Biomass and carbon sequestration prediction models for acacia mangium willd plantations in thai nguyen province, viet nam

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS Doctor of Philosophy in Forestry: Forest Resources Management HUNG TUAN NGUYEN BIOMASS AND CARBON SEQUE STRATION PREDICTION MODELS FOR Acacia mangium Willd PLANTATIONS IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE, VIET NAM TEODORO R VILLANUEVA, Ph.D Adviser Date: _ This dissertation can be made available to the general public YES This dissertation can be accessed only after consultation with the author and dissertation adviser - This dissertation can be accessed only by those bound by confidentiality agreement - HUNG TUAN NGUYEN TEODORO R VILLANUEVA, Ph.D Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! BIOMASS AND CARBON SEQUE STRATION PREDICTION MODELS FOR Acacia mangium Willd PLANTATIONS IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE, VIET NAM HUNG TUAN NGUYEN JULY 2018 The dissertation attached here to, entitled “BIOMASS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION PREDICTION MODELS FOR Acacia mangium Willd PLANTATIONS IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE, VIET NAM ” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN TUAN HUNG in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (FORESTRY: FOREST RESOURCES MANAGEMENT) is hereby accepted WILFREDO M CARANDANG Member, Advisory Committee Date Signed JUAN M PULHIN Member, Advisory Committee Date Signed MYRNA G CARANDANG Member, Advisory Committee Date Signed TEODORO R VILLANUEVA Chair, Advisory Committee Date Signed Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (FORESTRY: FOREST RESOURCES MANAGEMENT) MARGARET M CALDERON Director, Institute of Renewable Natural Resources Date Signed JOSE V CAMACHO, JR Dean, Graduate School University of the Philippines Los Baños Date Signed BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born on March 29, 1980 in Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam He is the eldest of two children of Mr Nguyen Van Hoi and Mrs Nguyen Thi Nhan He finished his elementary, secondary, and high school education from Thai Son, Quang Trung, and Luong Ngoc Quyen School, respectively in Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam in 1998 He completed his bachelor‟s degree in Forestry from the Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Province in 2002 Through the Australia Development Scholarship (ADS), he was able to earn his Master‟s degree in Forest Science and Management at the Southern Cross University, New South Wales, Australia in 2012 In 2015, the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) granted him a scholarship to pursue his PhD degree in Forestry: Forest Resources Management at the College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB) He is currently employed as a teacher and researcher at the Faculty of Forestry, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam He is happily married to Ms Pham Thi Hoai, with whom he is blessed with a son, Nguyen Lam Khoa and a lovely daughter, Nguyen Tue An HUNG TUAN NGUYEN iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, my sincerest thanks to my institution, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry for allowing me to go on study leave and to the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) for awarding me a scholarship to pursue a PhD degree in UPLB Special thanks are extended to Dr Teodoro R Villanueva, Chair, advisory committee, for his intellectual and professional guidance, critical comments, encouragement and remarkable interest in supervising this study My grateful acknowledgment also to the members of my advisory committee: Dr Myrna G Carandang, Dr Wilfredo M Carangdang, and Dr Juan M Pulhin for their valuable comments, sincere concern, and understanding I am also thankful to the rest of the faculty and administrative staff of the Institute of Renewable and Natural Resources and the Faculty of UPLB Graduate School for their great support A note of gratitude also goes to all the members of the Faculty of Forestry, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry for the support and assistance extended to me for my study My deepest gratitude goes to my loving family for all their sacrifices and encouragements I am forever grateful to my loving wife, Mrs Pham Thi Hoai, my son, Mr Nguyen Lam Khoa and and my daughter Ms Nguyen Tue An for their love and spiritual support Special thanks also go to all of my sincere friends in Vietnam, as well as in UPLB who have directly or indirectly helped me during my stay at UPLB and also during the conduct of dissertation research in my country iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I II PAGE Title Page i Approval Page ii Biographical Sketch iii Acknowledgement iv Table of Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures xi Abstract xiv INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Hypothesis of the Study 12 Objective of the Study 13 Importance of the Study 14 Scope and Limitation of the Study 17 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 18 Biomass and Carbon Sequestration of Forest Ecosystems 18 Studies on Biomass and Carbon Sequestration in the World 23 Studies on Biomass and Carbon Sequestration in Vietnam 27 Studies on Biomass and Carbon Sequestration Studies on Biomass and Carbon Sequestration of Acacia Species in the World v 31 31 CHAPTER PAGE Studies on Biomass and Carbon Sequestration of species in Vietnam Acacia Biomass and Carbon Prediction Techniques III 33 36 Aboveground Biomass 37 Below Ground Biomass (BGB) 39 Biomass Growth Models in Forest Management 41 Estimation of Total Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Storage based on IPCC Method 50 Estimation of Total Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Storage based on the Jenkins et al (2003) Method 50 Estimation of Total Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Storage based on the Chojnacky and Jenkins (2010) Method 51 METHODOLOGY 55 Study Area 55 Data Gathering Techniques 58 Analytical Framework 59 Mapping of Study Site 62 Sample Size and Sampling Method 63 Tree Volume 65 Basal Area of Stand 66 Stand Density 67 Mean of Diameter 68 Mean Total Height 68 Aboveground Biomass (AGB) Calculation from Volume 69 Biomass and Carbon Estimation of Individual Trees Individual Trees Biomass Estimation vi 70 70 CHAPTER PAGE Methods to Determine theAmount of Carbon Stored in the Plantation IV 75 Data Analysis and Model Development 77 Model Application and Validation 85 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 87 Acacia Plantation Management in Thai Nguyen Province 87 Description of the Study Area 91 Descriptive Statistics for All Variables of the Study 92 Stand Variables 92 Sample Variables 98 Biomass and Carbon Estimation of Sample Tree and Stand 104 Green Biomass of Individual Tree and Stands 105 Dry Biomass and Carbon of Individual Trees and Stands 116 Percentage between Dry and Green Biomass for Sample Tree by Age 122 Carbon and Carbon Dioxide Stock of Individual Trees and Stands 123 Total Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Estimation 128 Model Development, Selection and Evaluation for Biomass Estimation 131 Tree Fresh Biomass Models by Separated Ages 134 Bole Biomass Models by Separated Ages 144 Biomass Models of Branch and Leaves Combination by Separated Ages 151 Green Biomass Models for all Age Levels 159 Dry Biomass Models by Separated Ages 161 vii CHAPTER PAGE Dry Biomass Models for All Age Levels 169 Carbon Prediction Models by Separated Ages 171 Carbon Estimation Models for All Age Levels 178 Carbon and Carbon Dioxide Stock for Present Land Use and Scenarios Plantation Management in Thai Nguyen Province V 180 Carbon and Carbon Dioxide Stock of Present Land Use of Acacia mangium Willd 180 Scenario Land Use Change 181 Scenario 2: Trend in biomass and carbon of Acacia mangium Willd Plantation 182 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 186 Summary 186 Conclusion 188 Recommendation 191 LITTERATURE CITED 194 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE Estimated belowground biomass and carbon models for evergreen forests in Central Highlands of Vietnam 41 The estimated biomass models built for the forest types over the world 52 The estimated above ground biomass models built for forest types in Vietnam 53 Inventory data sheet for each sample plot 65 Green biomass calculated from the sample plots 72 Dry biomass calculated from the sample plots 74 Forest resources of Thai Nguyen Province 89 Descriptive summary of stand variables of Acacia mangium Willd 93 ANOVA test of diameter and tree height at different strata conditions 86 10 Descriptive statistics for sample trees of Acacia mangium Willd by ages 101 11 Average green biomass distribution in the tree (kg/tree) 106 12 Dry biomass of sample trees by age 118 13 Proportion of dry weight over green weight by age 122 14 Average carbon and carbon dioxide of sample trees and components 124 15 Aboveground and belowground biomass estimation from existing equations 130 16 Biomass model parameters and their performance criteria for Whole-trees 135 17 Selection of best models for whole-trees biomass estimation by age 136 18 Actual and predicted biomass for whole-tree by age 140 19 Bole biomass model parameters and their performance criteria for different age 145 20 Selected models for bole biomass estimation by ages for Acacia mangium Willd 146 ix 198 ELVIS PALADINI, DIJANA VULETI, IVAN MARTINI, HRVOJE MARJANOVI, KRUNOSLAV INDIR, MIROSLAV BENKO, VLADIMIR NOVOTNY, 2009 Forest Biomass and Sequestered Carbon Estimation According to Main Tree Components on the Forest Stand Scale PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM VOL 111, No 4, 459–466, 2009 FEHRMANN L, C KLEINN 2006 General Considerations About the Use of Allometric Equations for Biomass Estimation on the 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