(Luận Văn) Land Cover Change And The Co2 Stock In The Palembang City, Indonesia A Study Using Remote Sensing, Gis Technique And Lumens.pdf

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY lu an n va THINH DUC NGUYEN tn to ep i gh TOPIC TITLE: LAND COVER CHANGE AND THE CO2 STOCK IN THE PALEMBANG CITY, INDONESIA: A STUDY USING REMOTE SENSING, GIS TECHNIQUE AND LUMENS d oa nl w BACHELOR THESIS va an lu nf Study mode: Full-time l ul m Major: Environmental Science and Management n oi tz Batch: 2010 – 2015 Faculty: International Training and Development Center z gm @ l.c om an Lu n va Thai Nguyen, 22/01/2015 ac th si DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) Degree Program Student name Student ID Thesis Title Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Thinh Duc Nguyen DTN1053110183 Land Cover Change and The CO2 Stock in the Palembang City, Indonesia: A study using Remote Sensing, GIS technique and LUMENs Dr Iskhaq Iskandar Dr Ho Ngoc Son2 Supervisor (s) ABSTRACT A study of the land cover change and the CO2 stock in the Palembang City, lu an Indonesia was conducted by using remote sensing and GIS data and processed by the n va LUMENs software The study has successfully compared the land transformation to i gh tn during period of 1989 – 2000 and 2000 – 2013 It reveals that the settlement area ep increased much faster during 2000 – 2013 compared to that of 1989 – 2000 During nl w 2000 – 2013, a rapid development of the Palembang City after hosting the National d oa Olympic Games in 2004 has a significant impact on the land cover change mainly lu va an from the plantation area into the settlement area In addition, the rate of CO2 emission nf per unit-area during the 2000 – 2013 period is also higher than that of the 1989 - 2000 l ul m period due to the increase of transformation of plantation into settlement n oi Keywords z gm @ Number of pages Date of Submission tz Land Cover Change, Carbon Stock, LUMENs, Remote Sensing, GIS 40 22/01/2015 l.c om an Lu n va Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia Faculty of Forestry, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen, Viet Nam ac th i si ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In order to complete this research, first, I am thankful to the corporation between the Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) and the University of Sriwijaya (UNSRI), Palembang, Indonesia I appreciate the hospitality of the University of Sriwijaya, which provided a suitable environment for my research and also an accommodation during my stay in UNSRI from September 2014 to January 2015 lu an Second, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my warm-hearted n va supervisors, Dr Iskhaq Iskandar and Dr Ho Ngoc Son It is clearly that I could never tn to ep i gh complete my research without the whole-hearted supervision of my supervisors In addition, I want to express my special thanks to Dr Iskhaq Iskandar for sharing and nl w helping me to overcome difficulties in life during my stay in UNSRI d oa Last, I would like to thank all friends who have supported me to overcome my an lu nf va difficulties while I was conducting my research in Palembang, Indonesia l ul Thai Nguyen, 22/01/2015 m n oi Author tz z @ gm Thinh Duc Nguyen l.c om an Lu n va ac th ii si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Study area .1 1.3 Objectives .4 1.4 Research questions lu 1.5 Limitations .5 an PART II LITERATURE REVIEW va n 2.1 The necessary of land cover change study 2.3 GIS, Remote sensing and LUMENS 12 ep i gh tn to 2.2 CO2 emissions from land cover change 11 2.3.1 GIS and Remote Sensing 12 nl w 2.3.2 LUMENS 13 2.4 Land cover change study by remote sensing data 14 d oa PART III METHODS 15 lu va an 3.1 Materials 15 3.2 Methodology 15 nf l ul 3.2.1 Data acquisition 15 m 3.2.2 Geo-referencing and visual interpretation classification 16 n oi 3.2.3 Ground Truthing Verification 18 tz 3.2.4 Land cover change analysis and carbon stock 21 z PART IV RESULTS 23 @ gm 4.1 The land cover change in the Palembang city 23 4.2 Carbon stock 32 l.c om PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 38 Lu 5.1 Discussion 38 an 5.2 Conclusion 38 va REFERENCES 40 n iii ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Map of the study area .3 3.1 Map of the Waypoints of the ground truthing in the Palembang city 21 3.2 The flow chart of methodology 22 4.1 Map of the land cover change during 1989 – 2013 25 4.2 Map of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 28 4.3 Map of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 31 lu an 4.4 Map of the CO2 emission during 1989 - 2013 33 n va 4.5 Map of the CO2 emission during 1989 – 2000 35 to ep i gh tn 4.6 Map of the CO2 emission during 2000 – 2013 37 d oa nl w nf va an lu l ul m tz n oi z gm @ l.c om an Lu n va iv ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Definition of land cover type (Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia) 2.2 The top 10 countries with largest annual net loss of forest area 1990 – 2000 (U.N Food and Agriculture Organization Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010) 2.3 History of the Indonesian population 1990 – 2013 (Countrymeter, Indonesia lu an Population Clock, 2014) 10 n va 2.4 The carbon stock of the land cover in Palembang city (World Agroforestry 3.1 ep i gh tn to Center, 2014) 11 Satellite imageries used in this study 15 nl w Type of Land Cover in the Palembang City based on the Satellite Imagery 17 3.3 Waypoints in each land cover types 19 4.1 The statistics of the land cover change during 1989 – 2013 23 4.2 The matrix of the land cover change during 1989 – 2013 24 4.3 The statistics of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 26 4.4 The matrix of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 27 4.5 The statistics of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 29 4.6 The matrix of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 30 4.7 Statistics of CO2 emission during 1989 – 2013 32 4.8 Statistics of the CO2 emission during 1989-2000 32 4.9 Statistic of the CO2 emission during 2000 – 2013 36 d oa 3.2 nf va an lu l ul m tz n oi z gm @ l.c om an Lu n va ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens v si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Land Sat Thematic Mapper which is a sensor including bands (four infrared wavelengths and three visible wavelengths) Land Sat Scan Line Corrector Land sat carries Operational Land Imager sensor Geographic Information System Land Use Planning for Multiple Environmental Services Land Sat TM Land Sat SLC on Land Sat OLI GIS LUMENS lu an n va ep i gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu l ul m tz n oi z gm @ l.c om an Lu n va vi ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement Since 1989, a rapid development on economics has been observed in the Palembang city This rapid development leads to problems in plan and management of the city As the economics has grown up very fast, the migration of population from countryside to the city has also significantly increases In turn, it causes a heavy pressure on the infrastructure, environment, and community This situation is a lu an common attached consequence of the urbanization in the world and the Palembang n va city is not excluded In order to provide potential information for managing and tn to i gh planning of the administration of the city, the land cover change of the Palembang city ep from 1989 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2013 are studied It is believed that the vegetation nl w change is not only affect environment and community locally but also globally The d oa deforestation due to urbanization is believed to contribute to the global climate change lu va an Therefore, in this study, an estimation of the CO emission from land cover change in nf Palembang city will also be conducted l ul m n oi 1.2 Study area tz Palembang city is the capital city of the South Sumatra Province, Indonesia It is z gm @ the second largest city in the Sumatra Island The city is located between 104°36'38.479"E, 104°51'50.753"E and 2°52'4.159"S, 3°5'26.534"S with an area of l.c om about 400.61 km2 (Putra et al., 2011) The altitude of the city ranges between to 27 Lu an meters above sea level The population in Palembang City is the highest in the South va Sumatra Province with density of 3,758 people per square km (Putra et al., 2011) n ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens Located in the tropical zone, the Palembang city’s climate has only two seasons, namely: the rainy and dry seasons The hydrology of the Palembang is characterized by the Musi River that divides the Palembang City into two major areas; the Palembang Ulu (upstream) and the Palembang Ilir (downstream) Note that the Musi River is one of the biggest rivers in the Indonesia In addition, most of the Palembang area is low land Therefore, flood is a major problem of the Palembang City during the rainy season This requires an integrated management of the city to avoid those impacts in the future development plans lu an n va ep i gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu l ul m tz n oi z gm @ l.c om an Lu n va ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens lu an n va ep i gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu l ul m tz n oi z gm @ Figure 1.1 Map of the study area l.c om an Lu n va ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens area is mainly from the conversion of plantation area (2,181 ha) In addition, it also appears that up to 1,110 of the plantation area was converted into the shrub area Table 4.4 The matrix of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 Land cover type Grassland Open area Plantation S econdary Forest S ettlement S hrub S wamp Water body lu an 119 0 20 0 Open area 45 0 Plantation Secondary Forest 106 15,934 14 2,181 1,110 1,080 19 0 31 0 0 Settlement 29 352 4,758 243 101 Shrub 50 504 398 1 Swamp 22 1,813 550 213 5,113 92 Water body 13 12 1673 n va Grassland i gh tn to The spatial map of the land cover change in the Palembang city during 1989 – ep 2000 is presented in Figure 4.2 The transformation of land cover during this period nl w was not clearly shown However, some areas in the catchment area of the Musi River d oa indicated a transformation from the plantation to the settlement Some areas also show lu nf va an a transformation from the plantation into the grassland and the open areas l ul m tz n oi z gm @ l.c om an Lu n va 27 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w oi lm ul nf va an lu nh at z z om l.c gm @ an Lu n va Figure 4.2 Map of the land cover change during 1989 – 2000 ac th 28 si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens On the other hand, the statistics of the land cover change in the Palembang city during the period of 2000 – 2013 shows that the areas with the most significant decrease are the swamp and plantation areas, with the total decrease of 1,607 and 2,766 ha, respectively (Table 4.5) The alarming in this time period is the decrease of the secondary forest About 10 of the secondary forest were lost during 2000 – 2013, with the rate of decrease of about 0.0167 per year Furthermore, the declining trend was also observed in the grassland area with the total decrease of On the other hand, only the settlement lu an area shows significant extension, with the total expansion of 4,368 The rate of n va increase of the settlement area is roughly about 0.0419 per year ep i gh tn to No Table 4.5 The statistics of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 Land cover type 2013 (ha) Overall change (ha) 6,311 4,702 -1,609 -0.0196 18,200 15,434 -2,766 -0.0117 162 155 -7 -0.0033 1,808 1,860 52 0.0022 8,029 12,397 4,368 0.0419 1,965 1,994 29 0.0011 36 -10 -0.0167 142 13 0.0078 nl w 2000 (ha) Swamp Plantation Grassland Water body Settlement Shrub Secondary Forest Open area d oa nf va an lu m tz n oi 129 l ul 46 Rate The matrix of the land cover change during the period of 2000 – 2013 is shown z @ gm in Table 4.6 It is shown that most the extension of the settlement area was mostly l.c coming from the plantation area with the total area of conversion are 3,260 It is om also found that 1,251 of the shrub area and 649 of the swamp area were also an Lu transformed into the settlement area n va 29 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens Table 4.6 The matrix of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 Land cover type Grass land Open area Plantation S econdary Forest S hrub S wamp Water body 117 0 35 10 0 Open area 127 0 0 Plantation 10 93 12,780 3,260 1,118 857 79 Secondary Forest Settlement 0 34 10 0 22 16 422 7,165 292 86 24 Shrub 202 1,251 452 50 Swamp 30 1,801 649 106 3,664 57 Water body 50 40 1,690 Grassland S ettlement lu an n va The spatial map of the land cover change during the period of 2000 – 2013 tn to reveals that there were broader expansions of the settlement area toward the outer area ep i gh of the Musi river’s catchment area (Figure 4.3) The rapid development of the nl w settlement area during the period of 2000 – 2013 compared to that of 1989 – 2000 indicates a development of the urban area in the Palembang city d oa nf va an lu l ul m tz n oi z gm @ l.c om an Lu n va 30 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w oi lm ul nf va an lu nh at z z om l.c gm @ an Lu n va Figure 4.3 Map of the land cover change during 2000 – 2013 ac th 31 si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens 4.2 Carbon stock The CO2 emission from the land cover change data in last 24 year is presented in the Table 4.7 The emission rate per-unit area is 1.446 ton CO2eq per in a year With the total area of 36,719 ha, this is equivalent to the emission rate of 53,095 ton CO2eq per year Note that the total area of carbon emission statistic in three time periods is different because there is some missing area due to missing data This is one of the uncertainties when we use LUMENs for a carbon stock analysis lu an n va Table 4.7 Statistics of CO2 emission during 1989 – 2013 No Summary Period 1989 - 2013 Total area 36719 Total Emission (Ton CO2eq) 1463125 Total Sequestration (Ton CO2eq) 188844.6 Net emission (Ton CO2eq) 1274280 Emission rate (Ton CO2eq/yr) 53095 Emission rate per-unit area (Ton CO2eq/ha.yr) tn to Category d oa nl w ep i gh an lu nf va 1.446 l ul m The spatial map of the CO2 emission in the Palembang City during 1989 - 2013 n oi tz is shown in the Figure 4.4 It is shown clearly that the emitted area is conc entrated in z the Bukit Besar area (circle in Figure 4.4) These areas are the swamp area, which gm @ were transformed into the settlement area l.c om an Lu n va 32 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens lu an n va ep i gh tn to d oa nl w an lu nf va Figure 4.4 Map of the CO2 emission during 1989 - 2013 l ul m tz n oi z gm @ l.c om an Lu n va 33 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens In order to evaluate the time variation of the CO2 emission in the Palembang city, we have designed two scenarios for two time periods, which are the period of 1989 – 2000 and that of 2000 – 2013 By comparison between two time periods, we can estimate the CO2 emission due to the rapid development of the settlement area during the period of 2000 – 2013 compared to that of 1989 – 2000 This analysis may indicate the contribution to greenhouse gases from a development of the urban area in the Palembang city The CO2 emission of the Palembang city in the first time period shows that the lu an emission rate in this time period is 46,189.91 ton CO 2eq per year In addition, the n va emission rate per unit area is 1.258 ton CO eq per in a year This rate is smaller to i gh tn than that of the total time period of 1989 – 2013 Detail CO2 emission in the ep Palembang city for a period of 1989 – 2000 is presented in Table 4.8 nl w Table 4.8 Statistics of the CO2 emission during 1989-2000 Summary d oa No Category Period 1989 - 2000 Total area Total Emission (Ton CO2eq) Total Sequestration (Ton CO2eq) Net emission (Ton CO2eq) Emission rate (Ton CO2/yr) Emission rate per-unit area (Ton CO2eq/ha.yr) lu va an 36719 nf 752879.6 l ul 244790.6 m n oi 508089 tz 46189.91 1.258 z gm @ The spatial map of the CO2 emission in the Palembang City during 1989 – 2000 l.c om is shown in the Figure 4.5 As shown for the whole period analysis, the CO emission n va CO2 emission is smaller an Lu during 1989 – 2000 was also concentrated in the Bukit Besar However, the amount of 34 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens lu an n va ep i gh tn to d oa nl w lu nf va an Figure 4.5 Map of the CO2 emission during 1989 – 2000 l ul m tz n oi z gm @ l.c om an Lu n va 35 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens The CO2 emission of the Palembang city during 2000 – 2013 is presented in the Table 4.9 The Table shows that the rate of emission per-unit area is 1.599 ton per in a year Noted that the rate is higher than that of 1998 – 2000 by about 0.3 ton CO2eq per in a year This indicates that during 2000 – 2013, the rapid development of the settlement area caused the higher CO2 emission in the Palembang City In addition, this is also the consequence of losing secondary forest which is about 10 in whole period lu an Table 4.9 Statistic of the CO2 emission during 2000 – 2013 n va Category Period Total area Total Emission (Ton CO2 eq) Total Sequestration (Ton CO2 eq) Net emission (Ton CO2eq) Emission rate (Ton CO2/yr) Emission rate per-unit area (Ton CO2 eq/ha.yr) Summary 2000 - 2013 36625 1022179.924 260715.956 761463.968 58574.151 1.599 ep i gh tn to No d oa nl w an lu nf va The spatial map of the CO2 emission in the Palembang City during 2000 – 2013 l ul is shown in the Figure 4.6 This map shows the wider distribution of CO2 emission m n oi compared to that of 1989 – 2000 in the Palembang city due to the rapid development of settlement area The area which emitted CO the most was the place of secondary tz z forest loss (circle in Figure 4.6) gm @ l.c om an Lu n va 36 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens lu an n va ep i gh tn to d oa nl w lu nf va an Figure 4.6 Map of the CO2 emission during 2000 – 2013 l ul m tz n oi z gm @ l.c om an Lu n va 37 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion A significant increase in the settlement area during 2000 – 2013 compared to that of 1989 – 2000 may be related to a rapid development of the Palembang city after hosting a National Olympic Games in 2004 Since that national event, the development of the city became more rapid in such that the demand on the settlement area was also increased As a consequence, there was more extensive transformation of the lu plantation area into the settlement area an n va CO2 emission rate per unit area in the second scenario is also higher than that of to i gh tn the first scenario The transformation of the plantation and shrub area into the settlement area might be the cause of this increase In addition, the pressure of the ep nl w settlement area during 2000 – 2013 was led the decrease of 10 hectares secondary d oa forest, which reduced the CO2 absorption of the land covers in the Palembang city Conclusion nf va an lu 5.2 l ul m n oi This study evaluates the land cover change and carbon stock study in the tz Palembang city, Indonesia It reveals that the study with the help of remote sensing z and GIS can provide very useful information about the land cover change in a local as @ gm well as a regional scale The study showed that during 1989, 2000, and 2013, the land l.c cover in the Palembang city is dominated by plantation which is approximately about om 55.8%, 49.6 % and 42.0 % of the total area, respectively However, the plantation and an Lu swamp areas in the Palembang city are on the decline The study of land cover re veals n va 38 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens that the extension of settlement area in the Palembang city was mainly from the plantation and swamp areas In addition, the study also estimated the carbon emission associated with the change of land cover Since the plantation and swamp area in the city played a very important role in CO2 storage for the ecosystem, the extensive conversion of these two areas into the settlement area, in particular after 2000, leaded to a significant increase of CO2 emission in the Palembang city It is well known that the greenhouse gases cause the global warming Therefore, lu an many countries are now trying to practice a new strategy of economics growth, in n va which the CO2 emission will be decreased for the purpose of sustainable development tn to The estimation of CO2 emission in the Palembang city is one of the efforts for a i gh ep reduction of the CO2 emission By evaluating the CO2 emission, the policy maker can nl w have a future plan to mitigate the emission In this study, we found that the CO2 stock d oa analysis by using software LUMENs is a very easy and a new method that can be used va an lu by the policy maker nf The measurement of land cover change in Palembang city is a very helpful tool l ul m for future urban planning Although urbanization cannot be stopped, it may be n oi restricted and directed to a sustainable development with a proper management and tz planning Therefore, the revelation of the settlement extension in the Palembang city z development gm @ might help the policy maker to develop a new policy for a desirable and sustainable l.c om an Lu n va 39 ac th (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens si (Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens(Luận.văn).land.cover.change.and.the.co2.stock.in.the.palembang.city indonesia.a.study.using.remote.sensing gis.technique.and.lumens REFERENCES Adams (2012) World Forest Area Still on the Decline Retrieved from: http://www.tradexpoindonesia.com/indonesia-facts (accessed on 28/11/2014) Bijender, S and Joginder S 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