Dictionary of wars

Tai Lieu Chat Luong Dictionary of ] ] WARS Third Edition Dictionary of ] ] WARS Third Edition GEORGE CHILDS KOHN Editor Dictionary of Wars, Third Edition Copyright © 2007, 1999, 1986 by George Childs Kohn All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dictionary of wars / George Childs Kohn, editor — 3rd ed p cm Includes indexes ISBN 0-8160-6577-2 (alk paper) Military history—Dictionaries I Kohn, George C D25.A2D53 2006 355.0203—dc22 2005058936 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika K Arroyo Cover design by Ana Plé Printed in the United States of America VB DS 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper Preface to the Third Edition vii Preface to the First Edition ix Entries A–Z Geographical Index 623 Index 661 ] ] Contents EDITOR ] ] George Childs Kohn CONTRIBUTORS Mary L Allison Judith W Augusta Elizabeth Cluggish George Childs Kohn Cynthia S Pomerleau Mary Ann Ryer Ashwinee Sadanand Suzanne Solensky Howard G Zettler ] ] Preface to the Third Edition innocent and defenseless civilians They not respect the sanctity of each human life and are not concerned with the ideals of liberty and the values of democracy Domestic terrorists have incited much unrest and turmoil and committed mass murder and genocide in many places, such as Chechnya, Angola, Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia, Iraq, Turkey, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Peru, and Sierra Leone International terrorists have caused much bloodshed in their attacks in Saudi Arabia, Israel, Spain, the United States, Britain, and elsewhere, and their numbers are rising Perhaps we are now experiencing a worldwide tactical “war of terrorism” that may last many decades until the terrorists (whether they be militant rebels, criminals, or religious, ethnic, or ideological fanatics) are crushed or pushed back, along with their special tyranny Since the end of the cold war and the ultimate breakup of the Soviet Union and emergence of Russia as an independent state in late 1991, many of the conflicts and horrors around the world have involved religion, in one way or another For instance, in the last 15 years, Muslims and Christians have killed each other sporadically in the Philippines, Indonesia, Nigeria, Sudan, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo Hindu Tamils and Buddhist Sinhalese have killed each other in Sri Lanka Protestants and Catholics have shot each other The foremost purpose of the Dictionary of Wars, first published in 1986 and in a revised edition in 1999, is to provide a useful and convenient one-volume reference source on the major conflicts throughout the world from ancient times to the present This third edition aims to the same, presenting clear, essential, and accurate historical information on major and minor wars, revolts, revolutions, rebellions, uprisings, invasions, and insurrections Today, numerous countries and regions are embroiled in conflicts carried on by different belligerent factions, often labeled as militant extremists or dissidents, armed rebels or insurgents, guerrillas, jihadists, fascists, separatists, or secessionists In some places, conflicts are also part of or connected to fraternal battles between political, ethnic, sectarian, religious, or racial groups seeking influence and power In modern times, warfare and military conditions are undergoing change, due in large part to the increase in domestic and international terrorism and violence The goals of terrorists or fanatical rebels or criminal gangs, whose leadership and cohesion are often split and who often have large arsenals of weapons, are different from those of organized states and disciplined armies in war Terrorists may seek only to destabilize regions and want violence for its own sake Frequently young and fearless, they may be seeking glory in inflicting death on vii viii Preface to the Third Edition occasionally in Northern Ireland (Ulster) Muslim fanatics have periodically slain innocent civilians and fellow Muslims in Egypt, Algeria, Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere Jews and Muslims have killed each other in Israel and Lebanon Hindus, Muslims, and, occasionally, Sikhs have killed one another in India, Pakistan, and Kashmir Why religion, which espouses love, kindness, and brotherhood, is entwined in so many hate-filled, bloody conflicts remains a baffling puzzle, as well as a contradiction Religion, however, has always separated people Accounts of religious-ethnic strife, persecution, and killing can be traced from ancient times to the Crusades, the Inquisition, the Wars of Religion and other Reformation conflicts, the Thirty Years’ War, the Muslim jihads, the Taiping Rebellion, the Russian pogroms, the Armenian massacres, the Jewish Holocaust, the Khmer Rouge “killing fields,” the Kashmiri bloodshed, and the Rwandan Tutsi genocide, among others Wars will always rage in places because some human beings will always find a reason to shoot and kill each other Magazines, newspapers, television, and the Internet will continue to report and show graphically the carnage from war and killing History lessons will not stop terrorism, war, or genocide nor will time stop war and heal the wounds Fighting is rooted in human nature—“a deep delight to the blood,” said the philosopher George Santayana, who found barbarism, perversity, and evil in the human combative instinct In his essay “On War,” he also said, “It is war that wastes a nation’s wealth, chokes its industries, kills its flower, narrows its sympathies, condemns it to be governed by adventurers, and leaves the puny, deformed, and unmanly to breed the next generation.” According to Santayana, humanity needs to use right reason, along with true courage and virtue, as antidotes to the wounds, dangers, poisons, and evils brought on by warmongers or terrorists He also warned famously against forgetting history: “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” During the preparation of the third edition, I thoroughly reviewed the original text and brought the book up to date The accuracy of the material was checked, and the contents of existing entries that seemed inadequate were expanded A special effort was made to incorporate recent, important developments since the publication of the revised edition More than 50 of the some 1,850 main entries now in the book were either extensively updated or newly added I would be unconscionably remiss not to give many thanks to the contributors, whose help facilitated greatly the long research and writing required to complete the book These special contributors are listed on a preceding page I also appreciate very much the longtime interest and support of my publisher, Facts On File, and my good editor of late, Claudia Schaab, and her assistant, Melissa Cullen-DuPont Many thanks are also extended to the libraries, big and small, public and private, that have helped in some way in the making of this book — George Childs Kohn ] ] ] Preface to the First Edition broadly, to mean an overt, armed conflict carried on between nations or states (international war) or between parties, factions, or people in the same state (civil war) There are multifarious reasons for war International war usually arises from territorial disputes, injustice against people of one country by those of another, problems of race and prejudice, commercial and economic competition and coercion, envy of military might, or sheer cupidity for conquest Civil war generally results from rival claims for sovereign power in a state or from struggles to win political, civil, or religious liberties of some sort An organized effort to seize power, to overthrow a government, or to escape oppression is frequently termed a rebellion, insurrection, uprising, or revolt, which, if successful, becomes known as a revolution These kinds of conflicts, as well as conquests, invasions, sieges, massacres, raids, and key mutinies, are included in Dictionary of Wars In addition, there are separate entries for a number of exceptionally complex and significant battles It is not the intention of this book to interpret conflicts; that is left to works of limited geographical and historical breadth Of prime concern is the military information, although political, social, and cultural influences are often specified in order to gain a fuller, more understandable picture of a conflict Emphasis is placed on gathering essential and pertinent The compilation of the Dictionary of Wars was an endeavor to fill a large gap on the reference book shelf The real need for a single-volume reference work that deals exclusively and concisely with the world’s military conflicts, from classical antiquity to the present, became more obvious as the task of researching and writing progressed I hope the final product meets the needs of both the general reader and the student, providing a quick, convenient, authoritative, and comprehensive source of information on the major wars, revolutions, revolts, and rebellions that have for so long been a part of history No one-volume reference work like this can possibly include every war Space limitations preclude total comprehensiveness Furthermore, dealing with a subject of so wide a range of time and territory—wars in all parts of the world from 2000 B.C.E to the present—compels a certain subjectivity in choosing what to include and what to exclude But I have still covered the entire sweep of the globe in selecting entries, and I feel that the presentation gives the reader a clear idea of the amazingly diverse conflicts that have plagued humankind War has a long and intriguing history and has been a prominent feature of human existence ever since the day when rival men—or women— decided to settle their differences by use of force In many instances, the history of a people is the history of its wars I have defined war fairly ix 678 Index Marengo, Battle of 197 Margaret (sister of Edgar the Atheling) (d 1093) 599 Margaret, Princess, Maid of Norway 484 Margaret, Queen 597 Margaret of Anjou 457 Margiana 408 Margot (queen of Navarre) 438 Marguerite of Valois 438 Maria II (Maria de Glória) 332 Maria Cristina 517, 522 Maria da Gloria 422 Mariano de Arborea (king of Sardinia) 31 Maria Theresa (empress of Austria) 43–44, 160, 502 Marienburg (Malbork) 543, 547 Marignano, Battle of (1515) 231 Marion, Francis 15 Maritz, Gerhardus Martinus 64 Marius, Gaius 454 Marlborough, duke of 523–524 Marroquín, Jose Manuel 394, 548 Marsala, Sicily 262 Marshal, William 175–176 Marshall, George C 122 Marston Moor, Battle of 175 Martí, José Julián 148 Martin IV (pope) 30 Martin V (pope) 243, 574 Martínez de Campos, Arsenio 542 Martinuzzi, George 46–47 Marwan II 1, 353 Marwan ibn al-Hakam 352 Marwar 435 Mary (duchess of Burgundy) 241–242 Mary, Queen of Scots 23, 220, 242, 484, 608 Mary I (queen of England) 20 Mary II (queen of England) 140, 211, 258, 302–303 Maryland 128, 129 Mary of Burgundy 42, 189 Mary of Guise (queen of Scotland) 23, 484 Masakado 271 Mascara Maserfeld, Battle of 384 Masinissa (king of Numidia) 428 Maskhadov, Aslan 115, 116 Mason, John 401 Masoud, Ahmad Shah 4–5 Massachusetts 14–15, 158, 307, 492, 532 Massasoit 290 Massawa (Mitsiwa) 263 Massera, Emilio 33 Masstricht, Battle of 174 Mataafa (Samoan chief) 479 Matacom 290 Mata Grosso 396 Matathias (Jewish priest) (d 166 B.C.E.) 311 Mathias d’Albuquerque 521 Matignon Accord 363 Matilda (1102–67) 527–528 Matilda (daughter of Henry I of England) 176 Mato Grosso 174, 396 Matthias 227 Matthias Corvinas (king of Hungary) 67, 240, 241–242 Maurice (Byzantine emperor) 90, 414, 454 Maurice of Nassau 173–174, 367 Mauritania 487, 523 Mauritius 17 Maurya, Chandragupta 325 Mauryan Empire, Conquests of the 220 Maxentius 445–446 Maximian (emperor of Rome) 446 Maximilian (duke of Bavaria) (1573–1651) 68, 547 Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) 42–43, 45, 59, 155, 189, 240, 241–242, 300, 314 Maximilian II (Holy Roman Emperor) 47 Maximilian II Emmanuel (elector of Bavaria) 63 Maximinus (Daia) (emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire) 446 Maximus, Clodius Pupienus 445 Maximus, Gaius Julius Verus “Thrax” 445 Maximus, Magnus Clemens 447 Maya Indians 520 Ma Yuan 555 Mazar-i-Sharif 4, Mazeppa, Ivan 374 Mazzini, Giuseppe 259 Mbulazi 621 M’Carthy, Sir Charles 38 McClellan, George B 128 Meade, George C 128 Mecca 492 Mecklenburg 157 Medellín drug cartel 131 Media 9, 407, 408, 454, 535 Medici, Alessandro de’ 261 Medici, Cosimo de’ 228 Medici, Lorenzo de’ 188, 361 Medici, Pietro de’ 262 Medicis, Catherine de’ 476, 521, 572 Medina 325, 492 Medina Angarita, Isaias 577 Meerut 248 Megara 399, 400 Megiddo, First Battle (1470) 423 Meiji Restoration 481 Melilla, Morocco 440, 513, 517, 520 Mello, Custodio José de 73–74 Melpum (Milan) 455 Memel 603 Memnon of Rhodes 214 Memorandum of Agreement Memorandum of Understanding (2001) 250 Memphis, Egypt 40, 215, 244, 404 Menelik II (emperor of Ethiopia) 263–264 Menem, Carlos Saúl 34 Menéndez, Mario 183 Mengistu Haile Mairam 179 Menocal, Mario Garcia 147 Mentana 263 Meo 285 Mercia (kingdom) 3, 380, 384 Mercy, Franz von 553 Meremere 541 Mérovée 192 Merrem, Gerd 538 Merrill, Frank D 81 Merritt, Wesley 513 Merv, Afghanistan 1, 462 Meshed 403 Mesopotamia 39, 92, 325, 444–445, 449, 451–453, 534–535, 601, 620 Messina, Sicily 167, 427, 260, 431 Messinan Rebellion (1674– 79) 167 Metacomet (King Philip) Metellus Pius, Quintus 488 Metemma (Gallabat), Battle of (1889) 263 Métis 440 Metternich, Klemens von 43, 210, 616 Metz, France 190, 242 Mewar 435, 491 Mexico 32, 117–118, 148, 217, 218–219, 397, 437, 519, 543, 589, 594–595 Mexico City 437 Michael (king of Poland) 419–420 Michael I (Byzantine emperor) 78 Michael III (Byzantine emperor) 93–94 Michael V Calaphates (Byzantine emperor) 319 Michael VII Parapinates (Byzantine emperor) 299 Michael VIII Palaeologus (Byzantine emperor) 78, 90 Michael Romanov (czar of Russia) (1596–1645) 465–467, 550 Midas (king of Phrygia) 40 Miguel, Dom (emperor of Portugal) 332–333, 422 Miguelites 422 Mihmandust 403 Mihriban, Battle of (1630) 560 Miles, Nelson A 28, 364, 514 Miletus 254, 407 Miller, Thomas 149 Miloševic´, Slobodan 70, 71, 293, 508 Milosh Obrenovich 487 Miltiades 215, 321 Mims, Fort 141 Minamoto clan 229, 231 Minamoto Yoriyoshi 273 Minamoto Yoshiie 273–274 Minamoto Yoshitomo 229 Minamoto Yoshitsune 204 Minangkabau 389–390 Minas Gerais 174 Mindon Min 17 Mindszenty, Cardinal József 237 Ming dynasty 81, 120–121, 124–125, 598 Mingrelia 206 Minhkaung (king of Ava) 82 Minh Mang (Viet emperor) 497 Minkiswasawki 82 Minkyizwa 494 Minnesota 506 Minorca 24 Minrekyawswa 82 Minutemen 15 Miramón, Miguel 437 Miranda, Francisco de 578 Index Mir Qasim 61 Mirza, Ahmed 408, 561 Mirza Hakim 334–335 Misenium, Treaty of 379 Miskito Indians 365 Mississippi 128 Missolonghi, Greece 217 Misuari, Nur 413 Mitanni Empire 38–39, 230–231, 243 Mithridates I (Arsaces VI) (171–138) 53, 534 Mithridates II the Great (Parthian king) 442 Mithridates VI the Great 99, 333–334, 442, 443 Mitre, Bartolomé 33, 397 Mitsunari, Ishida 383 Mladic´, Ratko 71 Mobutu Sese Seko (Joseph D Mobutu) 134, 135, 619 Mochitoyo, Yamana 381 Modena, Italy 259–260, 262 Modrina 247 Moesia 445, 450, 454 Mogadishu, Somalia 511, 512 Mogul Empire 6, 52, 61 Moguls 315, 319–320, 407, 424, 435, 491, 540 Mohajir 390–391 Mohawk Indians 12–13, 258, 333 Mohegan Indians 290 Mohnyin 83 Mohnyinthado (king of Ava) 83 Mokuohai, Battle of (1782) 228 Moldavia 46, 47, 106, 126, 143, 144, 217, 419, 469– 471, 593, 616 Mollwitz, Battle of 502 Moltke, Helmuth von 190 Molucca Islands 17, 425 Mombasa 425 Mompox, Fernando de 133 Monagas, José Gregorio 577 Monagas, José Tadeo 577 Monagas brothers 576–577 Moncada, José María 364 Monck, George 166 Moncontour, France 438 Mongol Invasion of Russia 467 Mongols Mongol Destruction of Bamian 55 Mongol Destruction of Bukhara 77 Chinese Civil War (1398–1402) 120 Chinese War with the Khitans 125 Crusader-Turkish Wars (1272–91) 147 Delhi Sultanate Wars with Gujarat and Malwa 159 Conquests of Genghis Khan 205 Genghis Khan’s Wars with the Hsia Empire 205–206 Genghis Khan’s War with the Chin Empire 206 Golden Horde Dynastic War 211–212 Golden Horde-Il-Khan Civil War 212 Battle of the Indus River 254 Juchen Mongol Conquest of the Liao 277 Juchen Mongol Invasion of the Sung Empire 277–278 Battle of the Kalka River, Battle of the 282–283 Battle of Mohi (Sajo River) 340 Persian Civil War (1500– 03) 404 Tamerlane, Conquests of 538 Vietnamese-Mongol War (1257–88) 583 Wahlstadt (Liegnitz), Battle of 593–594 Monmouth, New Jersey 15 Monro, Colonel 188 Monroe, James 203 Monrovia, Liberia 303, 304 Mons 82, 84, 493 Montana 506, 507 Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de 188 Montecuccoli, Raimund 48 Montenegro 9, 55, 70, 293, 488, 558, 576, 601, 602 Monteverde, Domingo de 578 Montevideo 35 Montezuma (Moctezuma) 519 Montfort, Simon de 57 Montgomery, Bernard Law 371 Montijo, Battle of 521 Montlhéry, Battle of 189 Montluc, Blaise de 228 Montmorency, Anne, duke of 438 Montreal, Canada 194, 258, 395, 432 Montt, Jorge 118 Moore, Jeremy 183 Moors 30, 114, 127, 193, 213–214, 422–423, 487, 514–516, 528, 551–552 Mora, Juan Rafael 595 Moravia 227, 243 Moray, earl of 484 Morazán, Francisco 108 Morea 216, 217, 576 Moreau, Jean Victor 130, 197–198 Moreno, Mariano 35 Morgan, Daniel 15 Morgan, Henry 348 Morillo, Pablo 132 Morínigo, Higinio 395–396 Mormons 349–350, 568 Morocco 12, 13, 424, 440– 441, 513, 520, 523 Moros 412, 413 Morosini, Francesco 101, 576 Mortimer, Edmund 374, 402 Moscow, Russia 361, 380, 458–462, 465, 467, 529, 539, 550 Moscow, Treaty of (1920) 305 Moshweshwe 58 Mosquera, Tomás Cipriano de 176 Mosul, Iraq 560, 561 Mo’tamid, al- 353, 620 Mother Lu 436 Motya (Modicia) 161 Mount Hope (Bristol), Rhode Island 290 Movement of April 19 (M19) 131 Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amarú (MRTA) 409–410 Mozambique 425, 439, 440 MRB (Bolívarist Revolutionary Movement) 578 Muang Fang 545 Muang Nakhon 543 Mu’awaiyah 91–92, 352 Muazzam (Mogul prince) 336 Mugabe, Robert 135, 350, 440 Muhammad (the Prophet) (570–632) 1, 275, 318, 325, 351–352, 354, 355, 368 Muhammad (1389–1421) 384 Muhammad (fl 1766–1834) 403 679 Muhammad (fl 1798–1816) 403 Muhammad, Ali Nasser 614 Muhammad I (Ottoman sultan) 575 Muhammad II (Ottoman sultan) 9, 71, 136, 239, 240, 384, 558, 575 Muhammad II Mahdi 515 Muhammad III (Ottoman sultan) 47 Muhammad IV (Ottoman sultan) 101, 419, 469, 579 Muhammad V Reshid 615–616 Muhammad XI 213 Muhammad Ali (1769?– 1849) 557 Muhammad Ali (1872–1925) 408 Muhammad Ali (shah of Persia) 142, 464 Muhammad al-Mahdi (Abbasid caliph) (842–786) 351–352 Muhammad of Ghur, conquests of 7, 392 Muhammad Raisuli, Ahmed ibn- 440 Muhammad Shah (1810–48) 403 Muhammad Shah I 585–586 Muhammad Sokollu (Ottoman grand vizier) 468–469 Muhammed al-Amin 353 Mühlberg 483 Mühldorf, Germany 209 Mu’izz-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Sam (Muhammad of Ghur) 351 Multan 159 Mundhir III, al- 210 Munich 290 Münnich, Burkhard C von 470 Müntzer, Thomas 399 Muqanna, al- (Mokanna) (Hashim ibn Hakim) (d 779) 352 Murad (Mogul prince) 336 Murad I (Ottoman sultan) 268–269 Murad II (Ottoman sultan) 8–9, 239, 558, 575 Murad IV (Ottoman sultan) 269, 386, 560 Murat, Joachim (king of Naples) 361 Murcia 13, 516 Murena, Lucius Licinius 333 Muret, Battle of 9, 30 680 Index Murray, John, fourth earl of Dunsmore 306 Murrel, John A 352 Mursilis 230 Mus, Publicus Decius 299 Musa ibn-Nusayr 354–355 Muscovy 375, 458, 461 See also Moscow Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta 565–566, 619 Musharraf, Pervaiz 287, 391 Muski 39 Muslim Turks 54 Mussolini, Benito 260, 264, 322, 603, 605, 607 Mustafa (d 1413) 384 Mustafa (d 1553) 385 Mustafa I (Ottoman sultan) 268–269 Mustafa II (Ottoman sultan) 269 Mustafa IV (Ottoman sultan) 269–270 Mustafa Reshid Pasha (Ottoman grand vizier) 470 Mu’tadid, al- (caliph) 286 Mutamid, Muhammad al(emir of Seville) 13 Mu’tasim, Abu Ishak al- 290 Mutsu 273 Muwaffiq, al- (fl early 880s) 620 Muwatallis 281 Muzorewa, Abel 440 Mwanga (king of Uganda) 566 Mycenae 555 Mycenaeans 163 Mystic, Connecticut 401 Mytelene 400 “Myton, chapter of” 485 N Nabis 525 Nablus 393 Nabopolasar 40 Nabopolasar (king of Babylon) 101 Nacodoches, Texas 193 Nadirabad, Afghanistan 403 Nadir Khan (Nadir Shah) 4, 6, 7, 269, 402–405, 407, 441, 561 Näfels, Battle of 45 Nagasaki 604, 606 Nagorno-Karabkh 36–37 Nagy, Imre 237–238 Nagyszeben (Sibiin) 239 Naissus 450 Najaf 256 Najibullah, Muhammad Nakhichevan 36–37, 559 Namasigue, Battle of (1907) 234 Namibia 24, 135, 209 Namur 214 Nam Viet 120, 122 Nanchao 125, 505 Nancy, France 190 Nanda Bayin 84, 494 Nanking (Nanjing) 121, 277, 278, 360, 372, 382, 395, 504, 537, 543 Nanking, Treaty of 382 Nantes, Edict of 101, 439 Nanumba tribe 210 Napier, Charles James 332 Napier, Robert C 177–178 Naples 9, 31, 129, 188, 212, 228, 236, 241, 260, 262, 323, 361–362, 478–479, 499 Napoléon I Bonaparte 119, 129, 130, 197–198, 224, 234–235, 360–361, 382– 383, 397, 401, 470, 533, 563, 567, 572, 608 Napoléon III 190, 194, 195, 198, 260, 262, 329, 363, 418, 490, 522 Napoleonic Wars 35, 158, 412, 468 Napoléon’s invasion of Russia 487 Narai 494–495, 546 Narapati (king of Burma) 81 Narathihapate (king of Pagan) 340 Narbonne, France 193 Naresuan (king of Siam) 494, 496 Narragansett Indians 290, 532 Narses 213, 369, 452 Narva 305 Narva, siege of 373 Narváez, Pánfilo de 519 Narváez, Ramón María 517 Narvik, Norway 374 Naseby, Battle of 175 Nasiriya 256 Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha 159 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 29, 508, 614 Natal 64 “Nations, Battle of the” 361 Natshinnaung 87–88 Naulochus, Battle of 380 Navajo Indians 27 Navarino, Battle of 217 Navarre, Henri-Eugène 196 Ndadaye, Melchior 88 Ndayizeye, Domitien 89 Ndlambi (Xhosa chief) 282 Nebegaard, Treaty of 157 Nebovid, Battle (1422) 423 Nebraska 594 Nebuchadnezzar I (king of Babylon) 39 Nebuchadnezzar II (king of Babylon) 101, 563 Necho II (king of Egypt) 101, 326 Neerwinden, Battle of 214 Neerwinden, Belgium 362 Negroponte 575 Nellore 435 Nelson, Horatio 197, 360 Nepal 221 Nero (emperor of Rome) 276, 444, 448, 451 Nestorian heresy 210–211 Netanyahu, Benjamin 392 Neuhof, Baron Theodore 137 Neustria 192 Neville, Richard, earl of Warwick 597 New Amsterdam 167 New Brunswick 37 New Economic Policy 293 New England 1–2, 290, 401, 432 New France 258–259 New Granada 133, 171–172 New Guinea 606 New Hampshire 248–249 New Mexico 27–28, 332 New Netherlands 166 New South Wales, Australia 42 Newtownforbes, Ireland 551 New Ulm, Minnesota 506 New York City 303 New York State 15, 116 New Zealand 5, 59, 395, 510, 540–541, 594 Ney, Michel 234–235 Ngo Quyen 119–120 Nguyen Anh 582 Nguyen dynasty 582 Nguyen Hue 582 Nguyen Lu 582 Nguyen Trai 581 Niall of the Nine Hostages 257 Niamey, Niger 368 Nicaea 90 Nicaragua 107–108, 138, 218, 233, 234, 477, 595 Nice, France 197, 261, 262 Nice, Truce of 261 Nicephorus I (Byzantine emperor) 77–78, 93, 192 Nicephorus II (Byzantine emperor) 94 Nicholas (German peasant boy) 118 Nicholas I (czar of Russia) 143, 158, 417, 459 Nicholas II (czar of Russia) 69, 184, 459, 461, 463 Nicholas V (antipope) 209 Nicholas Horthy de Nagybánya 237 Nicholson, Francis 432 Nicias 32, 400 Nicomedia 92 Nieuwpoort (the Dunes), Battle of 174 Niger, Pescennius 444 Nigeria 75 Nijmegen, Treaties of 167 Nimblay, David 303 Nimeiry, Gaafar Muhammad 529 Nineveh 39, 40 Ning-Hsia (Ningxia) 205– 206 Ningpo, China 382 Nipmuck Indians 290 Nisibis, siege of 451 Nixon, Richard M 253, 584 Nkurunzia, Pierre 89 Nola 361 Nong-Bua-Lamphu, Battle of 497 Nong Sa Rai, Battle of 494 Noot, Henry van der 73 Nördlingen, Battle of 533 Noricum (Austria) 450 Noriega, Manuel Antonio 394 Norman Conquest 14 Normandy 8, 18, 22, 70, 551, 598, 599 Normans 21, 90, 232, 241, 573, 599 Norodom (king of Cambodia) (1834–1904) 195–196 Norodom Rinariddh 285 Norodom Sihanouk See Sihanouk Norse 460 North Africa 92, 443, 445, 520, 554, 571, 590 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 117 Northampton, Peace of 485 Northampton, Treaty of 165 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 5, 6, 70, 71, 293, 312 North Carolina 116, 128, 437 North Dakota 506 Northern Alliance 4, Northern Paiute Indians 56 Index North Korea 217, 291–292 North Ossetia 206 North Sea 589 Northumberland, earl of 402 Northumbria 3, 14, 16, 482 North Vietnam 100, 584–585 North West Company 489 Northwest Territory 228, 476, 596 Norway 140, 155, 156, 279, 283, 462, 482, 483, 527, 587–589, 603 Norwich, England 288 Notium 400 Nouméa, New Caledonia 363 Novara, Battle of (1500) 263 Novara, Battle of (1513) 231 Novara, Battle of (1821) 414 Novara, Battle of (1849) 260 Nova Scotia 290, 291 Novgorod 459–460, 464, 467 Ntaryamira, Cyprien 88, 471 Ntibantunganya, Sylvestre 88 Nubia 404 Nujoma, Samuel S 359 Numantia, Spain 107 Numerianus, Marcus Aurelius 452 Numidia 278, 428, 443 Núñez, Rafael 176–177, 548 Núñez Vela, Blasco 518 Nurhachi (T’ien [Tian] Ming) 318 Nuri, Sayed Abdullo 537– 538 Nur Jahan 315, 491 Nyborg, Battle of 373 Nyerere, Julius K 565, 620 Nyon Conference 518 Nystad, Treaty of 374 O OAS (Organisation de l'Armée Secrète ) 12 Obasanjo, Olusegun 367 Obote, Milton 565 Obregón, Álvaro 329–331, 589 Ocalan, Abdullah 295 Ochakov 469 Ochterlony, David 221 O’Connell, Daniel 551 October Manifesto 461 October (November) Revolution (Russia) 69, 293 Ödenburg (Sopron), Hungary 237 Odessa, Russia 63 Odoacer (Odovacar) 456, 546–547, 591 Oda Nobunaga 272 O’Donnell, Leopoldo 520, 522 Odría, Manuel 411 Oenophyta, Battle of 399 Oesel 156 Offa (king of Mercia) 3, 380 Og, Angus 165, 381 Ogaden, Ethiopia 179–180 Ögedai (d 1241) 340, 342, 345, 346 Oglethorpe, James Edward 275 Oguz Turkmen O’Higgins, Bernardo 118, 119 Ohio 141–142, 184 Ojukwu, Chukwuemeka Odumegwo 367 Okeechobee, Lake, Battle of 486 Okello, Tito 565 Oklahoma 117, 486 Olaf I Tryggvason (king of Norway) 589 Olaf II Haraldson (king of Norway) 483 Olathe, Kansas 431–432 Oldham, John 401 Oleg 459, 589 Oliva, Treaty of 373 Olivares, count of (Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, Count-Duke of Olivares) 105 Olivenỗa, Portugal 383, 521 Olmert, Ehud 394 Olomouc 415 Olympias (d 316) 161 Olynthus 73 Omanis 424–425 Omar (581?–644) 354 Omar, al-Hajii (c 1795– 1864) 555–556 Omar, General 93–94 Omar, Mullah Muhammad Omdurman, Battle of 531 Omsk, Siberia 459 O’Neill, Hugh 563 Onganía, Juan Carlos 35 Ong Dhanapati-grama 289 Önguts 206 Ontario 259 Opdam, Jacob 167 Opechoncanough, Chief 426 Operation Desert Sabre 406 Operation Desert Storm 406 Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Helpem Fren 510–511 Operation Just Cause 394 Operation Tampara 395 Opium Wars 537 Oporto, Portugal 521 Oran, Algeria 1, 520 Orange Free State 58, 64, 65, 553 Ordo II 514 Ưrebro, Sweden 155 Oregon 107, 334, 441, 598 O’Reilly, Alexander 513 Orenburg, Russia 427 Orestes 456 Organization of African Unity (OAU) 12, 26, 89, 133, 178, 367, 487, 523 Organization of American States (OAS) 162, 163, 218, 224, 394, 509, 532 Oribe, Manuel 347 Orissa, India 585 Orkhan (Ottoman sultan) 95 Orléans, France 235, 242, 438, 552 Orléans, siege of 235 Orlov, Aleksei 461 Orlov, Grigori 461 Ormizd IV (Hormizd) (king of Persia) 453–454 Ormond, marquess of 144 Orobaze 442 Orozco, Pascual 328 Orseolo, Peter 237 Orsha 465 Ortega, Jesús Gonzales 437 Ortega Saavedra, Daniel 366 Orthodox Church 106, 143, 144, 467, 470, 471 Ortiz Rubio, Pascual 330 Osaka, Japan 383 Osaka Castle, siege of 383 Osawatomie, Kansas 426 Osceola (Seminole chief) 486 Oshikatsu (Nakamato) 270 Oslo, Norway 375 Osman I (Ottoman sultan) 94, 105 Osman II (Ottoman sultan) 268–269, 386, 419 Osorio, Oscar 478 Ospina, Mariano 130 Ossetia 206 Ostend, Belgium 620 Ostend Company 24 Ostia, Italy 456 Ostrogoths 242, 449, 450, 546–547, 590 Ostroleka, Battle of 417 Oswald (king of Northumbria) 383–384 681 Otho, Marius Salvius 444 Otomo (Japanese prince) 270 Otterburn, Northumberland 116 Otto I (king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor) 302, 315 Otto II (Holy Roman Emperor) 190 Otto III (duke of Bavaria) 236 Otto III (Holy Roman Emperor) 32, 190 Otto IV (Holy Roman Emperor) 19, 208 Ottokar II (king of Bohemia) 67, 226–227 Otto of Brunswick 208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 369 Ouattara, Alassane 139 Ouchy, Treaty of (1912) 264 Oudenarde, Battle of 524 Oudh 248, 441 Oueddi, Goukouni 109 Ourique, Battle of 420 Outram, Sir James 21 Oviedo, Spain 40 Owain of Gwynnedd (prince of Wales) 229 Owerri, Biafra 367 Oxenstierna, Axel 199 Oxford, England 175 P Padua 300, 574 Paekche 505 Páez, José Antonio 577, 578 paganism 237, 447–448 Pagan Min 17 Pahlavi, Reza Khan 408 Pahlavi, Shah Muhammad Reza 254–255, 408 Pailin, Cambodia 285 Paisley, Ian 372 Paiute Indians 349–350 Pakistan 4, 5, 108, 126, 248, 252–254, 286–287 Pakubuwono I (king of Mataram) 274 Pakubuwono II (king of Mataram) 274 Pakubuwono III (king of Mataram) 274 Palatine 67–68 Palermo, Sicily 103, 260, 262, 362, 500 Palestine 40, 101, 276, 326, 486, 534, 601, 605 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 301, 392 682 Index Palestinian Authority 393 Palestinians 277 Pallavan dynasty 110–112, 435 Palmyra 42 Palo Duro Canyon, Texas 436 Pamplona 261 Panama 24, 138, 348 Panama City 394 Panchen Lama 506 Panduranga 288 Pandya 126 Pandyam, India 110 Pangkor Treaty 401 Panmunjom 292 Pannonia (Hungary) 444, 447, 450, 454, 456 Paoli, Pasquale 137 Papacy 231–233 Papago Indians 101 Papal (Guelph) Party 231 Papal States 9, 185, 188, 232, 262 Papineau, Louis-Joseph 395 Paraguay 108–109, 133, 567 Parantaka I 126, 435 Paris, France 188–191, 194– 195, 197, 198, 200, 268, 361, 438, 439, 487 Paris, Treaty of (1763) 194, 420, 491 Paris, Treaty of (1783, ratified 1784) 15, 37, 168 Paris, Treaty of (1898) 414, 514 Parker, Richard 369 Parma 24, 233, 260, 262 Parma, Battle of 418 Parma, duke of 514 Parthenopean Republic 129 Parthia 9–10, 53, 110, 442, 443, 448–449, 451, 534–535 Pasha, Omar 558 Pashtuns Paskevich, Ivan 464 Pastrana, Andres 131 Pate (island off Kenya coast) 425 Pathet Lao 298–299 Pattani 497 Patton, George S 79 Patzinaks 78, 79 Paucarpata, Treaty of 409 Paul II (pope) 67 Paul IV (pope) 20 Paula Santander, Francisco de 132 Paulician sect 66 Paulinus, Suetonius 72 Pausanias (d 471) 407 Pavia, Italy 32, 242, 547 Pavia, Battle of (1525) 261 Pavía y Lacy, Manuel 523 Pavón, Battle of 33 Pearl Harbor 606 Pearse, Padhraic 171 Pechenegs 66, 79, 591 Pechenga, Finland 186 Pedir, Sumatra 389 Pedro, Constable 105, 421 Pedro I (emperor of Brazil) 74, 75, 332, 422 Pedro I (king of Portugal) 421 Pedro II of Aragon 30 Pedro III of Aragon 30, 500 Pedro IV (king of Aragon) 30, 31 Péeralte, Charlemagne 225 Pegu kingdom 17, 82–84, 494 Peixoto, Floriano 73–74 Peking (Beijing) 206, 277, 382 Pelagius 146 Peloponnesian Wars Peloponnesus 31, 576 Penaranda, Enrique 109 Peñaranda, Enrique 69 Penda (king of Mercia) 383, 384 Penella, Portugal 421 Penn, Sir William 23 Pennsylvania 77, 128, 199, 598, 608 Penruddock, John 401 People’s Crusade 145 Pepin (son of Charlemagne) 192 Pepin II of Heristal 192 Pepin of Landen (d 639?) 192 Pepin the Short 113, 193 Pepperell, William 290 Percy, Henry (earl of Northumberland) 116, 374 Percy, Henry "Hotspur" 402 Perdiccas 161 Pérez, Carlos Andrés 578 Pérez, José Joaquín 520 Pérez Jiménez, Marcos 577–578 Pergamum 136, 535 Pericles 31–32, 215, 399, 400, 475 Pernambuco, Brazil 168 Perón, Eva (Evita) 34 Perón, Isabel 33 Perón, Isabel Martinez de 33 Perón, Juan Domingo 34, 35, 402 Perperna, Marcus 488 Perry, Oliver Hazard 596 Perseus (king of Macedon, son of Philip V) 312–313 Pershing, John J 589 Perth 267 Perth, Treaty of 267, 375 Pertinax, Publius Helvius 444 Peru 119, 172, 247–248, 389, 518–521, 538, 611 Perugia 300 Perusia 181 Peschiera 260 Peshawar 315–316, 403, 407 Peshawar, Treaty of 404 Pest 241 Pestel, Paul 158 Pétain, Henri Philippe 189 Pétain, Henri-Philippe 441 Peter I the Great (czar of Russia) 374, 463, 469, 528 Peter III (czar of Russia) 461, 491 Peter Ernst II Mansfield 157 Peters, Carl 29, 30, 593 Peter the Hermit 145 Pétion, Alexandre 223, 552 Petlyura, Simon 466 Petrograd, Russia 177, 184, 292, 380, 459 Petronius Maximus 571 Pezech 239 Phangkha 543 Phaos 247 Pharnaces II 99, 443 Pharos 247 Phaulkon 23 Phayao 544, 545 Pheidippedes (fl 490 B.C.E.) 321 Philadelphia 15 Philike Hetairia society 216 Philip (landgrave of Hesse) 483–484 Philip I (king of France) 18, 370, 598, 599 Philip II (king of France) 18–19, 145, 208 Philip II (king of Macedon) 10 Philip II (king of Spain) 20, 23, 173, 228, 261, 348–349, 424, 438, 514, 521, 608 Philip III (king of Burgundy) (Philip the Good) 500 Philip III (king of France) 30–31 Philip III Arrhidaeus (d 317) 161 Philip IV (king of France) 19, 525–526 Philip IV (king of Spain) 105, 160 Philip V (king of Spain) 24, 431, 522 Philip VI (king of France) 75, 172, 235 Philip of Cleves 43 Philip of Macedon 312, 475–476, 509–510 Philip of Swabia 208 Philippi, Battle of 443 Philippines 107, 234, 349, 476–477, 513, 514, 522, 606 Philippopolis 458 Philip the Arabian 452 Philip IV the Fair, duke of Burgundy 189 Philomelus 475 Philopoemen 525 Phitsanulok 544, 545 Phnom Malai, Cambodia 285 Phnom Penh 284, 285, 289, 496, 498 Phocas (Byzantine emperor) 89, 96 Phocis 399, 475 Phoenicia 10, 486 Phouma, Souvanna 298 Phraates 535 Phra Chao Prasatthong 497 Phra Chao Thai Sa 497 Phrae 546 Phra Naret (Naresuan) 494, 495 Phra Yot (king of Chiengmai) 546 Phrohm (prince of Chiengmai) 544 Phrygia, kingdom of 40, 127 Phya Taksin 495 Piacenza, Italy 24, 233, 441–442 Picardy 261–262 Pickett, George 129 Picts 16, 257, 347, 481–482 Piedmont 260, 262 Piłsudski, Józef 466 Pindalè (king of Burma) 81 Pinheiro, Paulo 86 Pinkie Cleugh 242 Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto 119 Pinto, Aníbal 389 Piraeus 297 Pisa 30, 187–188, 573 Pisani, Vettore 126 Pisco, Ambrosio 133 Pisidia 149 Pistoia 308 Pius IX (pope) 260 Index Pizarro, Francisco 247–248, 518, 519 Pizarro, Gonzalo 518, 611 Plain of Jars 298 Plantagenet, Geoffrey 18 Plantagenet, Henry 176 Plataea 407 Plautius, Aulus 448 Plessis, Armand Jean du 60 Płowce, Battle of (1331) 543 pogroms 62–63 Point de Galle, Ceylon 423 Point Pleasant, West Virginia 306–307 Point Salines, Grenada 217 Poitiers 235, 552 Poitiers, Battle of 172, 193, 235 Poitou, France 19, 235, 426 Pole, John de la, earl of Lincoln 502 Polignac, Jules de 198 Polisario 523 Polk, James K 332 Pollentia, Battle of 528 Polo, Marco 206 Pol Pot 284, 285 Poltava, Battle of 374 Polyperchon (fl c 317–316) 161 Pomerania 542, 543 Pompey the Great 99, 203, 303, 334, 442–443, 488, 489 Pompey the Younger (Sextus Pompeius Magnus) (75–35) 379–380, 443 Ponce de León, Juan 519 Pondicherry, Battle of 491 Pontevedra, Spain 431 Pontiac (Ottawa chief) 420 Pontus 99–100, 442, 443 Poonch (Punch) 253 Poor Laws 436 Popé (Pueblo Indian) 427 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) 393 Portadown 372 Portáles, Diego 118, 409 Port Arthur (Lushun) 463, 504 Port-au-Prince, Haiti 162, 223, 225 Port Elizabeth, South Africa 282 Portes Gil, Emilio (1891– 1978) 330 Port-of-Spain, Trinidad 554 Port Royal, Nova Scotia 291, 432 Port Said, Egypt 29 Port San Carlos, Falkland Islands 183 Port Stanley, Falkland Islands 183 Porus (rajah of Lahore) 243 Potsdam Conference 606 Pottawatomie Massacre 594 Powell, James 593 Prachanda 362 Prachim 495 Prado, Mariano Ignacio 520, 538 Praetorian Guards 444, 445 Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 43 Prague 227, 426 Prague, Treaty of (1866) 490 Prea Srey Thomea 496 Preble, Edward 554 Premadasa, Ranasinghe 527 Prempeh 38 Presbyterian Church of Scotland 62, 140, 144–145 Preston, Battle of 175 Preston, Thomas (captain) 71 Prestonpans, Battle of (1745) 268 Pretorius, Marthinus 553 Préval, René 224, 226 Priam, King 555 Pride, Thomas 175 Prieto, Joaquín 118 Primo de Rivera, Miguel 441 Prim y Prats, Juan 517, 520, 522, 523 Priscus 90, 414 Priština 292 Procopius 590 Prokop the Great (Czech Hussite leader) 243 Proseguir 410 Prosser, Gabriel 203 Protestantism and Protestants Anglo-Scottish Wars 23 Camisards’ Rebellion 101 Kappel Wars 285–286 Maryland’s Religious War 323 Religion, Wars of 437–439 Ruthven, Raid of 471 Thirty Years’ War 547–548 Ugandan Religious Wars 567 Massacre at Vassy 572 Villmergen Wars 589–590 Protestant Reformation 291, 399 Provence, France 30 Providence, Rhode Island 163 Psamtik III 404 Pskov 375 Pskov, siege of 464 Ptolemy I (king of Egypt) 161, 254, 439 Ptolemy II Euergetes (king of Egypt) 534 Ptolemy II Philadelphus (king of Egypt) 154, 534 Ptolemy IV Philopator (king of Egypt) 486, 534 Ptolemy V Epiphanes (king of Egypt) 534 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes (king of Egypt) 486 Ptolemy XII (king of Egypt) 443 Publius Quintilius Varus 542 Puck, Battle of (1462) 547 Puerto Rico 514, 519 Pueyrrdón, Juan Martin de 35 Pugachev, Emelyan Ivanovich 427 Pulakesin I (Chalukya ruler) 110 Pulakesin II (Chalukya ruler) 110, 112 Pultusk, Battle of 374 Punic Wars 181 Punjab 6, 15–16, 159, 248, 407, 501, 502 Puntland 512 Puritans 323 Pusan, South Korea 291 Putin, Vladimir 115 Pyè Min (Burmese ruler) 81 Pylos 400 Pyongyang 503 Pyrenees 114 Pyrenees, Peace of the 191 Pyrrhus of Epirus 103, 126, 181, 454 Q Qaddafi, Muammar al- 109, 304, 481 Qaeda, al- 5, 257 Qala’un, Sultan 147 Quadi people 454 Quadruple Alliance 102, 332–333, 517 Quang Trung (emperor of Vietnam) 582 Quang Yen 506 Quantrill, William Clarke 431–432 Quatre-Bas, Belgium 235 683 Quebec, Canada 194, 258, 291, 395, 432, 440 Querétaro, Mexico 437 Quiberon Bay, Battle of 490 Quintus Caesilius Metellus 107, 278 Quisling, Vidkun 374 Quito, Ecuador 171 Qutb-ud-Din Aybak 159, 351 Qutub-ul-Mutlik 54 R Raab 236 Rabe, John 360 Radagaisus 528 Radetzky, Josef 186, 260 Rafi b Laith 289 Raghunath Bhonsle 61 Ragnar 588 Ragusa (Dubrovnik), Dalmatia 94, 241, 499 Rahman, Mujibur 390 Rajasthan, 336–337 Rakhmaninov, Imomali 537 Rama II (king of Siam) 100 Ramadi 257 Rama Raya 585 Rama Thibodi I (king of Ayutthaya) 289 Rama Thibodi II (king of Ayutthaya) 546 Rambouillet, France 293 Rameshvara 493 Ramesuen (Thai prince) 289 Ramillies, Battle of 524 Ramiro III (king of León) 515 Ramos, Benigno 476–477 Ramos, Fidel V 412–413 Ramos-Horta, José 251 Ramses II (king of Egypt) 281 Rangiriri 541 Rangoon, Burma (Yangoon, Myanmar) 17 Ranjit Singh 502 Rann of Kutch 253 Ranthambhor, India 159 Rao, P V Narasimha 51 Rapallo, Treaty of 157 Raphia 534 Rasht 408 Rashtrakuta dynasty 111– 112, 126, 391–392 Rasles, Sebastian Ratana (king of Chiengmai) 546 Ravenna 185, 213, 247, 261, 456, 547 Rawlings, Jerry John 210 684 Index Raymond IV (count of Toulouse) 145, 146 Raymond VI (1156–1222) 9, 30 Razadarit (king of Pegu) 82 Razin, Stenka 436 Reagan, Ronald W 366 Recife, Brazil 168 Red Cloud 185, 507, 593 Red Cross 86 Red Eagle 141 Red Eagle (William Weatherford) 188 Red Guards 123 Red Hector of the Battles 311 Regensburg, Diet of 226– 227 Reginald of Châtillon 477 Reginherus 588 Regulators’ Revolt 437 Reign of Terror 197 religious wars 101, 572, 589–590 Réné I (king of Anjou) 31, 105 René II 361 Republican Guard 406 Resht, Persia 463 Restitution, Edict of 533 Retief, Piet 64, 65 Réunion 17 Reval (Tallinn) 418 Revel, Estonia 154, 177 Reyes, Rafael 394, 549 Rhaetia 450 Rheims, France 235, 415 Rhineland 307 Rhode Island 163–164, 532 Rhodes 161 Rhodes, Cecil John 268 Rhodes, siege of 161 Rhodesia 350 Rhys ap Gruffydd (lord of Wales) 229 Richard (duke of Gloucester) 77 Richard (duke of York) 457 Richard I Lion-Heart (king of England) 18, 145, 477 Richard II (king of England) 56, 176, 229, 398 Richard III (king of England) 71, 77, 457, 595 Richard of Cornwall 146 Richardson, Bill 619 Richelieu, Cardinal 20, 60, 105, 199, 319, 548 Richmond, Virginia 129, 203 Rida, Ali ar- 492 Ridgway, Matthew B 292 Ridwan (Seljuk leader) 354 Riego y Nuñez, Rafael del 191, 517 Riel, Louis 440 Riga, Latvia 300, 418, 467 Riga, Treaty of 300 Rigaud, André 552 Rimini, Italy 184 Rio de Janeiro Protocol 172 Río de la Plata 35, 397, 567 Río Negro, Colombia 176 Rivière, Henri-Laurent 195–196 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 173 Rizal, José 413 “road map to peace” 393 Robert (earl of Gloucester) 176 Robert II (lord of Normandy) 145, 363 Robert Curthose (1054?– 1134) 371, 551 Robert Guiscard (1015?–85) 369–370 Roberts, Lord Frederick 65 Robert the Bruce 56, 76, 484, 485 Robert “the Pious” of Burgundy 54 Robinson, Arthur N R 554 Robinson, Sir Hercules 220 Rocafuerto, Vicente 171 Rochambeau, comte de 15 Roderick (king of the Visigoths) 354–355 Rodney, George 194 Rodríguez, Andrés 396 Rodríguez de Francia, José Gaspar 397 Roeskilde, Treaty of 156 Roger I (Norman count of Sicily) 370 Roger II (Norman king of Sicily) 499 Roger de Loria 500 Roger de Mortimer 484 Rohilkhand 441 Rohingyas 85 Rojas Pinilla, Gustavo 131, 132 Roland 114 Rollo 588 Roma 180 Romagna 260–261 Roman, Petre 458 Roman Catholic Church Albigensian Crusade Argentine Revolts 34 Asturian Uprising (1934) 40 Bohemian-Hungarian War (1468–78) 67 Bohemian-Palatine War 67–68 Camisards’ Rebellion 101 Count’s War 139 Covenanters’ Rebellion (1685) 140 Ecuadoran-Columbian War 171–172 War of the Eight Saints 173 First English Civil War (1642–1646) 175 Gunpowder Plot 220 Hapsburg Brothers’ “War” 227 Hussite Wars 243 Kappel Wars 285–286 Mexican Insurrections of 1926–29 330 Polish Civil War (1768– 73) 416 Polish Rebellion (1606– 07) 416 Religion, Wars of 438, 439 Ruthven, Raid of 471 War of the Sonderbund 512 Thirty Years’ War 547–548 Irish Tithe War 551 Ugandan Religious Wars 566 Massacre at Vassy 572 Villmergen Wars 589–590 Visigothic-Frankish War (506–507 C.E.) 590 Roman Empire See also Byzantine Empire Achaean War Aurelian’s War against Tetricus 41 Aurelian’s War against Zenobia 42 Bar Cocheba’s Revolt 56 Boudicca’s Rebellion 72 Caesar’s War in Pontus 99–100 Carthaginian Civil War 103 Carthaginian War against Pyrrhus of Epirus 103 Revolt of Catiline 106–107 Celtiberian Wars 107 Dacian Wars 153 Early Etruscan-Roman Wars 180–181 Later Etruscan-Roman Wars 181 Gallic Wars 203–204 Gothic-Sarmatian War 212 Revolt of the Gracchi 213 Hun Raids on the Roman Empire 242 Illyrian Wars 247 Irish Raids in Britain 257 Isaurian War 259 Siege of Jerusalem 275 Jewish Revolt (66–73 C.E.) 276 Jewish Revolt (115–117 C.E.) 276 Jugurthine War 278 Justinian’s Persian Wars 279 Latin War 299–300 Lusitanian War 308 Macedonian Wars 312–313 Masada, siege of 323 Mithridatic Wars 333–334 Battle of Mons Graupius (Grampians) 347 Nika Revolt 369 Numantian War 376 Octavian’s War against Antony 379 Octavian’s War against Pompey 379–380 Punic Wars 427–428 Samnite Wars 478–479 Saxon Raids 481–482 Seleucid War with Egypt 486 Sertorian War 488 Servile Wars 488–489 Social Wars 510 Spartan-Achaean Wars 525 Stilicho’s Wars with the Visigoths 528 Syrian-Roman War (192–189 B.C.E.) 535 Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 542 Theodoric’s War with Odoacer 546–547 Vandal Raids on the Roman Empire 571 Vandal-Roman War in North Africa 571 Early Visigothic Raids on the Roman Empire 590 Later Visigothic Raids on the Roman Empire 590–591 Index Romania See under Rumania Romanov, Anastasia 72 Romanus III (Byzantine emperor) 94 Romanus IV Diogenes (Byzantine emperor) 96 Rome See also Roman Empire Charlemagne’s Defeat of Desiderius 113 War of the Second Coalition 129 Eight Saints, War of the 173 Etruscan-Roman Wars, Early 180 Etruscan-Roman Wars, Later 181 Gallic Wars 203–204 German Civil War (1077–1106) 208 German Civil War (1314–25) 209 Gothic (Italian) War (534–554 C.E.) 212, 213 Gracchi, Revolt of the 213 Holy Roman Empire– Papacy War (1081–84) 231–232 Holy Roman Empire– Papacy War (1228–41) 232 Holy Roman Empire– Papacy War (1243–50) 232, 233 Hun Raids on the Holy Roman Empire (c 375–454 C.E.) 242 Hun Raids on the Roman Empire 242 Illyrian War, First (229– 228 B.C.E.) 247 Italian Revolution (1848–49) 260 Italian War between Charles V and Francis I, Second (1526–30) 261 Italian War of Independence (1859–61) 262, 263 Jugurthine War 278 Latin War 299, 300 Lepidus, Revolt of 303 Octavian’s War against Antony 379 Roman-Alemannic War (271 C.E.) 442 Theodoric’s War with Odoacer 546–547 Romero, Oscar Arnulfo 477 Rommel, Erwin 371 Romulus Augustulus 456 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 398, 514 Roosevelt, Theodore 394, 463 Rossbach, Battle of 490 Rouen, France 438 Roxana 10, 161 Roxelana (d 1559) 385 Royal African Company 17 Rozhdestvenski, Zinovi 463 Rudolf (Raoul) (king of Burgundy) 314 Rudolf I (Holy Roman Emperor) 226–227 Rudolf II (Holy Roman Emperor) 227 Rudravarman (king of Champa) 288 Rudravarman III (king of Champa) 580 Rueil, Peace of 200 Rufus, Lucius Verginius 444 Rügen 156 Rugova, Ibrahim 293 Ruíz de Apodoca, Juan 331 Rumania 48, 216, 294, 340, 398, 471, 601, 602, 605 See also Dacia Rumelia, Eastern 488 Rumiantsev, Peter 106 Rupert (king of Germany) 28 Rupert of the Palatinate 209 Rurik 589 Ruschuk 470 Russian Federation 115–116 Russian Orthodox Church 460, 461 Russian Revolution (1762) 427 Russian Revolution (1905) 62–63 Russian Revolution (1917) See October (November) Revolution Ruthven, Raid of 213 Rutskoi, Alexander Vladirmirovich 460 Ruyter, Michiel de 17, 167 Rwanda 88, 135, 457, 565, 619 Ryswick, Treaty of 214, 291, 307 S Saavedra, Cornelio 35 Sabac 240 Sabajo, Thomas 531 Sabines 479 Sablé, Treaty of 229 Sadat, Anwar al- 29 Sadato 273 Safavid dynasty 6–7, 404 Safed 147 Sagartia 408 Sahara Desert 480 Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) 195 Sai Keo 544 St Augustine, Florida 164, 275, 613 St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 438 St Clair, Arthur 476 St Columba 257 St-Domingue (Haiti) 552 St Eustatius, West Indies 168 St Francis of Assisi 146 St Gall 28 St George’s Day Revolt 177 St Germain, Treaty of 167 St Gotthard, Battle of 48 St Gotthard Pass 533 St Omer 189 St Patrick 257 St Peter’s basilica 232, 456 St Petersburg, Russia 158, 461, 468 St Remi (437?–533?) 192 Sai Tia Kaphat (king of Laos) 545 Sakarya River, Battle of the (1921) 556 Sakhalin Island 463 Saladin 145, 355 Salamis 215 Salamis, Battle of 407 Salamis, Cyprus 276 Salan, Raoul 12 Salandra, Antonio 260 Salat Hassan, Abdulkassim 512 Salazar, António de Oliveira 25 Saldanha, John Carlos de Oliveira e Daun 422 Saleh, Ali Abdullah 615 Salerno, Italy 232 Salian Franks 590 Salisbury, England 211, 401 Salonika 499, 615 Salt Lake City, Utah 568 Salvius 489 Sam, Vilbrun Guillaume 225 Samarkand 77, 346, 459, 538–540 Sambhagi 336 Sambhupura 288 685 Sambhuvarman (king of Champa) 120 Sam Fang Ken (prince of Chiengmai) 544 Samory, Almamy 319 Samper Pizano, Ernesto 131 Sampson, William T 513 Samrin, Heng 284, 285 Samudragupta 221 Samuel (czar of Bulgaria) 78 San Antonio, Texas 543 Sancho I (king of Aragon) 549 Sancho II (king of Castile) 104, 549 Sancho IV (king of Navarre) 549 Sancho Garcés, (count of Aragon, king of Pamplona [Navarre]) 515 Sanclemente, Miguel 548 Sandinistas 233 Sandino, Augusto César 364–365 Sandline affair 395 San Germano, Peace of (1230) 232 San Jacinto, Battle of (1836) 543 San Juan Hill, Battle of 514 Sanjul 515 Sankara, Thomas 80 Sankoh, Foday 500–501 San Martín, José de 119, 411 San Martín, Ramón Grau 148 San Sebastián, Spain 191 San Stefano, Treaty of 488 Santa Anna, Antonio López de 397, 543 Santa Cruz, Andrés 409 Santa Fe, New Mexico 427 Santiago, Chile 518 Santiago Bay, Battle of 514 Santiago de Cuba 513, 514 Santo Domingo 23, 163, 164, 223, 224, 552 Sarai 539, 540 Saratov 427, 436 Sardes 247 Sardinia 30, 31, 44, 103, 143, 213, 260, 414, 418, 431, 502 Sardis 254, 400, 407 Sargon II 40 Sarkis, Elias 301 Sarmatians 212, 454 Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino 334 Sarzana, Italy 188 Saskatchewan 440 Sassanid dynasty 451–454 686 Index Sassou-Nguesso, Denis 133–134 Satanta, Chief 291 Sattha (king of Cambodia) 495, 496 Saudi Arabia 24, 301, 406, 614 Sauk Indians 62 Savimbi, Jonas 25 Savoy 197, 214, 260, 262, 319, 431, 533–534, 574 Saxe, Maurice, comte de (marshal of France) 44 Saxon Raids (c 550–577 C.E.) 16 Saxons 113, 114, 257, 416, 418, 586–587 Saxony 44, 199, 214, 490, 502, 533 Sayfa, Yusuf (fl 1580s) 386 Sayf al-Dawla 353 Sayyids 336 Scalella Pass 187 Scarperia 187 Scheer, Reinhard 279 Scheveningen (Texel), Battle of 166–167 Schleswig 156, 284 Schleswig-Holstein 154–156 Schomberg, Frederick Herman 521 Schönbrunn, Peace of 360, 563 Schwarzenburg, Felix 238 Schwarzkopf, H Norman 406 Schwyz 381 Scipio, Lusicus Cornelius 535 Scipio Aemillianus 376, 428 Scipio Africanus, Publicus Cornelius 427, 535 Sclerus, Bardus 96 Scoon, Paul 217 Scot, James (duke of Monmouth) 140, 347 Scott, Winfield 37, 332 Scythia 90, 127 Scythians 40, 221, 405, 535 Sebastian (king of Portugal) 424, 521 Sebastianism 424 Second Triumvirate 443 Secret Army Organization See OAS Sedan, France 190, 194 Segesvar (Schäsburg) 553 Segu 555–556 Seleucia 449, 451 Seleucid Empire 53, 161, 534 Seleucus I 137, 161, 254 Seleucus II 534 Seleucus Nicator 325 Selim I (Ottoman sultan) 317–318, 385, 558–559 Selim II (Ottoman sultan) 468–469, 576 Selim III (Ottoman sultan) 269, 470 Seljuk Turk-Byzantine Wars 96–97 Seljuk Turks 90, 145, 146– 147, 299 Semendria (Smederevo) 239, 240 Semendria (Smederevo), Battle (1441) 239 Sempach 552 Senapati Sankara 288 Sencharao 543 Sendero Luminoso (“Shining Path”) 362, 409–410 Seneca Indians 258 Seneff, Battle of 167 Senegal 219, 555–556 Seng-ko-linch’in 367 Senlis, Peace of 189 Sen Muang Ma 544 Sennacherib 40, 52 Sennacherib (king of Assyria) 127 Sen Sanuk, Battle of 544 Senta, Battle of 48 Sentium 181 Seoul, South Korea 292 Sepeia, Battle of 36 September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks 5, 256, 527 September Massacres (1792) 197 Septimania 193 Sepúlveda, Battle of 30 Serbia 48, 54, 55, 70, 71, 106, 144, 240, 414, 469– 471, 599, 601 Serbs 70, 91, 144, 292–293, 508–509 Serna, José de la 411 Serrano, Francisco 523 Serrano Elías, Jorge 218 Serrano y Domínguez, Francisco 102 Sertorius, Quintus 333, 488 Setthathirat 86 Setthathirat (Laotian ruler) 84 Sevastopol, siege of 143 Severus, Lucius Septimus 444–446, 451 Severus, Marcus Aurelius Alexander 451 Seville 13, 516 Seville, Spain 13, 191 Seville, Treaty of 24 Sèvres, Treaty of 216 Sforza, Francesco 261, 333, 574–575 Sforza, Lodovico 262, 263, 361 Sforza, Massimiliano 231 Shafter, William R 514 Shah Alam II (Mogul emperor) 6, 336 Shah Hussein 404 Shah Rokh 405 Shahu 336 Shaka Zulu 620–621 Shalmaneser I 39 Shalmaneser IV 39 Shalmaneser UUU 39 Shamshi-Adad V 39 Shanghai, China 382 Shans 83–84, 125 Shansi, China 186 Shan Soalu 83 Shantung (Shandong), China 186, 436 Shapur I (king of Persia) 451–452 Shapur II the Great (king of Persia) 453 Sharif, Nawaz 287 Sharm el-Sheikh 29 Sharon, Ariel 392–393 Sharp, James 140 Shastri, Lal Bahadur 253 Shawnee Indians 306–307 Shays, Daniel 492 Sheerness, England 369 Sher Ali Sheridan, Philip Henry 129, 329 Sheriffmuir 267 Sher Khan (Bihar governor) 338, 339 Sherman, William Tecumseh 128–129, 436 Shevardnadze, Eduard A 206–207 Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud 53 Shi’ite Muslims 53, 54, 286, 301–302, 392, 406, 561 Shijavi Bhonsle 319–320 Shimonoseki, Treaty of 504 Shirakawa II (emperor of Japan) 229, 231 Shirley, William 290 Shirvan 560 Shirwana 559 Shuja (d c 1658) 335–336 Shuster, William Morgan 464 Siad Barre, Muhammad (Siyad Barrah) 511 Siad Hersi “Morgan,” Muhammad 512 Siam 23, 86, 87, 100 See also Thailand Siamese-Cambodian Wars 495–497 Siamese Civil Wars 497–498 Siberia 127, 459 Sibley, Henry Hastings 506 Sicily 8, 16, 30–31, 90, 94, 103, 161–162, 213, 226, 230, 232, 247, 328, 427, 455, 489, 571, 606–607 Sickingen, Franz von 291 Sidon, Lebanon 164 Siena 228, 261 Sierra Leone 75 Sigismund (duke of Austria, d 1496) 45 Sigismund (Holy Roman Emperor) 415 Sigismund (king of Burgundy) 79 Sigismund (king of Germany) 243 Sigismund (king of Hungary) 209, 573 Sigismund I (duke of Lithuania, king of Poland) 464, 465 Sigismund II Augustus 415–416 Sigismund III (king of Poland) 416, 465 Sigismund Augustus 532 Sigismund of Hungary (1368–1437) 366 Sigurd I (king of Norway) 146 Sihanouk ([Norodom Sihanouk] king of Cambodia) 100, 284, 285 Sikander Lodi (fl 1489– 1517) 160 Sikander Sur 339–340 Sikhs 338, 403 Sikkim 221 Silesia 44, 308 Simancas 515 Simbirsk 436 Simla 221 Simon (Jewish leader, brother of Judas) 311 Simon IV de Montfort 9, 30 Sinai Peninsula 29 Singh, Ajit 336 Sinhalese 108, 526–527 Sinn Féin 20–21, 171 Sinzheim, Battle of 167 Siocon, Philippines 413 Sioux Indians 117, 219, 525, 593 Siraj-ud-Dawlah 61 Sitting Bull 507 Index Siwana, India 159 Siward (earl of Northumberland) 165 Sixtus IV (pope) 184–185 Siyar, Farrukh (d 1719) 338 Skalic 423 Skåne, Sweden 156, 157 Skobelev, Mikhail D 471 Slidell, John 332 Slivnitza, Battle of 488 Sloat, John D 60 Slovakia 150, 294 Slovenia 144 Sluys 43 Sluys, Battle of (1340) 235 Smerdis 404 Smim Htaw 83–84 Smith, Harry 49 Smith, Ian Douglas 439 Smith, John (d 1823?) 160 Smith Parkes, Harry 382 Smolensk 361, 464–466, 539 Smuts, Jan Christian 64, 65 Smyrna (Izmir) 216, 264, 556 Snaim (Kustinitza) (1443) 239 Snegur, Mircea I 340 Snow Hill, North Carolina 562 socialism 209–210 Sogdiana 9–10 Soissons 456 Solferino 262 Solóranzo, Carlos 364 Solway Moss 242 Somalia 179–180, 313–314 Somaliland 264, 314, 512 Somerset, England Somesvara I 110 Somesvara IV 111 Somoza Debayle, Anastasio 138, 365 Songtham the Just (Intharaja II) 496 Sontius (Isonzo) 547 Sontius (Isonzo), Battle of (489) 547 Sophia Alekseyevna 528–529 Sotho 220 Souligna-Vongsa 86 Soulouque, Faustin Élie (Faustin I, emperor of Haiti) 225 Souphanouvong (prince of Laos) 298 South Africa 24, 26, 64–65, 89, 135, 136, 281–282, 359, 553, 620–621 South Carolina 116, 128, 579, 613 South Dakota 507 South Ossetia 206, 207 South Vietnam 100, 582, 584–585 South-West Africa 209 Spanish Armada 23, 220, 425 Spanish Netherlands 523– 524, 528 Spanish Sahara 12 Sparta 2, 31–32, 35–36, 73, 127, 136–137, 161–162, 215, 254, 327–328, 399, 400, 449, 454, 475, 510, 546 Spartacus 489 Speight, George 185–186 Speyer concessions 208 Springfield, Massachusetts 492 Srey Sauryopor 496 Srinagar 253, 286–287 Srisuphanma 496 Sri Sutham Tilok (Chao Lok) 545 Srong-brtsan-sgam-po 505 Stafford, Henry 76–77 Stalin, Joseph 70, 607–608 Stamford Bridge, Battle of 370 Stanislaus I Leszczyn´ski 374, 418 Stanislaus II Augustus 416 Starked Plains 437 Staten Island 12 Steenkerke, Battle of 214 Sten Sture 483 Sten Sture the Elder 155 Sten Sture the Younger 283 Stephen (king of England) 229, 527–528 Stephen I (king of Hungary) 237 Stephen III (king of Hungary) 240 Stephen of Blois 146, 176 Stephen (“the Great”) of Moldavia 419 Stephen of Vendôme 118 Stettin, peace of 156 Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von 15 Stevens, Thaddeus 77 Sthanvisvara 112 Stiklestad, Battle of 483 Stilicho, Flavius 448, 528 Stilwell, Joseph 81, 605 Stimson, Henry L 365 Stockholm, Sweden 155, 283, 532 Stockholm, Treaties of (1719–20) 374 Strachov, Battle (1423) 423 Strangebjerg, Battle of 483 Straslund, Battle of 284 Straslund, Peace of 157 Strathclyde, Scotland 257 Straw, Jack 398 Stroessner, Alfredo 396 Strogonov merchants 498 Sture, Svante 153 Stuyvesant, Peter 166 Styria 67, 227 Sübedei 282–283, 340, 342–343, 345 submarines 600, 620 Suceava, Battle of 419 Sucre, Antonio José de 132, 411, 412 Sudan 566 Sudetenland 603 Sudoner, Battle (1419) 423 Suevians 591 Suez Canal 29, 600–601 Sufi Islam 313–314, 480–481 Suharto 249 Sukarno, Achmed 2, 249, 252 Sukarnoputri, Megawati 249 Sukhothai kingdom 544 Sukhumi 206, 207 Sukothai 546 Sulayman (Muslim caliph) 136 Sulayman al-Mustain 515 Sulaymaniyah 295 Süleyman I the Magnificent (Ottoman sultan) 46, 47, 236, 240, 261, 384, 385, 559–561, 576 Süleyman II (Ottoman sultan) 48 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius 181, 333, 442, 443, 488 Sully, Alfred 506 Sumatra 2–3, 389–390 Sumitomo 270–271 Sumter, Fort 128 Sung dynasty 125, 277–278, 342–343 Sunium 239 Sunni Muslims 53–54 Sun Yat-sen (Sun I-hsien, Sun Yixian) 124, 371–372 Suppiluliumas 39, 230 Suppiluliumas (king of Hittite Empire) 231 Suragaja 252, 279 Surakarta 274 Sur dynasty 339–340 Suret, Treaty of 397 Suriyodaya 493 Suryavarman II (Khmer emperor) 288, 583 687 Susa 11, 407 Susiana 408 Sussex 482 Sutoku (emperor of Japan) 231 Suva, Fiji 185 Suvorov, Aleksandr 106, 129, 427 Svante Nilsson Sture (c 1460–1512) 155 Sviatopolk (“the Damned”) (ruler of Kievan Russia) 460, 464 Sviatoslav (prince of Kiev) 458, 459 Svinhufud, Pehr 186 Swabia 45, 399 Sweyn III 154 Swiss cantons 231 Swiss Revolt (1798) 533 Sw Maung 85 Syagrius (Gallo-Roman governor) 456 Symeon I (czar of Bulgaria) 78, 79, 458 Syracuse 7–8, 103, 161–162, 226, 230, 400, 551 Syriam 84, 87–88 Szbács 240 Szechwan 549 Szeged 239 T Tabinshwehti (king of Toungoo) 83, 493 Taborite Hussites 243 Tabriz 404, 408, 464, 559–560 Tacitus, Cornelius 72, 347 Tacubaya, Mexico 437 Tadjoura, Djibouti 162 Taenarum 297 Taft, William Howard 364, 414 Taginae, Battle of 213 Tahgah-jute 141–142 Tahir ibn Husain 353 Tahiti 72 Tahmasp I (1514–76) 559 Tahmasp II (Safavid shah) 402, 405 Taila II 112 Taiping Rebellion 537 Taira 204, 229, 231 T’ai-tsu (Taizu) 125 T’ai Tsung (Taizong) 124, 503, 505 Taj-ud-Din Firuz 586 Takamori, Saigo 481 Takauji, Ashikaga 271 Taksin, Phya 498 688 Index Talambo, Peru 538 Talambo Incident 538 Talavera, Battle of 401 Talavou, Malietoa (king of Samoa) 479 Taliban 4–5 Tamale, Ghana 210 Tamerlane (Timur) 26, 160, 211–212, 343, 345, 366, 538, 557 Tamils 108, 526–527 Ta Mok 285 Tampere, Finland 186 Tanagra, Battle of 399 Tancred of Normandy 145 Tandy, James Napper 567 T’ang dynasty 119, 124 Tangier 424 Tanguts 125, 205–206 Tannenberg, Battle of 539 Tanzania 29–30, 76, 88, 89, 316, 471, 565, 620 Taoism 613–614 Tarain, Battle of 159 Tarapacá 389 Tarentum 103, 454 Tarik ibn-Ziyad 354–355 Tarquinius Superbus 180–181 Tashkent 459 Tasmania 63 Tatars 26, 126, 205, 269, 419, 458, 459, 461–462, 465, 466, 469, 498, 539 Taunton, England 187 Tavoy 494, 495 Taylor, Charles 303–304, 500–501 Taylor, Zachary 332, 486 Tay Son 582 Tbilisi 207 Tczew 547 Te Arei Pa 540 Tecumseh 596 Tegea 31, 400 Tegh Bahadur 338 Tegucigalpa 233, 234 Tehran, Iran 7, 255, 408, 464 Tekrur 555 Teles, Leonor 421 Telets 77 Temesvár 238, 553 Temesvár, Battle of 164 Temmu Tenno (Oama) 270 Templer, Sir Gerald 317 Tenais (Azov) 540 Tenchi (Tenji, Japanese emperor) 270 Teng Hsiao-p’ing (Deng Xiaoping) 549 Tennessee 128, 352 Tenochtitlán, Mexico 519 Tephrike (Divrigu, Turkey) 397, 398 Terbelis (king of Bulgars) 136 Terek River, Battle of the (1395) 539, 540 Ternate 423, 425 Terra, Gabriel 567–568 terrorism 11, 57–58, 556 Terry, Alfred Howe 507 Tertry, Battle of 192 Teruel, Spain 518 Tetovo 312 Tetricus, Gaius Pius Esuvius 41 Tetuán 520 Teuta (queen of Illyria) 247 Teutoburg Forest, Battle of the 450, 542 Teutones 454–455 Teutonic Knights 177, 343– 344, 539, 547, 593 Tewfik Pasha 178 Tewodros II (emperor of Ethiopia) 177, 178 Texas 32, 193, 291, 332, 436–437 Thailand 125, 285, 298–299, 317, 580 See also Siam Thammaraja II (king of Sukhothai) 543, 544 Than Shwe 85 Thao Phadong 544 Thatcher, Margaret 183 Thebes 10, 136–137, 399– 400, 475, 509, 528, 546 Theodora (508?–548) 369 Theodore, Charles 58–59 Theodore I (king of Corsica) 137 Theodore I Lascaris 90, 97 Theodore Ducas Angelus 90 Theodoric I (Frankish king) 79–80 Theodoric the Great 212 Theodosiopolis 453 Theodosius I the Great 447, 448, 450, 454, 481, 590 Theodosius III 16 Theophilus (Byzantine emperor) 93 Theopompus (king of Sparta) 327 Thermopylae 215, 242, 407, 475, 535 Thesiger, Frederic A (Baron Chelmsford) 621 Thessalonica 90, 91, 575 Thessaly 78, 215 Thibaut IV of Navarre and Champagne 146 Thibaw Min 17 Thieu, Nguyen Van 582, 584 Thihathura, Maha 87 Thirty Tyrants 445 Thohanbwa 83 Thonganbwa 81 Thorn (Torún) 542 Thorn (Torún), Treaty of (1411) 543 Thorn (Torún), Treaty of (1466) 547 Thrace 77, 91, 95, 215, 216, 405, 445, 446, 450, 489, 556 Three Kings, Battle of the 424 Thucydides 73, 163 Thuringia 208, 399 Thutmose III (king of Egypt) 243, 326 Tiberius (emperor of Rome) 276, 448, 450 Tiberius Gracchus 213 Tibet 505–506 Tientsin (Tianjin), China 382, 550 Tientsin, Treaties of 382, 503 Tiepolo, Bajamonte 550 Tiflis (Georgia) 463, 560 Tiglath-pileser I (king of Assyria) 39 Tiglath-pileser III (king of Assyria) 40 Tigranes I (king of Armenia) 334, 442 Tigre, Ethiopia 178, 179 Tikrit 256 Tilsit, Treaty of 360 “Time of Troubles,” Russian 465 Timesithesus, Gaius Furius Sabinus Aquila 452 Timoleon (Greek statesman) Timor 17 Tinchebrai, Battle of (1106) 551 Tinoco Granados, Federico 138 Tionontati Indians 259 Tirana, Albania Tiridates (king of Armenia) 451 Tiridates III (king of Armenia) 452 Tiso, Josef 508 Tissphernes 149 Tito, Marshal (Josip Broz) 508 Titus (emperor of Rome) 275, 276 Titus Quinctius Flaminius 525 Tjibaou, Jean-Marie 363 Toba (emperor of Japan) 231 Toba II (emperor of Japan) 276–277 Toggenburg 381 Togo 210 Togo, Heihachiro 463 Togodumnus 448 Togoland 76 Tokay, Battle of (1527) 236 Tokes, Laslo 458 Toktamish (khan of Golden Horde) 211–212, 539–540 Toktamish (Tuqtamish) 539 Tokugawa Iyeyasu 272, 383, 485 Tokugawa shogunate 327, 492 Tokyo 250 Tolbert, William R., Jr 303 Tolbiac (Zulpich), Battle of 191–192 Toledo, Alejandro 410 Tolui (d 1232) 342 Tolumnius (king of Veii) 455 Tombs, Sir Henry 62 Tone, Theobald Wolfe 567 Tone, Wolfe 174 Tongue River Reservation 117 Tonkin 195, 196 Tonkin, Gulf of 503 Tontons Macoutes 223 Topete y Carballo, Juan Bautista 522 Torda 553 Torgau, Battle of 490–491 Torres, Juan José 69 Torstensson, Lennart 156 Tostig (d 1066) 370 Totila (Gothic king) 213 Toulouse, France 9, 18, 193, 552 Toungoo 83–85 Tourane (Da Nang, Vietnam) 195 Tournai, France 189 Tours, France 189, 552 Tourville, comte de 297 Toussaint Louverture, Franỗois Dominique 224, 552 Townshend, Charles 24 Townsville Peace Agreement 510 Toyotomi, Hideyoshi, 272– 273, 383, 485 Trafalgar, Battle of 360 Trajan (emperor of Rome) 153, 276, 449 Index Tran Ahn-tong 580 Tran Cao 581 Tran dynasty 581 Tran Hung Dao 583 Tran Nghe Tong 581 Transjordan 28–29 Transoxiana 41 Transvaal 64–65, 621 Transylvania 47, 48, 236, 238, 239, 294, 416, 579, 601, 605 Tran Thuan Tong 581 Traoré, Moussa 317 Trapani 573 Trapezus 541 Tribhuvanadityavarman 288 Trier, Germany 291 Trifanum, Battle of 300 Trimble, David 373 Trinh dynasty 582 Trinovantes tribe 448 Tripoli 145–147, 264, 300, 301 Tripolitza 216 Trivulzio, Gian Giacomo 263 Trocadero, Battle of 191 Tromp, Maar1 166 Trotsky, Leon 69, 177, 293, 459, 461 Trouillot, Ertha Pascal 223 Troy 10, 555 Troyes, Treaty of 235, 383 Trujillo Molina, Rafael Leónidas 162 Truman, Harry S 216, 292 Truman Doctrine 216 Trung Trac 555 Truxtun, Thomas 14 Tryon, William 437 Tryphon 489 Tsaldaris, Panayoti 143 Ts’ao Ts’ao (Cao Cao) 186 Tseng Kuofan (Zeng Guofan) 367 Tshombe, Moise 134 Tso Tsung-t’ang (Zuo Zongtang) 355 Tuaregs (Touareg) 368–369 Tudjman, Franjo 144 Tudor, Henry 71 Tu Duc 195–196 Tugela River, Battle of 621 Tukachevsky, Mikhail N 293, 466, 467 Tukulti-Ninurta I (Ninos) 39 Tuman Bey 318 Tupac Amaru 411 Turckhiem, Battle of 167 Turin 261, 262 Turin, Treaty (1381) 241 Turkistan 346, 355, 459 Turkomans 404, 459 Turks Wars of Aurangzeb 41 Byzantine Civil War (1094) 90 Byzantine Civil War (1321–28) 90 Byzantine Civil War (1341–47) 91 Byzantine Civil War (1352–55) 91 Candian War 101 Raids by Catalan Company 105 Catherine the Great’s Wars with the Turks 106 Chinese War against the Eastern Turks 124 Chinese War against the Western Turks 124 Fall of Constantinople 136 Cretan Rebellion (1770) 142 Cretan Rebellion (1821– 22) 142 Cretan Uprising (1866– 68) 142 Cretan Uprising (1896) 143 Crimean War 143–144 Crusader-Turkish Wars (1100–46) 146–147 Crusader-Turkish Wars (1272–91) 147 Crusades 145 Dozsa’s Rebellion 164 Genghis Khan’s War with the Chin Empire 206 Golden Horde-Il-Khan Civil War 212 Hapsburg Brothers’ “War” 227 Hapsburg Dynastic War (1439–57) 227 Hungarian-Turkish War (1437–38) 239 Hungarian-Turkish War (1441–44) 239 Hungarian-Turkish War (1444–56) 239–240 Hungarian-Turkish War (1463–83) 240 Hungarian-Turkish War (1492–94) 240 Hungarian-Turkish War (1521–26) 240 Hungarian-Venetian War (1378–81) 241 Janissaries’ Revolt (1621–22) 268–270 Muslim Civil Wars 353 Polish-Bohemian War (1438–39) 415 Polish Civil War (1768– 73) 416 Polish-Turkish War (1484–1504) 419 Polish-Turkish War (1614–21) 419 Polish-Turkish War (1671–77) 419–420 Russo-Turkish War (1568–69) 468–469 Russo-Turkish War (1678–81) 469 Russo-Turkish War (1695–1700) 469 Russo-Turkish War (1710–11) 469 Russo-Turkish War (1736–39) 469–470 Russo-Turkish War (1806–12) 470 Russo-Turkish War (1828–29) 470 Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) 470–471 Venetian-Turkish War (1416) 575 Venetian-Turkish War (1425–30) 575 Venetian-Turkish War (1443–53) 575 Venetian-Turkish War (1463–79) 575 Venetian-Turkish War (1499–1503) 575 Venetian-Turkish War (1537–40) 576 Venetian-Turkish War (1570–73) 576 Venetian-Turkish War (1685–99) 576 Venetian-Turkish War (1714–18) 576 Siege of Vienna 579 World War I in Palestine 601 Turner, Nat 562 Tuscany 24, 187, 228, 260, 262, 308, 386, 456 Tushino, Russia 550 Tushratta 38–39 Tutsi 88–89, 135, 457, 471–472, 619 Tver, Russia 375 Twa people 457 Two Sicilies, Kingdom of 263 Tyler, Wat 398 Tyre, Palestine (Lebanon) 10, 563 Tyssowski, Jan 141 689 Tzaritsyn 436 Tzimisces, John (Byzantine emperor) 94, 96 Tz’u Hsi (Cixi) (empress dowager of China) 72 U Ualual 264 Uccialli, Treaty of 263 Uganda 135–136, 471, 619 Uighur tribes 124 Ukraine 126, 417, 419, 466, 469 Uladislas I 236 Uladislas II (king of Bohemia) 67 Ulandi, Battle of 621 Ulate, Otilio 137 Ulfilas (Byzantine bishop) 212 Ulmanis, Karlis 300 Ulrich of Cilli 227–228 Ulster 21, 257 Umayyads 1, 114, 514–515, 529 Umbria 260, 262 Umpanda 66, 621 U Ne Win 85 United Arab Republic 300 United Nations (UN) Afghan Civil War (1979– 2001) 4–5 U.S Invasion of Afghanistan Albanian Rebellion (1997) Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) 25 Arab-Israeli Wars 29 Bosnian Civil War 70, 71 Burmese guerrilla War (1948–) 85, 86 Congolese (Kinshasa) Civil War 134 Congolese (Kinshasa) Civil War (1998–2003) 135 Côte d’Ivoire Civil War 139 Croatian War of Independence 144 Cypriot War (1963–64, Greek-Turkish) 149–150 Cypriot War (1974, Greek-Turkish) 150 Ethiopian-Eritrean Border War 179 Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas War 183 690 Index Georgian Civil Wars (1991–93 and 1996– 2005) 207 Greek Civil War of 1944–49 216 Guatemalan Revolution (1954) 218 Haitian Civil War (1991–94) 224 Haitian Uprising (2000–) 226 Indonesian War in East Timor 251 Indonesian War of Independence 252 Indonesian Wars (1957– 62) 252 Iran-Iraq War (1980–88) 255, 256 U.S Invasion of Iraq 256, 257 Kampuchean Civil War 284–285 Kampuchean–Thai Border War 285 Kashmiri Insurgency 287 Korean War 291–292 Lebanese Civil Wars 301 Liberian Civil War (1989–2003) 304 Namibian War of Independence 359 Nicaraguan Civil Wars 366 Palestinian Uprising (2000–) 393 Persian Gulf War (1990– 91) 406 Rhodesian Civil War (1971–80) 439, 440 Ruandan Civil War (1959–61) 457 Rwandan Civil War (1990–94) 471 Salvadoran Civil War (1977–92) 477 Sierra Leonean Civil War (1991–2002) 500–501 Six Day War 508 Somalian Civil Wars 511 Spanish Saharan War 523 Sudanese Civil War (1956–) 530 Tajikistan Civil War (1992–97) 537–538 Yemenite Civil Wars 615 United Provinces 214 Uppsala, Sweden 155 Urban II (pope) 145 Urganj 539 Uribe, Alvaro 131–132 Urquiza, Justo José de 33, 347 Urraca (queen of Castile) 30 Uruguay 347–348, 396–397, 556 See also Banda Oriental (Uruguay) Urus (Golden Horde leader) 211–212 U San Yu 85 Utah 332 Uthman ibn Affan 91, 352, 355 Utica (North Africa) 92 Utraquist Hussites 243 Utrecht, Peace of 2, 24, 275, 431, 524 Uwilingiyimana, Agathe 471 Uzbeks 6, 41, 337, 559 Uzun Hasan 404, 558 V Vaasa, Finland 186 Vaballathus 42 Vaca de Castro, Cristóbal 518 Valathrii 181 Val-de-Junquera, Battle of 514 Val-de-Vez, Portugal 421 Valdivia, Pedro de 518 Valencia, Spain 13, 30, 127 Valenciennes, Battle of 191 Valens (emperor of Rome) 447, 450, 590 Valentinian I (emperor of Rome) 454 Valentinian II (emperor of Rome) 447, 448 Valentinian III (emperor of Rome) 571 Valerian (emperor of Rome) 445, 452 Valley Forge 15 Valmy, France 197 Valois, House of 261–262 Valparaiso, Chile 521 Valparaiso, Treaty of 389 Vamsaraja 112 Van 559 Van Buren, Martin 15, 37 Vandals 455, 590–591 Vanderbilt, Cornelius 595 Varangians 589 Vargas, Getúlio Dornelles 74 Varna 239 Varvarin 486 Vassag 239 Vassy, Massacre at 438 Västergötland, Sweden 155 Vaszar, Treaty of 48 Vatapi, India 112 Vatican 232, 456 Veii (Veio) 180, 455 Vendée 197 Veneti 203 Venetia 192 Venice, Italy 9, 31, 101, 125–126, 136, 145, 184–185, 231, 232, 237, 239–242, 260–263, 299, 300, 333, 550 Venice, Peace of (1177) 306 Venizélos, Eleuthérios 143 Veracruz, Mexico 24, 397, 437, 519 Vercingetorix (Arverni chief) 203–204 Vernon, Edward 275 Verona 113, 260, 547 Verona, Battle of (489) 547 Verona, Congress of 517 Versailles, France 194, 197 Versailles, Treaty of 300 Verulamium, Britain 448 Verus, Lucius Aurelius 449 Vesey, Denmark 579 Vespasian 444 Vesuvius, Battle of 299–300 Viborg, Denmark 154 Vicenza 574 Vichy government 189, 604 Victor Emmanuel I (king of Sardinia) 414 Victor Emmanuel II (king of Italy) 260, 262–263, 490 Victor Emmanuel III (king of Italy) 322 Victoria (queen of Great Britain, empress of India) 177, 348 Victoria, Guadalupe 331–332 Victorio (Apache chief) 27–28 Videla, Jorge Rafael 33–34 Vieira, João Bernardo 219 Vienna 43, 46, 47, 130, 227, 241, 242, 360, 548, 553 Vienna, Congress of 363 Vienna, Treaty of 263 Vienna, Treaty of (1738) 418 Vienna, Treaty of (1866) 490 Viet Cong 100, 582, 584 Vietnam 100, 122, 195–196, 284, 285, 288–289, 298, 308, 496–498, 503, 506, 555 Vigo, Spain 431 Vijaya (Binh Dinh), Viet Nam 288, 289, 580 Vikramaditya I 111 Vikramaditya II 111 Villa, Francisco “Pancho” 328–331, 589 Villach 240 Villaroel, Gualberto 69 Villars, Claude 101 Vilna 305, 417, 466 Vindex, Gaius Julius 444 Vinegar Hill, Battle of 567 Vingeanne, Battle of the 204 Viola, Eduardo 34 Virginia 76, 128, 129, 203, 268, 306–307, 323, 562 Viriathus 107, 308 Visconti, Filippo Maria 333, 574 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo 187, 574 Visconti, Giovanni 187 Visconti, Valentina 263 Visigoths 242, 354–355, 447, 449, 450, 454, 456, 528, 571 Vitellius, Aulus 444 Viterbo, Italy 233 Vitiges (Gothic king) 213 Vitoria 401 Vivanco, Manuel Ignacio 409 Vlachs 399 Vladimir (grand prince of Kiev) 459–460 Vladivostok 463 Vlore, Albania Vodun (Voodoo) 225 Volga River 436 Vologesus III (king of Parthia) 449 Vologesus IV (king of Parthia) 451 Volsinii 181 Vonck, Jean-Franỗois 73 Vorskla River, Battle of the (1399) 539 Vorster, John 359 Vortigern 482 Vulci 181 Vyborg, Battle of 186 W Wagram, Battle of 360 Wahab, Muhammad ibn Abd al- 172 Wahabism 172–173 Wahid, Abdurrahman 249 Index Wahunsonacock, Chief (Powhatan) 268 Wailuku, Hawaii 228 Wairau Massacre 59 Waitangi, Treaty of 540, 541 Waldemar I “the Great” (1131–82) 154, 156 Waldemar II (king of Denmark) (1170–1241) 154 Waldemar IV (king of Denmark) (1320?–75) 157, 177 Wales 3, 175, 229, 380, 436, 448, 482 Walker, William 594–595 Wallace, Lew 143 Wallace, William 76, 595 Wallachia 47, 48, 106, 144, 217, 419, 469–471 Wallenstein, Albrecht von 157, 532–533, 548 Wallingford, Battle of 176 Walpole, Robert 275 Walter of Brienne 187 Wampanoag Indians 2, 290, 532 Wandiwash, Battle of 491 Wang Chi (Wang Ji) 81 Wang Hsuan Tze 503 Wang Mang (Hsin [Xin] emperor) 436 Warangal, Kakatiya 159 Warsaw, Compact of 416 Warsaw, Poland 373, 416– 418, 466 Washington, George 15, 193–194, 608 Washington, Madison 141 Washington Territory 107, 441, 613 Wasmosy, Juan Carlos 396 Waterloo, Battle of 361 Watson, Chalres 61 Wayne, Anthony 183–184 Weatherford, William (Red Eagle) 141 Webster, Daniel 141 Webster-Ashburton Treaty 37 Welles, Sumner 148 Wellesley, Arthur, first duke of Wellington 235, 361, 401 Wellesley, Richard 356 Wells, England 187 Wenceslaus II (king of Bohemia) 227, 236, 415 Wenceslaus III (king of Bohemia) 236, 415 Wenceslaus IV (Holy Roman Emperor) 66, 209, 552 Wends 113, 156 Weroroa Pa 541 Wessex 3, 482 West Africa 17, 38, 166, 551 West Bank 392–394, 508 Western Sahara 12, 523 Western Turks 124 West Indies 23, 194 Westminster, Treaty of 167 Westmoreland, William 584 Westphalia, Peace of 174, 199, 200, 548 West Virginia 141–142 Weyand, Frederick C 584 Weygand, Maxime 466 Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano 148–149, 541 White Bird Canyon 364 White Huns 221 White Russians 459, 591 Whitman, Marcus 598 Wickremsinghe, Ranil 527 Widdin 470 Widukind 114 Wiehaiwei, Battle of 504 Wiener Neustadt 227 William (duke of Normandy) 370 William (earl of Douglas) 164 William (son of Frederick Barbarassa) 499 William I (king of Prussia) 190, 490 William II (king of England) 211, 258, 599 William II (king of Sicily) 499–500 William II (Norman king) 499 William III (king of England, Scotland and Wales) 140, 214, 362, 528 William Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick (1735–1806) 197 William of Cumberland 44 William of Orange 167, 211, 267 See also William III (king of England, Scotland and Wales) William of SchaumbergLippe 522 William the Conqueror 21–22 William the Lion (king of Scotland) 14, 21 William the Silent of Nassau (prince of Orange) 173 Willson, A E 63 Wilson, Woodrow 147, 225, 330, 589 Windischgätz, Alfred 238 Windsor, Treaty of 421 Wingate, Orde Charles 80–81 Winslow, Josiah 532 Wiranto, General 251 Wisby, Sweden 157 Wissmann, Hermann von 89 Witold (Vytautus) (1350– 1430) 539 Witte, Sergei 461 Wolfe, James 194 Wolgast, Battle of 157, 548 Wolseley, Garnet J 38, 440, 621 Wood, Leonard 349, 514 Wood Lake, Battle of 506 Woodville, Elizabeth 76–77, 597 Woodward, John 183 Wounded Knee 507–508 Wullenwever, Jürgen 307–308 Württemberg 490 Wu San-kuei (Wu Sangui) 318, 549 Wu Ti 122 Wyatt, Thomas 608 Wye River Accords 392 Wyoming 593 X Xenophon 369, 541 Xerxes I 407 Xhosa tribes 49, 281–282 Ximenes Belo, Carlos Felipe 251 XYZ Affair 14 Y Yadava family 111 Yahya Khan, Agha Muhammad 390 Yakub Beg 355 Yakub Khan Yalu River 504 Yamada Nagamasa 497 Yang Mah II (king of Champa) 120 Yang Ti (Yang Di) 504–505 Yara 541 Yaropolk (son of prince Sviatoslav ) 459–460 Yaroslav (grand prince of Kiev and Novgorod) 460, 464 Yassin, Ahmed 393–394 Yazdegerd I (king of Persia) 453 691 Yazdegerd II (king of Persia) 453 Yazdegerd III (king of Persia) 354 Yazid I 352 Yelets 540 Yellow Creek Massacre 141–142 Yellow River, China 436 Yeltsin, Boris 115, 116, 340, 460–461 Yelwa, Nigeria 368 Yenishehr 384 Yermak Timofeyevich 498–499 Yesin Timur 341 Yi Kumkam (prince of Chiengmai) 544 Yochow (Yüeh-yang) 537 Yohannes (John) IV (emperor of Ethiopia) 178 Yoritomo 204–205, 229 York, House of 457 Yorkshire 175, 229 Yorktown, Virginia 15 Yoshimasa (Ashikaga shogun of Japan) 381 Yoshimitsu (Ashikaga shogun of Japan) 271 Yoshino, Japan 271 Young, Brigham 568 Younger, Cole 431 Young Turks 9, 55, 556 Ypsilanti, Alexander 616 Ypsilanti, Demetrios 216, 616 Ypsilanti Rebellions 216 Yüan Shih-k’ai 124 Yucatán Peninsula 519–520 Yudenich, Nikolai N 177 Yüeh Fei (Yue Fei) 278 Yugoslavia 70, 144, 157, 216, 292, 508, 605 Yung Li 81, 546 Yung-Lo (Yongle) 121, 581 Yunnan, China 549 Yuri 458 Yusuf ibn-Tashfin 13 Yuvaraja Mahasenapati 288 Z Zabala, Bruno Mauricio de 133 Zahle 301 Zaire 25, 58, 134 Zalambessa, Ethiopia 178 Zallaqa, Battle of 13 Zama, Battle of 427 Zaman (Afghan king) 403 Zambia 25, 439 Zamora, Battle of 515 692 Index Zamora, Peace of 421 Zamora y Torres, Niceto Alcalá 105 Zand dynasty 405 Zangi (regent of Mosul) 147 Zanzibar 30, 425 Zapata, Emiliano 117, 330–331 Zapatistas 117–118 Zápolya, John (king of Ottoman Hungary) 46, 164, 236 Zara (Zadar) 145, 241 Zaragoza, Ignacio 329 Zarghan, Battle of 403 Zarqawi, Abu Musab al- 257 Zayas, Alfredo 147 Zebrzydowski, Mikolaj 416 Zedekiah 52–53 Zedillo, Ernesto 331 Zelaya, José Santos 234, 364 Zeligowski, Lucian 305 Zenawi, Meles 178 Zeno (Zenon) 259, 547 Zenobia, Queen 42 Zeroual, Liamine 11 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir Volfovich 460 Zibelu 621 Zimbabwe 135, 439–440 Ziska, John 243 Zobeir, Rabah 109 Zoë (Byzantine empress) 78, 94 Zog I (king of Albania) Zolikiewski, Stanislas 419, 465 Zorawno, Battle of 420 Zorawno, Treaty of 420 Zorndorf, Battle of 490 Zoroastrianism 453 Zrinyi, Miklós 47 Zsitva-Torok, Treaty of 48, 560 Zula, Ethiopia 177 Zuloaga, Félix 437 Zulus 64, 65–66, 513 Zumalacárregui, Tomás 102 Zuni Indians 427 Zurich, Switzerland 45, 286, 381 Zurich, Peace of 262 Zwide (Ndwandwe chief) 620 Zwingli, Huldrych 285–286, 291, 399