Understanding automotive electronics : an engineering perspective

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Understanding Automotive Electronics Understanding Automotive Electronics An Engineering Perspective Eighth edition William B Ribbens Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright # 2017 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-810434-7 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Jonathan Simpson Acquisition Editor: Carrie Bolger Editorial Project Manager: Carrie Bolger Production Project Manager: Anusha Sambamoorthy Cover Designer: Victoria Pearson Typeset by SPi Global, India I would like to thank my wife Katherine for her outstanding help in preparing this book Without her dedication in editing/proofing and correcting errors, this book would not have been completed I dedicate this work to her Contents CHAPTER Overview CHAPTER Electronic Fundamentals 23 Semiconductor Devices 24 Diodes 27 Zener Diode 29 Electro Optics 30 Photo Conductor 31 Photo Diode 32 Light Generating Diode 34 Laser Diode 34 Rectifier Circuit 35 Communications Applications of Diodes 37 Transistors 37 Field-Effect Transistors 45 FET Theory 47 FET Amplifier 50 Integrated Circuits 52 Operational Amplifiers 53 Use of Feedback in Op-Amps 54 Summing Mode Amplifier 56 Comparator 57 Zero-Crossing Detector 58 Phase-Locked Loop 58 Sample and Zero-Order Hold Circuits 60 Zero-Order Hold Circuit 63 Bidirectional Switch 64 Digital Circuits 66 Binary Number System 68 Logic Circuits (Combinatorial) 69 AND Gate 70 OR Gate 70 NOT Gate 70 Boolean Algebra 71 Exemplary Circuits for Logic Gates 71 Combination Logic Circuits 75 Logic Circuits with Memory (Sequential) 77 R-S Flip-Flop 77 vii viii Contents JK Flip-Flop 78 D Flip-Flop 79 Timer Circuit 80 Synchronous Counter 83 Register Circuits 83 Shift Register 84 Digital Integrated Circuits 86 The MPU 87 CHAPTER Microcomputer Instrumentation and Control 89 Microcomputer Fundamentals 91 Digital Computer 91 Parts of a Computer 91 Microcomputers versus Mainframe Computers 92 Programs 93 Microcomputer Tasks 93 Microcomputer Operations 94 Buses 94 Memory-Read/Write 94 Timing 96 Addressing Peripherals 96 CPU Registers 97 Accumulator Register 98 Condition Code Register 98 Microprocessor Architecture 100 Reading Instructions 100 Initialization 102 Operation Codes 102 Program Counter 102 Branch Instruction 104 Jump Instruction 105 Jump-to-Subroutine Instruction 105 Example Use of a Microcomputer 107 Buffer 107 Programming Languages 108 Assembly Language 109 Logic Functions 109 Shift 110 Programming the AND Function in Assembly Language 111 Masking 112 Contents ix Shift and AND 113 Use of Subroutines 113 Microcomputer Hardware 114 Central Processing Unit 114 Memory: ROM 115 Memory: RAM 115 I/O Parallel Interface 115 Digital-to-Analog Converter 116 Analog-to-Digital Converter 118 Sampling 120 Polling 121 Interrupts 121 Vectored Interrupts 122 Microcomputer Applications in Automotive Systems 122 Instrumentation Applications of Microcomputers 124 Digital Filters 126 Microcomputers in Control Systems 128 Closed-Loop Control System 128 Limit-Cycle Controller 128 Feedback Control Systems 128 Table Lookup 130 Multivariable and Multiple Task Systems 132 AUTOSAR 133 CHAPTER The Basics of Electronic Engine Control 135 Motivation for Electronic Engine Control 136 Exhaust Emissions 136 Fuel Economy 137 Federal Government Test Procedures 137 Fuel Economy Requirements 140 Meeting the Requirements 141 The Role of Electronics 141 Concept of an Electronic Engine Control System 142 Inputs to Controller 144 Output from Controller 145 Basic Principle of Four-Stroke Engine Operation 146 Definition of Engine Performance Terms 150 Torque 150 Power 153 Fuel Consumption 154 656 APPENDIX B DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS THEORY R(s) E *(s) E(s) + H(s) - Y(s) Hs(s) FIG B.7 Simplified block diagram of a closed-loop system Y sị ẳ HsịE sị (B.72) E sị ẳ Rsị  HðsÞHs ðsÞE ðsÞ (B.73) The error is, then, given by The starred error E*(s) is given by E  ðsÞ ¼ ∞ X eðnT ÞenTs (B.74) n¼0 Taking the starred transform of both sides of the equation yields  E sị ẳ R sị  HH s sịE sị (B.75) where the bar over the product indicates that the product is taken before the transform Solving the above equation for E*(s) yields E sị ẳ R sị  + HH s ðsÞ (B.76) The Z-transform for this expression is found by replacing eTs with z: RðzÞ + HH s zị (B.77) Y zị ẳ HzịEzị HzịRzị ẳ + HH s zị (B.78) Ezị ẳ The system output is given by The closed-loop transfer function Hc‘(z) is given by Y zị Rzị H zị ẳ + HH s zị Hc ẳ (B.79) The time domain output at the sampling instants is given by the inverse Z-transform of Y(z) ynT ị ẳ Z 1 ẵY zị (B.80) Unfortunately, this result gives no direct information of Y(t) at time other than tn ¼ nT In principle, the output at all times (i.e., y(t)) could be found from the analog transfer function model APPENDIX B DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS THEORY r(t) + - Sample and A/D Digital controller (A) R(s) + r(t) D/A Plant (ZOH) 657 Y(t) Sensor E(s) E(z) E *(s) u(z) Hc(z) H *(s) u*(s) 1-e-sT s Hp(s) Y(s) y(t) H (s) Hs(s) (B) FIG B.8 Discrete time closed-loop system (A) Closed-loop system configuration and (B) model for closed-loop system Y sị ẳ HsịR sị  + HH s ðsÞ (B.81) However, in practice, the difficulties in analysis using this analog model generally lead to the digital transfer function approach We consider next the block diagram of a closed-loop system in which all of the major components are explicitly depicted and given in Fig B.8 In this figure, the independent variable for each component as it is modeled is depicted Starred transforms are also depicted The error E(s) is given by Esị ẳ Rsị  H sịHs sịHc  sịE sị Y sị ẳ H sịHc  sịE ðsÞ (B.82)  esT H p ðsÞ s and where Hp(s) ¼ plant transfer function Finding the starred transform of both sides of the first equation yields where H sị ẳ  E sị ẳ R sị  HH s ðsÞHc  ðsÞE ðsÞ (B.83) Solving for E*(s) yields E sị ẳ R  sị  + Hc ðsÞHH s ðsÞ  (B.84) From this expression, the z-transfer function can be found: Ezị ẳ R zị + Hc ðzÞHH s ðzÞ (B.85) and the output is found by taking the Z-transform of Y(s) which is given by Y zị ẳ Hc zịH zịRzị + Hc ðzÞHH s ðzÞ (B.86) 658 APPENDIX B DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS THEORY The closed-loop transfer function Hc‘(z) is given by Y zị Rzị Hc zịHzị ẳ + Hc zịHHs zị Hc zị ẳ (B.87) For a stable control system, the poles of Hc‘(z) must have magnitudes