A study on the vulnerability of farm households due to the impact of climate change at can tho city, vietnamese mekong delta region

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY AYE THEINGI HTUN A STUDY ON THE VULNERABILITY OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS DUE TO THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AT CAN THO CITY, VIETNAMESE’S MEKONG DELTA REGION MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY AYE THEINGI HTUN A STUDY ON THE VULNERABILITY OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS DUE TO THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AT CAN THO CITY, VIETNAMESE’S MEKONG DELTA REGION MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900204.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: DR ISHIKAWA-ISHIWATA YUKI DR HOANG THI THU DUYEN Hanoi, 2023 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published The use of other research’s results and other documents must comply with the regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research papers and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis Author of the thesis AYE THEINGI HTUN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To begin with, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my thesis supervisor Dr Ishikawa-Ishiwata Yuki and advisor Dr Ronald C Estoque from Vietnam Japan University (VJU) for their great academic support and close supervision from the beginning to end of this research These thanks continue to go to sub supervisor of the thesis Dr Hoang Thi Thu Duyen for her support, helpful feedback, and review of this research work Second, without the support of Associate Professor, Director Dr Van Pham Dang Tri, Dr Dinh Diep Anh Tuan, and Mr Le Nguyen Khang at the Institute of Climate Change at Can Tho University, I would not have been able to complete my survey process Thirdly, I would like to appreciate all of the lecturers and Ms Bui Thi Hoa at the Master’s program in Climate Change and Development at Vietnam Japan University for their helpfulness, great communication, and encouragement throughout the duration me as a student at Hanoi, Vietnam Finally, I would like to give a particular thank you to my beloved family and close friends for their financial and moral support during my time as a student TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ii LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF ABBREVIATION iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Necessity of the Research 1.2 Research Objectives, Questions and Hypotheses 1.2.1 Research Objectives 1.2.2 Research Questions 1.2.3 Hypotheses 1.3 Scope of the Research CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Research Framework 2.2 Research Methods 2.3 Data Collection 10 2.3.1 Household Survey (M1) 12 2.3.2 Field Observation (M2) 12 2.3.3 In-Depth-Interview Questionnaire (M3) 13 2.5 Calculation Methods 16 3.1 Households Survey (M1) 18 3.1.1 Impacts of Climate Change on the Livelihood Activities in the Study Areas 18 3.1.1.1 Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in A1 18 3.1.2 Sensitivity (S) for Survey Areas 20 3.1.2.1 Demographic Sensitivity (S1) 23 3.1.2.2 Livelihood Sensitivity (S2) 24 3.1.2.3 Health Sensitivity (S3) 24 3.1.2.4 Infrastructure Sensitivity (S4) 25 3.1.2.5 Financial Sensitivity (S5) 25 3.1.3.1 Economic Capacity (AC1) 27 3.1.3.2 Livelihood Capacity (AC2) 27 3.1.3.3 Human Capacity (AC3) 28 3.1.4 Vulnerability Index (VI) for Survey Areas 28 3.1.4.1 Comparison of vulnerability by using primary data and secondary data 30 3.2 Field Observation (M2) 31 3.2.1 Filed Observation of A1 31 3.2.2 Filed Observation of A2 32 3.3 In-Depth-Interview (M3) 33 3.3.1 In-Depth-Interview for A1 33 3.3.2 In-Depth-Interview for A2 33 CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS 35 4.1 Recommendation for the Local Authorities 35 4.1.1 Sustainable Solutions to Increase Livelihood Production 35 4.2 Recommendation for Farmers in the Survey Areas 36 4.2.1 Influencing Factors in Livelihood Practices in the Survey Areas 36 4.2.2 To improve Farmer’s Awareness Regarding Reducing the Vulnerability 37 4.3 Limitations of Research 37 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 38 REFERENCES 40 APPENDIX A: Household Questionnaire 44 APPENDIX B: In-depth-Interview questions 59 APPENDIX C: Field Observations and In-depth-interview 61 Comment [TNN1]: Font chữ cỡ chữ bị loạn, không thấy tiêu đề chương mục lục LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Vulnerability concept based on the IPCC’s AR5 .9 Table 2.2 Vulnerability concept based on the IPCC’s AR5 .10 Table 2.3 Sample size of the survey 12 Table 2.4 A set of indicators for vulnerability assessment at the household 14 Table 3.2 The impacts of natural disasters in Thoi Thuan Ward (A2), Thot Not District 20 Table 3.4 The results of the adaptative capacity in Tan Loc Ward (A1) and Thoi Thuan Ward (A2), Thot Not District 25 Table 3.5 Overall vulnerability score based on major components in Tan Loc Ward (A1) and Thoi Thuan Ward (A2), Tho Not District .28 Table 3.6 Comparison of vulnerability by using primary data and secondary data 30 Table 3.7 Difference between the present study and the previous study 31 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 The vulnerability (V) assessment in the IPCC TAR/AR4 (IPCC2007) Figure 2.1 Research Framework Figure 2.2 Map of Thot Not District at Can Tho City 11 Figure 2.3 Map of two survey areas in Thot Not District 11 Figure 3.1 Sensitivity score based on subcomponents of each factor 23 Figure 3.2 Adaptive capacity score based on subcomponents of each factor 27 Figure 3.3 Overall vulnerability score and major components for Tan Loc Ward (A1) and Thoi Thuan Ward (A2), Thot Not District 29 Figure 3.4 Reason for changing cropping pattern 32 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATION AC: ADB: AR: AR5: CC: CSA: DARD: FHH: GHGs: GSO: HH: IPCC : S: UNDRR: UNFCCC: V: VI: VMD: WB: Adaptative Capacity Asian Development Bank Assessment Report Fifth Assessment Report Climate Change Climate Smart Agriculture Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Female Headed Household Greenhouse Gas General Statistical Office Head of Household Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sensitivity SREX: Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation TAR: Third Assessment Report United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reductions United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Vulnerability Vulnerability Index Vietnamese Mekong River Delta World Bank iii ● YES ● NO Q 9: If YES, may I know the cost of renting the land (VND/year or VND/one season)? ………………………………………………………………………………… Q10: Could you share some details about your recent livestock production activities? Types of livestock Number of animals Total revenue Total expenses (VND/ Year) (VND/year) Cattle Poultry Others Q 11: Average annual income of your household (VND/year)? …………………………………………………………………………… Q12: Following the disaster (e.g., storms, floods, etc.,) please let us know how accessible the following services are (1 Very low accessibility; Low accessibility; Medium accessibility; High accessibility; Very high accessibility) No: Services Level of accessibility 18.1 Clean water from many places outside the community 51 18.2 Drainage system and toilet (workable) 18.3 Medical services and medical facilities 18.4 Storage for food and other essential items 18.5 Grants and loans from domestic and foreign sources 18.6 Stable sources of income 18.7 Sources of farm capitals Q 13: Please provide some details of the damages (if any) brought by any disaster in the previous 10 years: Components Unimpacted Marginally Moderately Negatively Completely influenced impacted impacted destroyed Livelihood (income, daily activity) Agriculture Livestock Aquaculture Fishery 52 Other… Production Facility Cultivated land Livestock farm Aquaculture farm Boat, ship, fishing net Other B: Climate change's effects on livelihood (EXPOSURE) Q 14: Did your family experience any effects of climate change within years (e.g: fluctuations in temperature and precipitation, or extreme weather events such as droughts and floods)? YES NO, Q 15: If YES for No.12, what climate-related events had an impact on your production activities? Flood Tornado and typhoon Persistently hot conditions 53 Salt intrusion Entry of seawater…… Others……… Q16: During Q13, you receive updated information frequently? No Yes, 1-2 Yes, times/day 3-4 times/day Yes, >4 times/day Q 17: What kind of media/sources you use to get updated about Q13? TV Radio Loudspeakers Local officials Phone/Message Neighbors/friends/relativ es Other, please specify: ……………………………………………………………………… Q18: What you before disaster? (e.g; storms, floods, etc.)? (You can have multiple answers) Try to get any necessary support Move to a safer place from the local government Prepare food, and other essential Reinforcing the houses items Q 19: What you during and after the disaster (e.g., storms, floods, etc)? (You can have multiple answers) Try to get any necessary support from the Seek for emergency rescue local government Prepare food, and other essential items Fix transportation and communication facilities 54 Provide support in the rebuilding of Participate in cleaning/clearing houses or repair of damaged production activities tools Q20 Did you receive a warning before the 2022 flood? YES NO Q 21: Was household income higher or lower after the disaster? ● Higher ● Lower ● Not change C: SENSITIVITY Q 22: Did you receive any support from organizations or government agencies? ● YES ● NO If YES, please provide the name of the Organization/s or government agencies and the types of support you received ………………………………………………………………………………… Q 23: Does your family regularly use loans to increase its output and income? ● Yes ● No Q 24: Do you hire workers? ● Yes ● No If YES, please kindly state how many workers: Q 25: Do any of your family members have any physical, mental, hearing, speech, or other types of disabilities? 55 Yes No Q 26: Which of the following items you have in your home? Medicine Water pumps Life jacket Lighting equipment Clean water storage Boat (flashlights, device kerosene lamps, candles) Generator Air conditioning Phone Q 27: Would you kindly give information about your health and property insurance? No Insuranc e Number Join insurance of Specific information family members participating Public No Asset/ No property Yes Type Yes of property insurance: ………………………… ………… ………………………… ………… 56 Q 28: During the past years, in your current residence, have your family been impacted or affected by any disaster (eg: storms, floods, etc.) Unaffected 2-3 times time > times Q 29: How many times has your family fixed or strengthened your house in the last five years? Unaffected 2-3 times time > times D SOCIAL NETWORK Q 30: Do you participate in the following social group? ● No ● Veterans ● The elderly group ● Community group ● Women’s Group ● Farmer’s Group ● Authorities ● Youth union ● Other, please specify: …… Q 31: Are you aware of any government or non-profit initiatives that support to your livelihood production activities? (For e.g: capacity building training, loan…etc) 57 ● Yes ● No ● No information Q 32: Have you ever taken part in a workshop or seminar on household production? ● Yes ● No ● No information If YES, kindly state the name of the learning resources: Q 33: How you think about the importance of training activities to improve the local home economy? ● Very Important ● Important ● Not Important Q 34: The reason why the farmers have been changed cropping pattern? ………………… Q 35: Which year farmers had changed cropping pattern? …………… Q36: Do you have migrant people in your family? (No of person/ city name) ………………… OBSERVATIONS OF THE INTERVIEWER Q 37: Housing situation of the farmer's Villa Level I Level II Level III Level IV Temporary house 58 APPENDIX B: In-depth-Interview questions IN_DEPTH INTERVIEW QUESTIONS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY VIETNAM- JAPAN UNIVERSITY ………………………………………………………………………………… QUESTIONAIRE FORM (LOCAL AUTHORITIES, GOVERNMENT STAFFS) INTRODUCTION AND RESPONDENT’S CONSENT Dear respondent, my name is Aye Theingi Htun, I’m a master's student at Vietnam-Japan University, Vietnam National University, Hanoi We are conducting a study on the vulnerability of farm households due to the impact of climate change at Can Tho City, Vietnamese Mekong Delta Region City: District: Town/Commune/Ward: Name of interviewee: Phone number: 59 Kindly give some information about your province/district/community Q1: What climate change impacts have you observed in area the last 10 years? Q2: What natural disasters had the most impact in your locality? Q3: In which specific area/s in your locality has climate change had the greatest impact? Q 4: Is there any support for adaptation measures from the local authority? ● Technical training …………………………………………… ● Finance support ……………………………………………… ● Input supports for livelihood production…………………… ● Advertising and PR marketing of products………………… Q 5: What are the challenges associated with adaptation measures related to local people’s livelihood? ● Policy …………………………… ● Climate Change (flood, drought, storm, saline intrusion, sea level rise) ● Human Resources ………………………………… ● Disease ……………………………………………………………… ● Technical……………………………………… ● Pollution …………………………………………………… Q6: What changes did you observe from traditional rice production to riceshrimp production? ● Environment ● Technology ● Economy ● Living standard of the local people 60 APPENDIX C: Field Observations and In-depth-interview A1 Field Photos: Household survey at Tan Loc Ward in Thot Not District 61 62 A2 Field Photos: Household survey at Thoi Thuan Ward at Thot Not District 63 64 65