 ** 0,53 0,31 ** -0,14 0,07 -0,61 0,76 0,15 0,36 0,19 Amenity Convenience Rest Stop Safety design 0,48 * 0,58 1,83 ** -0,58 * *** 304 * 0,2 0,52 ** 0,23 1,51 304 0,03 1,2 -0,22 0,08 1,46 Road signal Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations * -0,16 Accessibility Safety 1,47 0,51 ** 0,53 1,27 *** 198 1,15 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,18 0,21 0,15 AIC 443,54 451,32 386,55 441,32 68 Model 37 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,54 1,36 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,81 3,69 * 2,49 * 0,98 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,12 6,38 *** 5,46 *** 3,54 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,84 11,62 *** 8,3 *** 5,9 *** Gender -0,09 -0,13 Age Group -0,7 -0,64 0,55 1,12 Age Group 0,33 -0,1 -0,34 -0,12 Income 1,06 0,19 Frequency 0,46 Travel cost/ total income 1,09 *** * * Accessibility Road signal 0,09 Amenity Quality of Lighting -0,53 Safety Safety system 0,26 Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations * 0,7 *** -0,26 1,15 ** 0,46 1,13 * -0,17 0,06 -0,27 0,51 -0,25 0,34 0,12 0,48 0,46 -0,17 0,9 -1,73 304 0,3 * -0,13 0,85 ** * 0,22 -0,05 1,13 304 * *** 0,74 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,11 0,17 0,07 AIC 444,26 485,96 404,64 477,13 Model 38 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -2,38 2,26 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,68 4,64 ** -0,06 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,2 7,41 *** 2,66 ** 5,16 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 6,8 12,87 *** 5,25 *** 7,6 *** *** Gender -0,05 0,14 Age Group -0,74 Age Group 0,23 Income 0,96 Frequency 0,53 Travel cost/ total income 1,21 * * -1,73 0,01 -0,72 0,46 1,03 -0,15 -0,38 0,24 1,27 ** 0,85 1,5 ** -0,18 -0,3 -0,38 0,45 0,08 Road signal 0,19 0,28 0,18 Amenity Quality of Lighting -0,35 0,27 0,4 Safety Safety system 0,26 -0,1 0,58 0,36 2,34 0,05 Accessibility Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations -0,62 1,15 304 *** * -0,03 * 0,12 -0,34 0,31 304 0,37 1,27 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,07 0,14 0,11 0,12 AIC 453,99 472,50 429,63 453,95 Model 39 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -2,44 1,96 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,74 4,45 ** 3,2 ** 3,13 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,13 7,41 *** 6,32 *** 5,89 *** 12,98 *** 9,25 *** 8,46 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 6,75 Gender -0,07 0,03 Age Group -0,79 -0,89 Age Group 0,19 -0,14 Income 0,91 Frequency 0,51 Travel cost/ total income 1,24 *** * * 1,33 * 0,32 0,07 -0,27 0,3 1,31 -0,22 0,2 0,37 1,21 ** 0,66 1,42 ** -0,28 -0,48 1,03 0,25 * -0,05 Accessibility Road signal 0,14 0,28 0,22 0,34 Amenity Quality of Lighting -0,36 0,28 0,32 0,22 Safety Safety system 0,22 -0,3 0,43 1,34 Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations 304 0,09 *** 304 * * -0,05 1,17 *** 198 1,22 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,07 0,17 0,19 0,12 AIC 452,87 458,62 395,57 453,17 69 Model 40 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,56 1,17 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,83 3,49 * 2,02 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,13 6,18 *** 5,05 *** 3,28 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,89 11,43 *** 7,95 *** 5,74 *** Gender -0,06 0,02 -0,07 -0,26 Age Group -0,8 -0,66 0,54 0,98 Age Group 0,27 -0,1 -0,25 -0,1 Income 1,01 0,34 Frequency 0,49 Travel cost/ total income 1,21 *** 0,23 -2,11 0,62 * 1,16 ** 0,39 1,15 * -0,24 0,05 * -0,29 0,49 -0,32 Accessibility Road signal -0,03 0,33 0,11 Amenity Quality of Lighting -0,5 * 0,41 0,36 * 0,1 Safety Safety design 1,39 * 0,09 0,72 * 1,02 Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,72 ** 0,84 *** 0,72 304 ** 304 0,27 198 *** *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,10 0,11 0,18 0,10 AIC 440,17 486,14 400,42 465,98 Model 41 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -2,65 2,26 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,94 4,63 ** -0,52 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 1,97 7,4 *** 2,25 * 4,59 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 6,64 12,85 *** 4,92 *** 7,07 *** Gender -0,01 0,16 Age Group -0,84 Age Group 0,17 Income 0,91 Frequency 0,58 Travel cost/ total income *** * 1,34 * Accessibility Road signal 0,01 Amenity Quality of Lighting -0,33 Safety Safety design 1,89 Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations ** 0,06 -2,18 -1,17 1,74 0,05 -0,72 0,58 0,96 -0,15 -0,27 0,21 1,27 ** 0,72 0,47 1,51 ** -0,23 -0,31 -0,38 0,42 0,02 0,28 0,18 -0,02 0,24 0,41 * 0,03 -0,07 1,04 ** 0,61 1,17 304 *** 0,15 304 1,13 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,14 0,13 0,13 AIC 446,83 472,54 423,31 451,00 Model 42 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -2,47 2,07 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,76 4,58 ** 2,91 * 2,64 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,15 7,54 *** 6,04 *** 5,43 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 6,83 13,11 *** 8,99 *** 8,04 *** Gender -0,03 0,06 Age Group -0,86 Age Group 0,16 Income 0,89 Frequency 0,56 Travel cost/ total income 1,35 *** * * 1,07 -0,17 0,08 -0,26 -0,86 0,32 1,24 -0,18 -0,19 0,21 0,49 1,18 ** 0,62 1,44 ** -0,3 -0,44 0,98 0,22 * -0,11 Accessibility Road signal 0,28 0,21 0,32 Amenity Quality of Lighting -0,35 0,18 0,3 0,14 Safety Safety design 1,76 Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations * 0,19 -0,53 0,35 1,47 304 *** 304 * * 0,63 1,1 *** 198 1,12 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,17 0,19 0,13 AIC 446,35 457,39 394,76 449,36 70 Model 43 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,73 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,01 3,35 * 2,67 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,89 * 6,01 *** 5,62 *** 3,5 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,56 *** 11,24 *** 8,49 *** 5,86 *** Gender -0,06 0,04 -0,1 Age Group -0,67 -0,62 0,41 1,11 Age Group 0,28 -0,11 -0,31 -0,16 Income 1,06 0,16 Frequency 0,46 Travel cost/ total income 1,09 1,03 * * 0,87 ** 0,46 ** -0,28 0,02 -0,3 0,56 -0,22 -0,01 0,34 0,15 Amenity Quality Road sign, marking Safety system -0,1 0,29 0,48 0,03 -0,05 0,77 ** -0,27 1,2 Road signal Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,95 1,26 Accessibility Safety -1,78 304 0,3 ** -0,2 0,85 ** * 0,23 -0,14 1,14 304 * *** 0,73 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,11 0,17 0,07 AIC 448,68 488,33 403,39 476,75 Model 44 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,67 2,05 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,97 4,41 * 0,1 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,9 7,16 *** 2,81 ** 4,92 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,48 12,63 *** 5,41 *** 7,36 *** Gender -0,04 0,17 Age Group -0,71 Age Group 0,21 Income 0,98 Frequency 0,52 Travel cost/ total income *** * 1,19 * -1,57 -0,84 2,11 0,1 0,02 -0,72 0,33 1,01 -0,16 -0,36 1,3 ** 0,85 1,59 *** -0,27 0,21 * 0,37 -0,36 -0,41 0,49 0,08 Accessibility Road signal 0,07 0,28 0,2 -0,02 Amenity Quality Road sign, marking Safety system 0,03 0,11 0,42 0,03 0,01 0,52 Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,31 Safety 1,18 304 *** * 0,33 304 0,05 -0,32 1,27 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,06 0,14 0,11 0,12 AIC 455,97 473,44 428,42 454,28 Model 45 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,7 1,41 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,01 3,86 * 3,23 ** 2,89 * Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,87 6,78 *** 6,34 *** 5,64 *** 12,37 *** 9,27 *** 8,2 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,46 Gender -0,06 Age Group -0,76 -0,9 Age Group 0,17 -0,15 Income 0,93 Frequency 0,51 Travel cost/ total income 1,23 Accessibility Road signal Amenity Quality Road sign, marking Safety system Safety Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations *** 1,36 0,05 * * * 0,08 0,11 -0,26 0,23 1,28 -0,19 0,14 0,35 1,22 ** 0,65 1,53 ** -0,36 0,18 -0,56 1,07 0,04 0,3 0,24 0,35 -0,03 0,31 0,17 0,02 -0,08 0,38 1,4 304 * 0,07 *** 304 * -0,04 * -0,09 1,16 *** 198 1,21 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,06 0,17 0,19 0,12 AIC 455,09 459,88 395,48 453,59 71 Model 46 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -0,81 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -0,09 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 3,85 * 5,88 *** 5,18 *** 3,34 ** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 8,56 *** 11,12 *** 8,1 *** 5,8 *** Gender -0,03 0,05 -0,03 Age Group -0,79 -0,64 0,42 0,97 Age Group 0,23 -0,11 -0,22 -0,12 0,32 Income 0,91 3,22 Frequency 0,5 Travel cost/ total income 1,25 0,36 * * -2,06 2,16 0,68 -0,28 1,21 ** 0,38 1,27 ** -0,31 0,05 -0,32 0,53 -0,29 Accessibility Road signal -0,12 0,33 0,13 Amenity Quality Road sign, marking Safety design -0,18 0,26 0,38 * 0,14 0,73 * 1,02 *** 0,7 Safety Road surface Quality & Comfort No Observations 1,5 * 0,12 0,6 * 0,83 304 ** 304 0,26 198 *** *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,09 0,11 0,18 0,10 AIC 443,80 488,24 399,26 465,52 Model 47 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -2,02 2,1 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,31 4,46 ** -0,32 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,6 7,21 *** 2,45 * 4,48 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,24 12,68 *** 5,14 *** 6,96 *** Gender *** 0,17 Age Group -0,82 Age Group 0,14 Income 0,91 Frequency 0,58 Travel cost/ total income 1,36 * * Accessibility Road signal -0,08 Amenity Quality Road sign, marking Safety design -0,05 Reasonable design Quality & Comfort No Observations 0,01 Safety 1,91 ** -1,99 -1,27 1,63 0,11 0,01 -0,71 0,44 0,95 -0,16 -0,24 0,2 1,29 ** 0,7 0,48 1,58 *** -0,32 -0,33 -0,4 0,47 0,01 0,28 0,2 -0,01 0,11 0,43 * -0,01 -0,06 1,04 ** 0,62 1,2 304 *** 0,16 304 1,14 198 *** 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,14 0,13 0,13 AIC 448,61 473,41 421,65 451,02 Model 48 Route Variables Route 1.1 (Toll) Coef Sig Route 1.2 (Non- toll) Coef Sig Route 2.1 (Toll+ Non-toll) Coef Sig Route 2.2 (Non-toll) Coef Sig Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =2 -1,79 1,66 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =3 -1,09 4,13 * 2,93 * 2,47 Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =4 2,82 7,07 *** 6,05 *** 5,26 *** Threshold: Overall Satisfaction =5 7,47 12,67 *** *** 7,87 *** Gender -0,01 0,06 Age Group -0,84 Age Group 0,14 Income 0,9 Frequency 0,56 Travel cost/ total income 1,36 *** * * 1,09 -0,33 0,12 -0,26 -0,86 0,25 1,22 -0,18 -0,16 0,17 0,48 1,18 ** 0,61 1,52 ** -0,37 -0,52 1,01 0,18 * -0,1 Accessibility Road signal -0,09 0,31 0,23 0,32 Amenity Quality Road sign, marking Safety design -0,08 -0,07 0,3 0,12 Safety Comfortable feeling Quality & Comfort No Observations 1,79 * 0,14 -0,53 0,37 1,54 *** * 1,09 *** * 0,65 * 1,11 *** 304 304 198 198 R-Square (Mc Fadden) 0,08 0,17 0,19 0,13 AIC 448,32 457,97 394,50 449,42 72