Design and performance evaluation of communication protocols in rfid systems

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HOANG TRUNG TUYEN DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS IN RFID SYSTEMS DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Hanoi−2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HOANG TRUNG TUYEN DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS IN RFID SYSTEMS Major: Telecommunication Engineering Code: 9520208 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SUPERVISORS: 1.Assoc Prof Nguyen Thanh Chuyen 2.Dr To Thi Thao Hanoi−2023 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, Hoang Trung Tuyen, declare that the dissertation titled "Design and performance evaluation of communication protocols in RFID systems" has been entirely composed by myself I assure some points as follows: ■ This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a Ph.D research degree at Hanoi University of Science and Technology ■ The work has not been submitted for any other degree or qualifications at Hanoi University of Science and Technology or any other institutions ■ Appropriate acknowledgement has been given within this dissertation where reference has been made to the published work of others ■ The dissertation submitted is my own, except where work in the collaboration has been included The collaborative contributions have been clearly indicated Hanoi, September 12, 2023 PhD Student Hoang Trung Tuyen SUPERVISORS Assoc.Prof Nguyen Thanh Chuyen i Dr To Thi Thao ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This dissertation was written during my doctoral course at School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (SEEE) and Communications Theory and Applications Research Group (CTARG), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST) I would like to thank all member of SEEE, CTARG as well as all of my colleagues in Military Science Academy (MSA) I am so grateful for all people who always support and encourage me for completing this study I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my principal supervisor Associate Professor Nguyen Thanh Chuyen for his instructive guidance and valuable suggestions in my academic studies He gave me much help and advice during my PhD study and the preparation of this dissertation I am deeply grateful for his help I gratefully appreciate my secondary advisor Dr To Thi Thao for her constructive suggestions I also acknowledge Associate Professor Le Doan Hoang from the University of Aizu, Japan, for their instructive comments and discussions about my research work I am also thankful to my friends and my fellow CTARG members for their discussions and comments about my dissertation I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my family, wife, and children for their unwavering support throughout my PhD journey Their encouragement, patience, and understanding have been instrumental in helping me overcome the challenges and obstacles that I have encountered along the way Their love and sacrifices have been my driving force, and I am forever grateful for their unwavering support Thank you for being my rock and my inspiration, I could not have done this without you Hanoi, 2023 Ph.D Student ii CONTENTS DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii CONTENTS vi ABBREVIATIONS vi SYMBOLS .vii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xiv INTRODUCTION CHAPTER BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1.1 Research Background 1.1.1 Introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT) 1.1.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems 1.2 Problem Statement and Literature Review 16 1.2.1 Anti-collision protocols/algorithms 17 1.2.2.Missing-tag Detection/Monitoring 23 1.3 Summary 25 CHAPTER PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYBRID ALOHA/CDMA RFID SYSTEMS WITH QUASI-DECORRELATING DETECTOR IN NOISY CHANNELS 26 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 System Description and Conventional Approach 27 2.2.1 System Model .27 2.2.2 Transmission Channel Model 28 2.2.3 Conventional Decorrelating Detector 29 2.3 Performance Analysis 30 2.3.1 Quasi-decorrelating Detector (QDD) 30 2.3.2 Performance Analysis of Tag Identification Efficiency 32 2.4 Performance Evaluation and Discussions 34 2.4.1 System Efficiency 34 iii 2.4.2 False Alarm and False Detection 38 2.5 Summary 41 CHAPTER ON THE DESIGN OF NOMA-ENHANCED BACKSCATTER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 42 3.1 Introduction 42 3.1.1 Related Works and Motivation 42 3.1.2 Major Contributions and Organization 43 3.2 System Model and Conventional Approach 45 3.2.1 System Description 45 3.2.2 Conventional Approach 46 3.3 Proposed NOMA-Enhanced BackCom Systems 48 3.3.1 NOMA-Enhanced BackCom: Static Systems 48 3.3.2 NOMA-Enhanced BackCom: Dynamic Systems 51 3.4 Simulation Results and Discussions 52 3.4.1 Number of Successful Backscatter Nodes 53 3.4.2 Number of Successful Transmitted Bits 57 3.5 Summary 60 CHAPTER EFFICIENT MISSING-TAG EVENT DETECTION PROTOCOLS TO COPE WITH UNEXPECTED TAGS AND DETECTION ERROR IN RFID SYSTEMS 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 System Description 62 4.2.1 System Model .62 4.2.2 Communication Protocol: Aloha, Wireless Channel Model, and Detection Error 63 4.2.3 Conventional Approach 65 4.3 Proposed Missing-Tag Event Detection Protocols 66 4.3.1 Protocol Description 66 4.3.2 Parameter Optimization under Impacts of Unexpected Tags and Detection Error 69 4.3.3 Expected Detection timeslots 70 4.4 Numerical Results and Discussions 71 iv 4.4.1 False-Alarm and True-Alarm Probabilities 74 4.4.2 Performance Comparison with Conventional Protocols 75 4.5 Summary 76 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 78 PUBLICATIONS 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY 81 APPENDICES 92 v ABBREVIATIONS No Abbreviation Meaning APRC Adaptive Power Reflection Coefficient AWGN Addtitive White Gaussian Noise BMTD Bloom filter-based Missing-Tag Detection BN Backscatter Node CD Code-Domain CDMA Code Division Multiple Access DD Decorrelating Detector DSP Dynamic-Size Pairing FA False Alarm 10 FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access 11 FSA Frame Slotted Aloha 12 ID IDentity 13 IoT Internet of Thing 14 MAC Medium Access Control 15 MAI Multiple Access Interference 16 NOMA Non-othogonal Multiple Access 17 PD Power-Domain 18 QDD Quasi-Decorrelating Detector 19 RF Radio Frequency 20 RFID Radio Frequencyl IDdentification 21 SDMA Space Division Multiple Access 22 SIC Successive Interference Cancellation 23 SINR Signal-to-Interference-and Noise Ratio 24 SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio 25 TA True Alarm 26 TDMA Time Division Multiple Access 27 TNP Two Node Pairing vi SYMBOLS No Symbol Meaning A Multi-stage feed-forward matrix B Number of backscatter nodes b Number of backscatter nodes multiplexed α Required reliability C1i The i-th tag counter, i ∈ [1, |E|] C2 Reader counter Cth Counter threshold c Gold code D1 Expected detection time slots of mRUN1 protocol 10 D2 Expected detection time slots of mRUN2 protocol 11 E Set of expected tags 12 E[D] Expected detection time slots 13 E[Xi01] Expected number of slots that is expectedly empty in the i-th in pre-computed frame but observed as non-empty in the i-th executed frame 14 ξi Power reflection coefficient of the i-th BN 15 ϵ Number of feed-forward stage matrix 16 f Frame size 17 G Annular region 18 G Code set 19 g Probability that a missing-tag event is detected at a given time slot among f slots 20 H(.) Hash function 21 h Channel coefficient 22 I Identity matrix 23 K Number of Gold codes 24 L Length of the register vii 25 Lc Gold code length 26 M Truncation matrix 27 M NOMA group size 28 m Number of tags in E missing from population 29 N Number of tags 30 B Number of BNs 31 Nl Number of tags in the l-th slot 32 Nfa Number of available tags detected as missing ones 33 Nfd Number of actual missing tags detected as available ones 34 No Noise power 35 NS Normalized number of successful BNs 36 N near Number of successful BNs from near subregion 37 N far Number of successful BNs from far subregion 38 Nnear Number of BNs in near regions 39 Nfar Number of BNs in far regions 40 n Number of frames required to ensure detection 41 n Vector of White Gaussian noise 42 n(t) White Gaussian noise 43 η System efficiency 44 P Reader’s transmitted power 45 P eDD Bit error probability using DD 46 P eQDD Bit error probability using QDD 47 Paloha(i) Probability that i tags among N tags simultaneously transmit their IDs 48 Pd (a|i) Probability that a tags are not collided 49 Ps(a|i) Probability that a tags are successfully detected 50 Pcdma(a|i, K) Probability that a tags are assigned with a different codes of the K codes 51 c (i − a|i, K − a) Probability P cdma that the remaining (i − a) tags are collided with the (K − a) codes 52 Ps (j) Probability that the j-th tag is successfully detected 53 Pde Probability of detection error viii PUBLICATIONS A PUBLICATIONS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION Chuyen T Nguyen, Tuyen T Hoang, Linh T Hoang, and Vu X Phan (2019), Efficient missing-tag event detection protocols to cope with unexpected tags and detection error in RFID systems, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, DOI: 10.1155/2019/6218671, (ISI), 2019 Tuyen T Hoang, Hieu V Dao, Vu X Phan, and Chuyen T Nguyen (2019), Performance Analysis of Hybrid ALOHA/CDMA RFID Systems with Quasi-decorrelating Detector in Noisy Channels, REV Journal on Electronics and Communications, Vol 9, No 1–2, January–June, 2019 Tuyen T Hoang, Hoang D Le, Luu X Nguyen, and Chuyen T Nguyen (2023), On the Design of NOMA-Enhanced Backscatter Communication Systems, IEEE Access, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3272892, (ISI), May 2023 B PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION Chuyen T Nguyen, Tuyen T Hoang, and Vu X Phan (2017), A simple method for anonymous tag cardinality estimation in RFID systems with false detection, In 2017 4th NAFOSTED Conference on Information and Computer Science (NICS), IEEE, Vietnam, ISBN 978-1-4673-8013-3, pp.101-104, 2017 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Klair D.K., Chin K.W., and Raad R (2010) A survey and tutorial of RFID anti-collision protocols IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 12(3):pp 400–421 [2] Luo W., Chen S., Qiao Y., and Li T (2013) Missing-tag detection and energy– time tradeoff in large-scale rfid systems with unreliable channels IEEE/ACM transactions on networking , 22(4):pp 1079–1091 [3] Su W., Alchazidis N., and Ha T.T (2010) Multiple RFID tags access 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of the TNP scheme, in which the NOMA group size is set to M = Let N S be the normalized number of successful BNs It is defined by the ratio of the number of successful BNs and the total number of BNs, which can be expressed as N near + N far NS = , (AP.1) B where N near and N far are respectively the average number of successful BNs in near and far regions, which are written as N near = P near N far = P far − r≤ 2ρ γB Pξ2 r≤ 2ρ γB Pξ1 − N near , (AP.2) Nfar , where Nnear = Nfar = B/2 are the total number of BNs in near and far regions In addition, Pnear (r) and Pfar (r) are the probabilities that a node of distance r belongs to the near and far sub-regions, respectively Here, it is noted that, after sorting B nodes based on the measured signal levels, B/2 nodes, i.e., 1, 2, ,B/2, having stronger signal power levels belong to the near sub-region while the rest of the nodes are in the far one The probability that a node at a distance r is the i-th node in the sorted list is, then, expressed as B−i pi,r = CB−1 pn (r)i−1 pf (r)B−i fr (r) , whereC B− i ≜ B−1 (B−1)! (B−i)!(i−1)! and fr (d) = 2r R2O −R2I (AP.3) defined in Section 3.2.1 Additionally, pn(r) and pf(r) are respectively the probabilities that a BN is at a region specified by (RI, r) and (r, RO), which can be calculated by ∫ r ∫ r r2 − R2I 2x pn(r) = fx (x) dx = dx = R − R2 , R I R O − RI RI O ∫ ∫ RO (AP.4) I RO RO − r2 2x (AP.5) dx = fx (x) dx = pf(r) = RO2 − RI R2O — RI r r Using (AP.3), the probabilities, i.e., Pnear (r) and Pfar (r), are determined as B Pnear (r) = Σ pi,r, (AP.6) i=1 B Σ Pfar (r) = i= B +1 93 pi,r To complete (AP.1), we need to determine the probabilities of a successful BN belonging to near or far sub-regions in (AP.2) Based on (AP.6), these probabilities are written as ! ∫ Pnear r ≤ γB − 2ρ RI × ! Pfar r ≤ γB Pξ γB Pξ1 =2 Pξ − ∫ r2 B Σ 2ρ 2r RO − R I R2 O− r2 j R2 − − 1I B =2 j=0 −1 B−1−j dr, B RI − 2ρ j CB−1 j=0 γB Pξ2 2r RO2 − RI CB−1 Σ 2ρ B (AP.7) j −1j — r2 dr, (AP.8) B−1−j × r2 − R2I R2 O where j = B − i After some mathematical manipulations, the average number of successful BNs in (AP.2) can be computed as Σ B−1 B −1 N near = B C j=0 j − γNo O 2ρ I −R 2I Pξ1 R2 −R2 !j+1 j+1 − I × F1 j + 1, j + − B; j + 2; Σ B N far = B −1 B−1 Cj j=0 − γNo O 2ρ I −R I Pξ2 R2 −R2 γNR o Pξ1 !B−j O , − R2 — R2I 2ρ (AP.9) B−j − I × F1 B − j, −j; B + − j; γNR o Pξ2 2ρ R2 (AP.10) − — R2I By substituting (AP.9) and (AP.10) into (AP.1), we can obtain the normalized number of successful BN N S O 94