Handbook of Environmental Engineering 15 Lawrence K Wang Chih Ted Yang Editors Modern Water Resources Engineering Tai Lieu Chat Luong Modern Water Resources Engineering For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7645 VOLUME 15 HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Modern Water Resources Engineering Edited by Lawrence K Wang, Ph.D., P.E., D.EE Ex-Dean & Director Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, New York, USA Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA Chih Ted Yang, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE Borland Professor of Water Resources Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Editors Lawrence K Wang, Ph.D., P.E., D.EE Ex-Dean & Director Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, New York, USA Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA lenox.institute@gmail.com Chih Ted Yang, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE Borland Professor of Water Resources Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA ctyang@engr.colostate.edu ctyang23@gmail.com ISBN 978-1-62703-594-1 ISBN 978-1-62703-595-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-595-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013955598 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The past 35 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that positive actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms of pollution—air, water, soil, thermal, radioactive, and noise Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as an unrealistic demand for zero waste However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form Three major questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1) How serious are the environmental pollution and water resources crisis? (2) Is the technology to abate them available? and (3) Do the costs of abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved for environmental protection and water conservation? This book is one of the volumes of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series The principal intention of this series is to help readers formulate answers to the above three questions The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific environmental and water resources problems has been a major contributing factor to the success of environmental engineering, and has accounted in large measure for the establishment of a “methodology of pollution control.” However, the realization of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current environmental problems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement systems be undertaken Prerequisite to such planning is an understanding of the performance, potential, and limitations of the various methods of environmental protection available for environmental scientists and engineers In this series of handbooks, we will review at a tutorial level a broad spectrum of engineering systems (processes, operations, and methods) currently being utilized, or of potential utility, for pollution abatement We believe that the unified interdisciplinary approach presented in these handbooks is a logical step in the evolution of environmental engineering Treatment of the various engineering systems presented will show how an engineering formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental principles and theories of chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics This emphasis on fundamental science recognizes that engineering practice has in recent years become more firmly based on scientific principles rather than on its earlier dependency on empirical accumulation of facts It is not intended, though, to neglect empiricism where such data lead quickly to the most economic design; certain engineering systems are not readily amenable to fundamental scientific analysis, and in these instances we have resorted to less science in favor of more art and empiricism Since an environmental engineer must understand science within the context of applications, we first present the development of the scientific basis of a particular subject, followed by exposition of the pertinent design concepts and operations, and detailed explanations of their applications to environmental conservation or protection Throughout the series, methods of system analysis, practical design, and calculation are illustrated by numerical examples v vi Preface These examples clearly demonstrate how organized, analytical reasoning leads to the most direct and clear solutions Wherever possible, pertinent cost data have been provided Our treatment of environmental engineering is offered in the belief that the trained engineer should more firmly understand fundamental principles, be more aware of the similarities and/or differences among many of the engineering systems, and exhibit greater flexibility and originality in the definition and innovative solution of environmental system problems In short, an environmental engineer should by conviction and practice be more readily adaptable to change and progress Coverage of the unusually broad field of environmental engineering has demanded an expertise that could be provided only through multiple authorships Each author (or group of authors) was permitted to employ, within reasonable limits, the customary personal style in organizing and presenting a particular subject area; consequently, it has been difficult to treat all subject materials in a homogeneous manner Moreover, owing to limitations of space, some of the authors’ favored topics could not be treated in great detail, and many less important topics had to be merely mentioned or commented on briefly All authors have provided an excellent list of references at the end of each chapter for the benefit of the interested readers As each chapter is meant to be self-contained, some mild repetition among the various texts was unavoidable In each case, all omissions or repetitions are the responsibility of the editors and not the individual authors With the current trend toward metrication, the question of using a consistent system of units has been a problem Wherever possible, the authors have used the British system (fps) along with the metric equivalent (mks, cgs, or SIU) or vice versa The editors sincerely hope that this redundancy of units’ usage will prove to be useful rather than being disruptive to the readers The goals of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series are: (1) to cover entire environmental fields, including air and noise pollution control, solid waste processing and resource recovery, physicochemical treatment processes, biological treatment processes, biotechnology, biosolids management, flotation technology, membrane technology, desalination technology, water resources, natural control processes, radioactive waste disposal, hazardous waste management, and thermal pollution control; and (2) to employ a multimedia approach to environmental conservation and protection since air, water, soil, and energy are all interrelated This book is Vol 15 of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series, which has been designed to serve as a water resources engineering reference book as well as a supplemental textbook We hope and expect it will prove of equal high value to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, to designers of water resources systems, and to scientists and researchers The editors welcome comments from readers in all of these categories It is our hope that the book will not only provide information on water resources engineering, but will also serve as a basis for advanced study or specialized investigation of the theory and analysis of various water resources systems This book, Modern Water Resources Engineering, covers topics on principles and applications of hydrology, open channel hydraulics, river ecology, river restoration, sedimentation and sustainable use of reservoirs, sediment transport, river morphology, hydraulic Preface vii engineering, GIS, remote sensing, decision-making process under uncertainty, upland erosion modeling, machine learning method, climate change and its impact on water resources, land application, crop management, watershed protection, wetland for waste disposal, water conservation, living machines, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, aquaculture system management, environmental protection models, and glossary for water resources engineers The editors are pleased to acknowledge the encouragement and support received from their colleagues and the publisher during the conceptual stages of this endeavor We wish to thank the contributing authors for their time and effort, and for having patiently borne our reviews and numerous queries and comments We are very grateful to our respective families for their patience and understanding during some rather trying times Lawrence K Wang Newtonville, New York, USA Chih Ted Yang Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Contents Preface v Contributors xix Introduction to Hydrology Jose D Salas, Rao S Govindaraju, Michael Anderson, Mazdak Arabi, Fe´lix France´s, Wilson Suarez, Waldo S Lavado-Casimiro, and Timothy R Green 1 Introduction Hydroclimatology 2.1 The Hydroclimatic System 2.2 Hydroclimatic System Patterns: Atmospheric Patterns 2.3 Hydroclimatic System Patterns: Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Patterns 2.4 Hydroclimatic System Patterns: Ocean System Patterns 2.5 Interactions Across Scales and Extreme Events 2.6 Climate Change 2.7 Remarks Surface Water Hydrology 3.1 Precipitation 3.2 Interception and Depression Storage 3.3 Infiltration 3.4 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 3.5 Runoff Soil Moisture Hydrology 4.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 4.2 Soil Moisture Recycling 4.3 Variability of Soil Moisture 4.4 Scaling of Soil Moisture Hydrology of Glaciers 5.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 5.2 Glacial and Snow Fusion Methods 5.3 Glacier Equipment Watershed and River Basin Modeling 6.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 6.2 Brief Example 6.3 Model Calibration and Testing 6.4 Sensitivity Analysis 6.5 Uncertainty Analysis Risk and Uncertainty Analyses in Hydrology 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Frequency Analysis of Hydrologic Data 7.3 Stochastic Methods in Hydrology and Water Resources 7.4 Nonstationarity Advances in Hydrologic Data Acquisition and Information Systems 8.1 Satellite Precipitation Estimation 8.2 Spaceborne Methods for Estimating Surface Waters: Rivers, Wetlands, and Lakes 8.3 Spaceborne Methods for Estimating Soil Moisture, Evaporation, Vegetation, Snow, Glaciers, and Groundwater ix 4 8 9 12 13 17 31 34 34 37 37 38 40 41 42 45 45 47 50 55 57 58 61 61 63 82 93 94 94 96 98 Glossary and Conversion factors 851 Watt-hour (Wh) An electrical energy unit of measure equal to W of power supplied to, or taken from, an electrical circuit steadily for h Well (water) An artificial excavation put down by any method for the purposes of withdrawing water from the underground aquifers A bored, drilled, or driven shaft or a dug hole whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension and whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies or oil or to store or bury fluids below ground Wellhead protection area The area surrounding a drinking water well or well field which is protected to prevent contamination of the well(s) Wetland (1) An area that is inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances does support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas (2) An area where water covers the soil or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year (or at least for periods of time during the year) (3) Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions Wetland generally includes swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas Width/depth ratio The width to depth ratio describes a dimension of bankfull channel width to bankfull mean depth Bankfull discharge is defined as the momentary maximum peak flow which occurs several days a year and is related to the concept of channel-forming flow Width/meander length ratio The ratio of the average width of a stream or river over a reach divided by the average length over successive cycles of left and right bends of the stream or river Wildlife refuge An area designated for the protection of wild animals, within which hunting and fishing are either prohibited or strictly controlled Withdrawal Water removed from a ground- or surface-water source for use Withdrawal use of water The water removed from the ground or diverted from a stream or lake for use Xeriscaping A method of landscaping that uses plants that are well adapted to the local area and are drought resistant Xeriscaping is becoming more popular as a way of saving water at home Yield (1) It is the crop harvested in the unit of bu/acre or ton/acre (2) Mass per unit time per unit area Zone of aeration The zone above the water table Water in the zone of aeration does not flow into a well Zone of saturation The zone in which the functional permeable rocks are saturated with water under hydrostatic pressure Water in the zone of saturation will flow into a well and is called groundwater REFERENCES Wang MHS and Wang LK (1978) Conversion factors for environmental engineers and scientists Water & Sewage Works pp R203–R214 Wang LK (1974) Environmental Engineering Glossary Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, NY, USA 439 pages Wang LK, Shammas NK, Selke WA, Aulenbach DB (2010) Flotation Technology Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, USA pp 619–665 Index Ablation, 41–43, 806, 820 Absorption, 165, 174, 175, 527, 529, 652, 654, 661, 806, 835, 839 Acequia, 806 Acid, 165, 166, 180, 184, 539, 589, 613, 637, 689, 710, 723, 728, 732, 748, 749, 753, 754, 806, 807, 828, 832 Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), 806 Acid rain/acid precipitation, 166, 180, 539, 806 Acle, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom, 673 Acute health effect, 806 Adaptation to climate change, 551–555 Adaptive management, 238, 254, 269–275 Advanced ecologically engineered systems (AEES), 684–685, 687, 697, 703–706 Advantages and disadvantages of biosolids land application, 607–608 Advantages of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment, 649–650 Advisory, 731, 806, 834 AEES See Advanced Ecologically Engineered Systems (AEES) Aeration, 134, 165, 615, 691, 701–703, 706, 707, 840, 841, 843, 849 Africa, 95, 101, 536, 542, 543, 546–547, 552, 553 Agricultural and animal waste, 806–807 Agricultural land, 84, 129, 256, 574, 577, 579, 582, 584–590, 594, 600, 606–607, 624–626, 628, 631, 634, 636, 637, 807, 816, 826 application, 571–634, 807 application concepts and terminologies, 586–590 application for beneficial use, 577–578 Agriculture, 40, 50, 98, 128, 129, 160, 184–186, 242, 250, 280, 287, 306, 327, 380, 386, 387, 443, 468, 512, 513, 528, 538, 543–544, 549, 551, 552, 583, 600, 637, 806, 829, 830 Agronomic rate, 574, 582, 587, 589–593, 595, 596, 598, 602, 603, 608, 609, 615, 623–629, 634, 807 Air pollutant, 807, 814, 818, 823, 832 Air quality index (AQI), 807 Air quality system (AQS), 807 Air toxics, 807, 823 Algae, 164, 167, 168, 195, 636, 655, 686, 689–691, 694, 695, 702, 706, 710, 716, 717, 742, 746, 751–754, 807, 819, 832 Algal bloom, 160, 165, 539, 551, 683, 717, 742, 807, 831 Alkaline, 165, 575, 576, 581, 582, 606, 615, 637, 806, 823, 832 Alkalinity, 247, 272, 273, 540, 575, 637, 705, 725, 728, 807, 832 Alluvial fans, 156, 397 Alluvial river simulation, 340, 353–355 Alluvium, 272, 806, 807, 823, 829 Alpha and beta diversities, 203–208 Alternative regulatory approach to land application of biosolids, 608–613 Ambient monitoring, 677, 807 Anabranch, 807, 811 Anaerobic, 575, 576, 615, 616, 653, 654, 657, 695, 696, 700, 701, 703, 707, 726, 739, 742, 807, 836, 839 Anaerobic respiration, 836 Analyses of species requirements, 216–217, 257 ANC See Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) Anchor ice, 807 Annual flood, 62–66, 70–73, 75, 79, 82, 412, 807 Annual flood series, 807 Annual heat budget, 824 Annual pollutant loading rate (APLR), 634, 808 Annual whole sludge application rate, 634, 808 Antecedent precipitation index, 808 Anthropogenic, 4, 7, 84, 194, 213, 412, 527–529, 536, 543, 544, 563, 808 Anticipated crop nitrogen fertilizer rate (CNFR), 596, 635, 814 Anticipatory Governance, 412, 424–425 Application of Q-learning, 476, 482 Appropriation doctrine, 808 Aquaculture, 649, 687, 689, 691, 710, 715–757, 827 living machine system, 747, 808 natural and constructed wetland systems, 808 water hyacinth system, 746, 808 Aquatic macro-invertebrates, 193 Aqueduct, 128–130, 808 From: Handbook of Environmental Engineering, Volume 15: Modern Water Resources Engineering Edited by: L.K Wang and C.T Yang, DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-595-8, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 853 854 Aquifer, 2, 25, 33, 49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 403–406, 469, 513, 540, 631, 683, 809, 823, 824, 826, 833, 835, 837, 840, 845–848 confined, 809 unconfined, 809 Arcata, California, 673–676 Architectural integration, 706 Area-capacity curve, 809 Area of cropland, 586, 634, 637, 809, 825 Area source, 32, 584, 809 Arid climate, 37, 809 Arid environment, 129, 156 Artesian water, 809 Artificial recharge, 809 Asia, 536, 538, 539, 548–549 Assessment of adaptation costs and benefits, 552–553 Assessment of river ecosystems, 191–230 Atmospheric patterns, 4–6 Australia and New Zealand, 550–551 Average discharge, 340, 341, 809 Backwater, 173, 198, 222, 225, 258, 268, 285, 286, 292, 320, 746, 809 Bagged sewage sludge, 634, 809 Bankfull stage, 809, 871 Bank storage, 809, 814, 841 Base, 68, 69, 72, 98, 208, 210, 222, 223, 293, 296, 299, 306, 325, 378, 389, 398, 512–514, 517, 591, 651, 692, 807, 809, 816, 821, 823, 831, 835, 837 discharge (for peak discharge), 809–810 flow, 272, 810 runoff, 810, 816, 823, 835, 837 Baseline, 215, 271, 294, 810, 835 Basic and supplementary units, 803 Basic hydrologic data, 810 Basic hydrologic information, 810 Basic-stage flood series, 810, 831 Bedrock, 165, 168, 169, 222, 329, 584, 593, 810 Bed sorting and armoring downstream from a dam, 366–367 Bellman equation, 473–475 Benchmark, 66, 215, 810, 827 Benefit(s), 129, 181, 183, 280, 283–285, 290, 291, 296, 299, 300, 306, 307, 309, 312, 330–332, 385, 386, 419, 425, 470, 473, 478, 482, 485, 501, 502, 515, 517, 519, 520, 552–553, 577, 578, 594, 602, 607, 645, 673, 674, 677, 685, 686, 690, 693, 694, 699, 700, 704, 705, 739, 747, 810, 813, 814 Benefit maximization, 810 Best available technology, 612, 810 Bioaccumulative, 810 Bioassessment, 195, 213–217 Bioavailable, 810 Index Biodegradable organic matter removal mechanism, 652–653 Biogenic source, 809, 810, 829 Biological assemblages, 167–171 Biological balance, 810 Biological diversity, 201, 215, 691, 810 Biomarker, 811 of effect, 811 of exposure, 811 of susceptibility, 811 Biomonitoring, 811 Bioremediation, 681–710 Bioremediation strategies, 684–685 Biosolids, 612–616, 618–631, 635–639, 701–704, 721–723, 728, 729, 733, 737, 738, 811, 814, 815, 824, 826, 828, 830, 832, 839, 844, 846 application rate scenario, 593–595 characteristics, 575–577, 584, 593, 595, 600, 604, 623 pretreatment before agricultural land application, 574–575, 606–607 production, 574–575, 607, 626 Biotic environment, 811 Birds and mammals, 173, 194, 266 Boundary science, 431 Braiding of river channels, 811, 812 Bulk sewage sludge, 634, 811 Calculating biosolids carry-over PAN, 622–623 Calculating net primary nutrient crop need, 618–619 Calculating nitrogen based agronomic rate, 623–625 Calculating potassium fertilizer needs, 628–629 Calculating the components of plant available nitrogen (PAN) in biosolids, 619–620 Calculating the first year PAN0-1 from biosolids, 621–622 Calculating the lime-based agronomic rate for agricultural land application, 628 Calculating the nitrogen-based and the phosphorus-based agronomic rates, 626–627 Calculating the required land for biosolids application, 625–626 Calculation for available mineralized organic nitrogen, 608, 610 Capillary action, 440, 811 Carbon dioxide (CO2), 40, 247, 528, 529, 533, 539, 540, 543–545, 576, 653, 693, 725, 728, 749, 820, 823, 836 CASC2D-SED2.2, 448 Catchment area, 13, 299, 314, 384, 539, 811, 848 Ceiling concentration limits (CCL), 579, 580, 583, 594, 606, 607, 635, 638, 711, 815, 832 Cell-cell interfaces, 143 Central and South America (Latin America), 550 Changes in precipitation pattern, 531–533, 548 Channel, 32, 127, 159, 238, 285, 341, 384, 439, 473, 538, 637, 646, 693, 720, 811 Index degradation downstream of the Mosul dam in Iraq, 365–366 storage, 313, 812, 836 transport capacity relationships, 445–447 watercourse, 811–812 Channelization, 181, 209, 210, 250, 812 Chemocline, 828 Chezy equation, 136, 139 Chezy formula, 136 Chronic health effect, 812 Classification systems, 16, 215–216, 257, 272 Class I sludge management facility, 635, 812 Clean Air Act, 829 Cleanup, 270, 753, 812, 814, 815, 830, 835, 836, 842 Clean Water Act (CWA), 578, 636, 647, 677, 692, 718, 812, 813, 815, 816 CWA §101, 815 CWA §303d, 815 CWA §314, 815 CWA §319, 815 CWA §320, 815 CWA §402, 815 CWA §404, 815 Climate, 3, 155, 173, 269, 283, 388, 412, 443, 468, 525, 606, 657, 687, 812 change, 4, 155, 177, 269, 283, 412, 468, 525, 822 change and sediment yield, 297–299 variability, 82, 102, 103, 155, 291, 527, 536, 543, 553, 554 Climatic year, 812 Cloudburst, 814 CND See Crop nitrogen deficit (CND) CNFR See Crop nitrogen fertilizer rate (CNFR) Coastal ecosystem restoration, 502–519 Coastal waters, 812, 813, 823, 830 Coliform, 602, 632–634, 637, 670, 674, 676, 689, 696, 703, 704, 730, 731, 747, 812, 825, 827 Combined sewer(s), 469, 470, 485–502, 520, 812–813 Combined sewer overflow (CSO), 485–502, 812–813 Commercial water use, 813 Community, 129, 138, 154, 156, 163–165, 168, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177, 178, 180, 183, 187, 191, 194–197, 201, 203, 204, 208, 210, 213–216, 220, 221, 228, 244, 248–251, 257, 266, 267, 272, 273, 309, 331, 400, 416, 417, 423, 542, 545, 594, 607, 635, 646, 648, 649, 673, 674, 677, 678, 685, 688–691, 694, 695, 698, 703, 706–710, 720, 813, 816, 818, 823, 825, 834 Community water system, 813, 834 Comparative evaluation of optimal operating rules, 482–485 Comparison standard, 215 Compliance, 594, 602, 606, 616, 732, 742, 813, 819 Concentration time, 813 Concordant flows, 813, 821 855 Condensation, 9, 18, 529, 742, 813 Condition of ecology, 813 Confined ground water, 823 Conservation storage, 474, 813, 841 Constructed living machine case studies, 703–709 Constructed wetland, 503, 645, 647–658, 660–670, 673, 677, 684, 692–694, 697, 705, 706, 709, 721, 747, 808, 813 Construction and demolition, 813, 829 Consumptive use, 24–31, 406, 482, 813, 818, 847 Consumptive use, net, 813 Consumptive waste, 813 Contaminant, 46, 184, 185, 308, 327, 469, 539, 612, 634, 638, 649, 717, 732, 811, 812, 814, 820, 823, 824, 826–832, 838, 844, 845 Contaminated land, 814 Contents, 2, 6, 14, 25, 35, 38, 40, 99, 209, 238, 320, 452, 453, 473, 532, 533, 539, 543, 544, 575, 576, 585, 589–593, 597, 599, 600, 603, 604, 608, 615–618, 621–629, 637, 639, 654, 660, 699, 707, 729, 814, 817, 832–834, 840, 844, 847 Continuous stream, 841 Control, 14, 133, 160, 238, 280, 356, 378, 426, 451, 469, 544, 575, 657, 689, 717, 814 Control volume, 14, 133, 134, 139, 141, 143, 144, 292 Conversion factors, 489, 618, 626, 759–802 Converting dry ton of nutrient per Acre to pound of nutrient per Acre, 617–618 Converting percent content to pound per dry ton, 618 Converting wet weight pollutant concentrations to dry weight basis, 616 Conveyance loss, 814 Coriolis parameter, 142 Correction factor, 24, 52, 56–58, 130, 131 Correlation, 4, 7, 8, 38, 42, 55, 60, 62, 83, 85–88, 164, 173, 192, 215, 341, 343, 474, 485, 495, 814 Correlative estimate, 814 Cost minimization, 814 Coupled atmosphere ocean patterns, 5–6 CPLR See Cumulative pollutant loading rate (CPLR) Created wetland, 677, 813 Criteria pollutants, 718, 814, 829 Crop group, 586, 592, 635, 769 management, 443, 630–634, 814 yield, 38, 40, 544, 585, 587, 588, 591, 592, 600, 601, 615, 624, 626, 635, 639, 846 year, 587, 589, 596, 597, 622, 623, 635, 638, 814–815, 832 Crop nitrogen deficit (CND), 595–598, 624, 635, 814 Crop nitrogen fertilizer rate (CNFR), 595, 596, 618, 619, 624, 635, 814 Cryology, 815 Cryptosporidium, 815 CSO See Combined sewer overflow (CSO) 856 Cumulative pollutant loading rate (CPLR), 579, 580, 582, 583, 594, 606, 612–614, 635, 638, 815, 832 Current meter, 769 Current planned non-biosolids PAN sources (PAN-plan), 596, 635, 814 Cycle, 2, 3, 5, 37, 40, 45, 47, 50, 84, 94, 99, 155, 171, 181, 184, 193, 223, 244, 246, 267, 274, 321, 527, 540, 542, 544, 545, 555, 556, 587, 607, 637, 661, 689, 696, 707, 747, 808, 812, 815, 818, 827, 832, 847, 849 Dead storage, 282, 441, 815, 841 Debate on climate change, 529 Dechlorination, 134, 674, 675 Decision making under uncertainty, 411–433 Decision theater, 431–432 Deep uncertainty, 420 Deleted NPL site, 815 Dendrohydrology for extending hydrologic data, 102–103 Denitrification, 615, 616, 654 Dependable yield, n-years, 816 Depletion, 816 Deposition, 365–366, 446–447 Depression storage, 12, 13, 17, 45, 439, 440, 452, 816, 835, 841 Depth averaged shallow water equation, 138, 140, 142–143 Derived units, 803–807 Desalination, 816, 837 Designated use, 635, 816 Design of constructed wetland systems, 662–669 principles, 662 procedures, 663–669 storm application, 457–461 worksheet for determining the agronomic rate, 608 Direct runoff, 816, 823, 826 Discharge, 272, 326, 489, 718–719, 816 Discharge rating curve, 816 Discounting scheme for optimal average returns, 478 Discrete Time Optimal Control Algorithm (OPTCON), 489–493, 498–502 Disinfectant, 816 Dissipation of energy in flows, 134 Dissolved oxygen (DO), 165, 247, 248, 271, 539, 719, 720, 725, 726, 729, 730, 745, 816 Distressed watershed, 636, 816 Distribution graph, 816 Distribution hydrograph, 816 Distribution system, 816 Disturbances affecting rivers, 250–252 Diversion, 816 Diversity Indices, 197–203, 689–691 Domestic septage, 635, 817 Index Domestic water use, 817 Double-mass curve, 817, 828 Downstream impacts of flushing, 321–323 Drainage area, 460, 633, 817 basin, 811, 817 density, 817 divide, 817, 848 Drawdown, 317–318, 817 Dredging, 305, 324–326 Drinking water standards, 817 Drip, 817 Drop structure, 817 Drought, 101, 536–537, 552, 817–818 Dry excavation, 326 Duration curve, 818 Ecological, 162, 169, 188, 189, 192, 194, 195, 201, 239, 255, 257, 258, 263, 265, 267, 269, 273, 419, 478, 504, 507, 515, 542, 554, 646, 677, 685–688, 690–691, 695, 698–700, 703, 704, 706, 710, 818 conditions, 163–167, 179, 204, 208, 220, 221, 238, 253, 271, 818, 825 connectivity, 818 functions of rivers, 160, 171–176, 243 pollution, 682–684 principles, 221, 697–698 processes, 241, 271, 709, 747, 808, 818, 819, 827 stresses to river, 176–187 system, 47, 240, 250, 330, 689, 697, 699, 810, 818–819, 832, 833 Ecology, 156, 159–229, 290, 470, 542, 686, 688, 689, 694, 697, 698, 813, 818, 833 Eco-Park in Burlington, Vermont, USA, 709–710 Ecoregion, 818 Eco-restorers, 694–696 Ecosystem, 160–163, 248 Effective precipitation, 818 Efficiency in energy and information, 699 Effluent, 649, 650, 656, 662, 664–670, 673–676, 683, 687, 692, 693, 695, 696, 702, 704, 706–708, 717, 721–724, 729, 731, 732, 735, 737, 738, 741, 742, 744–747, 809, 831, 835, 838, 843 Elements of robust decision making, 423–424 El Monte Sagrado Resort, Taos, New Mexico, USA, 709 Emergency operation procedures, 604 Emission factor, 818 Emission inventory, 818 Endpoint, 689, 818 End state, 818 Energy cycling, 818 Engineering management, 468, 571–634 Enhancement, 238, 241, 267, 350, 351, 383, 512, 647, 650, 673–676, 678, 692, 818 Index Environmental impacts, 281, 318, 321, 377, 520, 604–605, 684, 717 Environmental restoration, 704–705 Ephemeral stream, 826, 841 Ephemeral waters, 818, 826 Epilimnion, 819, 843 Erosion, 40, 144, 160, 246, 292, 340, 416, 437, 538, 605, 819 Esalen Institute, Big Sur, California, USA, 708 Estuary, 160, 162, 189, 190, 470, 506, 507, 512–519, 639, 819, 830 Europe, 97, 98, 177, 187, 312, 321, 417, 533, 535, 536, 538, 539, 542, 544, 547–548, 651, 695 Eutrophication, 160, 167, 189, 551, 636, 655, 683, 684, 717, 728, 819 Evaporation, 13, 17–18, 23, 25–31, 38, 45, 94, 98–101, 244, 298, 388, 413, 440, 473, 505, 531, 540, 652, 654, 655, 806, 813, 814, 817, 819, 826, 833, 837, 840, 845, 847 from land areas, 819 opportunity, 819 pan, 19, 21, 22, 24, 773 Evaporativity, 819, 833 Evapotranspiration, 3, 17–34, 49, 51, 99, 100, 102, 177, 244, 391, 403, 404, 406, 412, 440, 533, 652, 654, 819, 824, 833, 837, 845, 847848 Evapotranspiration potential, 25, 26, 49, 177, 819 Exceptional quality sewage sludge, 636, 819 Excessive rainfall, 819, 835 Exotic species, 171, 180, 187–191, 194, 211, 213 Exposure, 419, 581, 611, 654, 660, 725, 726, 742, 743, 806, 811, 812, 820, 824, 825, 835, 837 Extent, 4, 5, 38, 100, 210, 216, 217, 222, 250, 266, 292, 293, 297, 301, 302, 328, 332, 387, 390, 414, 469, 472, 496, 515, 530, 534, 536, 543, 547–549, 554, 703, 733, 810, 820, 833 Extraction and mining waste, 820 Extremes matter, 416–419 Farm field, 25, 29, 586, 589, 591, 595, 608, 635, 636, 814, 820 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 156, 395, 397, 633, 830 Feed crop, 582, 636, 637, 820, 831 Fiber crop, 581, 582, 634, 636, 807, 820 Field capacity, 25, 26, 29–31, 36, 58, 820 Field-moisture capacity, 820, 840 Field-moisture deficiency, 820, 840 Final NPL, 840 Financial barriers, 554 Finished water, 820 Finite element methods, 139, 141, 151 Finite volume method, 139, 141, 142, 144, 151 Firn (firn snow), 820 Firn line, 820 857 Fish, 152, 159, 251, 290, 474, 545, 611, 647, 683, 716, 808 Flax Pond, Harwich, Massachusetts, USA, 704–705 Floating AEES restorer, 705–706 Flood, 2, 128, 159, 250, 280, 356, 378, 412, 450, 468, 526, 631, 647, 699, 747, 807 above a base, 821, 831 crest, 820 event, 50, 55–57, 64, 76, 79, 96, 141, 311, 315, 317, 328, 330, 331, 821 100-year, 75, 80, 821 maximum probable, 821, 828 peak, 83, 268, 292, 412, 821, 831 plane, 821 profile, 821 routing, 821 stage, 175, 356, 821, 840 wave, 821 zone, 821 Flood-control storage, 821 Flood-frequency curve, 228, 260, 821 Flood plain, 2, 31, 79, 131, 140, 155, 160, 162, 173, 175, 178, 179, 184, 215, 229, 230, 240, 242–244, 246, 250, 251, 256, 258, 261, 265, 266, 268, 269, 275, 296, 297, 299, 306, 308, 309, 320, 377, 378, 380, 386, 395–399, 416, 417, 450, 551, 584, 593, 631, 633, 646, 692, 709, 807, 812, 821, 843 geodatabase, 396–397 hydraulic modeling with GIS, 397–399 management, 395–399 mapping requirements, 395–396 Floodway, 155, 266, 821 Flow-duration curve, 147, 148, 246, 822 Flowing well/spring, 822 Flushing equations, 323–324 Fly off, 819 Food crop, 433, 581, 582, 636, 822 Forest influences, 822 land, 584, 585, 587, 594, 600, 636, 822 Fossil fuel combustion, 822 Frazil, 822 Frazil ice, 822 Free-flow flushing, 319–321 Frequency analysis of hydrologic data, 63–82 Freshwater, 2, 170, 171, 199, 223, 413, 502, 503, 526, 527, 543, 545–547, 551, 555, 670, 671, 675, 682, 683, 686, 690, 703, 705, 716, 718, 725, 727, 731, 747, 749–751, 754, 816, 822, 823, 836–838 Function of wetland plants, 655 Future sedimentation rate and pattern, 295–296 Fuzzy operating rules, 470, 507–511, 513, 518, 519 GA for multiobjective optimization, 514–515 Gage height, 820–821, 835, 840 858 Gaging station, 296, 311, 814, 822, 823, 835, 842, 844, 848 Gaining stream, 841 Generalized sediment transport, 340, 353–355 Genetic algorithms, 470, 502–519 Geographic information system (GIS), 10, 140, 297, 303, 306, 373–377, 448, 451, 452, 822 analysis functions, 382–384, 390 basics, 378–379 data development and maintenance, 379–380 data for surface water hydrology, 386–390 data models and geodatabases, 381–382 for floodplain management, 395–399 for groundwater modeling, 403–405 for surface water hydrology modeling, 390–395 software, 381, 385, 386, 390 system planning and implementation, 385–386 water supply demand forecasting, 400 Geomorphology, 96, 156, 180, 215, 250, 251, 272, 646, 822 Geum River Basin, South Korea, 469, 472, 478–485, 519–520 Geyser, 822 Giardia lamblia Giardiasis, 822 GIS See Geographic information system (GIS) Glacial and snow fusion methods, 42–45 Glacial equipment, 45 Glacier, 2, 40–46, 85, 98–101, 530, 538, 548, 550, 820, 822 Global climate change, 822 Glossary for water resources engineers, 759–806 of land application and watershed protection, 634–639 of wetland, 677–678 Godunov scheme, 143 Gravity constant, 142 Gravity force vector, 150 ε-Greedy actions, 476–477 Greenhouse gases (CGHs), 40, 414, 527–529, 543, 821 Green’s theorem, 143 Greywater, 823 Groundwater, 2, 32, 33, 49, 83, 85, 94, 98–101, 175, 185, 187, 266, 272, 273, 413, 425–427, 429, 430, 448, 468, 469, 513, 539, 542, 546, 549, 555, 593, 604, 611, 630–632, 647, 650, 677, 678, 682, 683, 708, 721, 724, 746, 807–810, 813, 814, 816, 817, 820, 822, 823, 826, 827, 832, 833, 839–842, 847–849 hydrology, 378, 403–407 outflow, 51, 823, 848 recharge, 184, 268, 424, 540, 541, 547, 646, 650, 823 runoff, 244, 823, 835, 842 Guilford County School District, California, USA, 708 Guttation, 823, 845 Index Habitat, 155, 159, 238, 290, 422, 468, 544, 646, 688, 717, 823 diversity, 173, 181, 217–221 evaluation and modeling, 217–230 modeling, 222–223 Habitat evaluation procedure (HEP), 192, 216, 221–222, 257 Halogenated fluorocarbons (HCFCs), 822 Hardness, 272, 273, 748, 823 Hazardous air pollutants, 807, 823 Hazardous waste, 814, 823, 825, 827–829, 835 Headwater, 91, 169, 243, 244, 263, 394, 455, 538, 823 Health advisory, 731, 823 Health-based standards, 824 Heavy metals, 180, 486, 577, 594, 598, 599, 602, 630, 636, 638, 652, 654, 662, 683, 691, 746, 747, 808, 824, 832, 844 Heavy metals removal mechanism, 654 HEP See Habitat evaluation procedure (HEP) HIS See Hydrologic information systems (HIS) Human factors in water sector, 430–432 Human-induced stresses, 180–187 Hydraulic, 14, 127, 160, 244, 280, 340, 380, 439, 469, 645, 693, 734, 824 engineering, 128, 129, 137, 160, 355–368 fracturing, 824 jump, 134, 135, 149 mixing, 134 Hydroclimate system, 4, 6, 8, 40 Hydroclimate system patterns, 4–8 Hydroclimatology, 2–9 Hydroelectric power water use, 824 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 822 Hydrograph, 8, 32, 96, 272, 295, 311, 318, 360, 363, 391, 448, 456, 490, 497–499, 534, 816, 824, 835, 846 Hydrologic budget, 13, 824, 847 Hydrologic cycle, 2, 3, 40, 45, 47, 50, 84, 94, 244, 527, 555, 556, 824, 851 Hydrologic data acquisition, 94–103 Hydrologic data and irrigation demands, 512–513 Hydrologic equation, 824 Hydrologic information systems (HIS), 103 Hydrology, 1–103, 160, 173, 179, 180, 186, 215, 228, 229, 244, 250, 321, 362, 364, 378, 386–395, 403–407, 448, 450, 452, 456–457, 468, 470, 471, 512, 517, 519, 545, 646, 670, 678, 819, 824, 827, 830, 833, 836, 841 Hydrology of glaciers, 40–45 Hydrometeorology, 156 HydroSed2D, 138, 142, 144, 145, 147, 153 Hyetograph, 12, 500, 824 Hypolimnion, 824, 843 Hypoxia, 824–825 Index Impaired waterbody, 637, 825, 844 Impermeable layer, 825 Impervious surface, 307, 308, 387, 393, 633, 634, 825 Implementation steps, 330–332 Increase in temperature, 539, 544, 549, 553, 729 Independence of its functional requirements, 698–699 Index, 6, 14, 42–45, 80, 81, 99, 191, 195, 197, 198, 200, 204–206, 208, 209, 211, 212, 214, 217, 218, 220–222, 224, 227, 392, 491, 537, 626, 654, 807, 808, 825 Index period, 825 Indicator, 150, 220, 271, 288, 291, 297, 533, 538, 687, 811, 825, 829, 836, 837 organism, 637, 825 species, 191–196, 208, 257 Indices of biotic integrity, 208–213 Individual field unit, 586, 634, 637, 809, 825 Industrial, 12, 184, 191, 239, 280, 282, 327, 478, 480, 482, 486, 528, 551, 580, 612, 636, 639, 645, 649, 650, 682, 693, 696, 705–706, 709, 719, 813, 817, 822, 825, 829, 833, 834, 837, 843–845, 847, 848 Industrial and agricultural sectors, 709–710 Industrial non-hazardous waste, 825 Industrial water, 480, 482, 825, 848 Infiltration, 12–17, 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 45, 51, 54, 55, 57, 94, 180, 185–187, 244, 305–307, 439, 440, 444, 448, 449, 496, 540, 578, 582, 806, 809, 823, 825, 838, 847 capacity, 13, 15, 40, 51, 54, 55, 440, 540, 825 index, 825 Inflow and demand data sets, 481–482 Informational and cognitive barriers, 554–555 Information systems, 2, 94–103, 377, 385 Injection well, 825–826, 845 Inorganic contaminants, 826 Insulated stream, 841 Integrated reservoir sizing and operating rule optimization: OPTI6, 504–507 Interactions across scales and extreme events, 7–8 Interception, 12–13, 17, 45, 50, 51, 244, 439, 448, 449, 452, 455, 819, 826, 835, 847 Interception and depression storage, 12–13, 17, 45, 835 Interfacial flux, 144 Intermittent, 83, 84, 86, 88, 91, 266, 584, 671, 720, 818, 826, 841 Intermittent or seasonal stream, 841 Interrupted stream, 841 Invasive species, 155, 189, 544, 558, 717, 826, 830 Inviscid and viscous fluxes, 143 Irrigated area, 818, 826 Irrigation, 2, 17, 24–32, 82, 128, 129, 180, 184, 255, 270, 280–282, 286, 319, 321, 330, 356, 403, 406, 859 505–507, 510, 512, 513, 515, 526, 544, 547, 549–551, 554, 585, 596, 601, 630, 631, 693, 703, 708, 709, 721, 744, 809, 813, 814, 817, 824, 826, 829, 830, 832, 836, 837, 840 efficiency, 826 requirement, 813, 826 supplemental, 470, 504, 520, 826, 842 water use, 826 Isohyet, 826 Isohyetal line, 826 Iterative calculation of hydraulic sewer flows, 491–492 Jordan recurrent ANN architecture, 493–495 Kinetic energy, 130, 131, 151, 649 Lag, 40, 55, 84–88, 92, 474, 495, 826 Lake mescalero unlined emergency spillway, 360–362 restorers, 687, 694 Land application, 571–639, 706, 808, 816, 826, 832, 840, 844, 846 costs, 605–606 crop management and watershed management, 630–634 inspection, monitoring, testing and documentation, 629–630 process, 584–586 Landfill, 528, 600, 612, 613, 650, 704, 705, 827, 829, 834, 840 Land treatment unit, 827 Large river systems, 94, 101–102 Las Vegas Regional Animal Campus, Nevada, USA, 708 Leaching, 540, 544, 593, 615, 630, 654, 723, 733, 820, 827 Lentic waters, 172, 208, 827 Levee, 31, 143, 181, 187, 229, 258, 266, 269, 272, 356, 359, 515, 827 Limitations in adaptation to the climate changes, 553–555 Limnology, 827 Livestock operation, 827 water use, 828 Living machines, 681–710, 747 design, 697–670 system, 707–709, 747, 827 Longitudinal sedimentation patterns, 285–286 Long-period variations, 827 Losing stream, 841 Loss of other biosolids treatment units, 604 Loss of power and/or fuel, 604 Lotic waters, 172, 827 Low-flow frequency curve, 515, 827 Lysimeter, 43, 827 860 Machine learning, 467–520 learning of optimal regulator control, 492–493 Macro-bio communities (animal diversity), 689–691 Macroinvertebrate, 167, 169, 172, 187, 193, 196–207, 214, 217, 218, 220–222, 827 Maintenance requirements and safety issues, 603 Management of nitrogen in the soils and biosolids, 613–616 Manning equation, 136, 139, 222, 257, 355 Manning’s formula, 137, 142, 356 Manure, 574, 585, 586, 592, 593, 596, 598, 601, 605, 623, 624, 631, 634, 637, 814, 826–828, 832, 846 Marginal costs, 827 Mass curve, 828, 836 Maximum contaminant level (MCL), 731, 812, 817, 819, 828, 834, 846 Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), 828 Maximum probable flood Meander, 821, 828 Meander amplitude, 828 belt, 828 breadth, 828 length, 828 Meandering stream, 308, 828 Meromictic lake, 828 Meromixis, 828 Mesotrophic, 637, 828 Metal mining sector, 828 Methane (CH4), 528, 543, 576, 653, 732, 746–748, 808, 822 Methanogenesis, 836 Metrics of biodiversity, 195–213 Microbial communities, 646, 648, 688–689, 706 Microorganisms, 545, 575, 578, 580, 613, 615, 630, 637, 648, 649, 651, 653, 683, 684, 688, 689, 692–695, 701–703, 726, 812, 814–816, 818, 822, 828, 839 Mineralization, 539, 572, 589, 595, 597, 598, 608, 613, 615, 621, 623, 637, 828 Minimum energy dissipation rate theory, 351–353, 355, 359, 369 Mining water use, 828 Mississippi River Lock and Dam No 26 Replacement Project, 359–362 Mixolimnion, 828 Mobile, 152, 174, 175, 259, 594, 613 Model calibration, 8, 46, 52, 55–57, 138, 329, 403, 456–457, 469, 496–497, 512 Modeling of sediment management activities, 328–330 MODFLOW for rio grande valley, 405–407 Moisture, 3, 9, 14, 16, 18, 25, 26, 29–40, 45, 57, 94, 98–102, 177, 180, 189, 228–230, 244, 268, 306, 318, 387, 439, 453–455, 532, 533, 536, 543, 544, 546, 549, 557, 559, 578, 581, 588, 589, Index 603, 604, 616, 619, 702, 723, 735, 806, 808, 819, 820, 826, 829, 833, 842 Moisture equivalent, 829 Monimolimnion, 828 Monitoring, 94, 98, 99, 192, 194, 195, 225, 238, 254, 269–274, 331, 332, 394, 405, 424, 425, 450, 451, 455, 460, 519, 540, 548, 585, 594, 601–602, 606, 629–630, 669–670, 677, 722, 723, 807, 815, 818, 825, 827, 829, 840, 845 techniques, 271–273 Mudflow, 321, 548, 829 Multi-beam echo-sounder (MBES) bathymetric survey, 145 Multiobjective optimization model, 480–481 Multi-reservoir system, 470–485, 519 Municipal solid waste, 825, 829 Municipal water system, 829 Naesung stream model set-up, 451–456 Naesung stream site description and database, 450–451 Narrative criteria, 637, 639, 829, 847 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), 814, 829 National estuary program (NEP), 815 National geodetic vertical datum (NGVD), 830 of 1929, 830 National indicator, 829 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 674, 717–719, 732, 815, 829 permit, 674, 717–719, 732, 829 National priorities list (NPL), 815, 820, 829, 842 National water quality inventory, 684, 829 Natural open channels, 156 Natural processes, 266, 306, 529, 646, 692, 694, 699, 806 Natural source, 699, 810, 829, 832 Natural stresses, 177–180 Natural wetland, 645, 647–649, 677, 692, 693, 746–747 Nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU), 632, 633, 730, 731, 830, 845 Neural network module, 492–496 New synergies, 156 Newton’s second law of motion, 133 NGVD See National geodetic vertical datum (NGVD) Nitrogen, 167, 174, 175, 185, 247, 539, 544, 575–578, 587–590, 593–598, 602, 604, 608, 610, 613–630, 634, 635, 637, 638, 646, 648, 652–654, 656, 660, 662, 663, 665, 666, 668, 670, 676, 684, 691, 693, 696, 703, 708, 717, 723–730, 733, 806, 814, 816, 819, 828, 830, 832, 833, 838, 844 Nitrogen removal mechanism, 653–654 Nitrous oxide (N2O), 528, 615, 654, 822 Non-indigenous species, 830 Nonpoint source (NPS), 84, 183–185, 637, 638, 677, 684, 687, 815, 830, 844 Index Non-point source (NPS) pollution, 630, 677, 684, 687, 830, 832 from land application, 630 Non-production-related, 830 Non-public water, 830 Nonroad sources, 829 Nonstationarity, 3, 61, 83, 93–94, 420 Non-transient non-community water system, 830, 834 Normal, 7, 25, 28, 64–71, 87–90, 142, 143, 155, 165, 187, 204, 287, 291, 292, 310, 315, 317, 318, 325, 419, 430, 480, 484, 495, 498, 603, 612, 630, 648, 678, 726, 728, 809, 813, 828, 830, 835, 837, 847, 848 North America, 7, 102, 187, 531, 534, 536, 538, 539, 549, 650, 658, 754, 818, 830 NPDES See National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) NPL See National priorities list (NPL) NTU See Nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) Numerical modeling, 137–153, 328, 329, 331, 498 Numerical schemes, 59, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143–144, 149, 151, 490 Numeric criteria, 637, 830 Nutrients, 155, 159, 163, 167, 168, 173–175, 179–181, 184–187, 189, 195, 247, 251, 266, 268, 272, 273, 419, 505, 539, 544, 545, 555, 575, 577, 578, 582, 594–596, 600, 602, 604, 607, 613, 617–619, 624, 628, 631–632, 634–637, 646, 647, 650, 654, 655, 658, 660, 661, 670, 674, 683, 684, 688, 693–695, 698, 702, 706, 710, 717, 719, 721, 723, 726, 728, 729, 732, 733, 737, 742, 744, 746, 747, 808, 811, 815, 816, 819, 824, 826, 828–831, 839, 845 and micronutrient reservoirs, 691–692 management, 574, 586–588, 590–593, 605, 630, 634, 636, 820 Oberlin College, Ohio, USA, 706 Ocean system patterns, 6–7 Oil and gas production, 831 Old Trail School, Bath, Ohio, USA, 707 One-dimensional modeling, 138–140 On-road sources, 828 Onsite treatment, 831 Open channel flow, 130, 133, 137–140, 149–153, 156, 831 hydraulics, 127–156 Operational guidelines, 480, 507 OPTCON See Discrete Time Optimal Control Algorithm (OPTCON) Optimal control module, 487–493, 495, 498–500 Optimal fuzzy rules, 502–519 OPTI6 results for integrated reservoir sizing and operations, 515–519 Organic contaminants, 831 861 Organic industrial wastewater treatment, 705–706 Organic matter, 165, 167, 174, 175, 247, 575–578, 582, 602, 605, 613, 652, 653, 656, 726, 727, 818, 831, 838 Osmosis, 831 Outfall, 488, 831 Overland flow, 32, 33, 50–52, 54, 57, 58, 268, 350, 351, 384, 387, 391, 393, 440, 441, 444, 448–450, 457, 496, 831, 837 sediment transport capacity relationships, 444–445 Oxygen, 165, 167, 169, 177, 178, 188, 193, 209, 212, 217, 247, 271, 273, 321, 322, 539, 589, 615, 646, 652–656, 658, 666, 670, 675, 676, 683, 693–696, 701, 704, 717, 719, 720, 725, 726, 730, 745, 747, 807, 816, 817, 824, 827, 831, 832, 835, 838 Ozone (O3), 528, 529, 544, 684, 725, 814, 816, 822, 831, 833, 838, 841, 843 Ozone depletion, 528, 831 PAN See Plant available nitrogen (PAN) Partial-duration flood series, 831 Particle, 9, 34, 48, 168, 185, 218, 246, 247, 251, 259, 261, 272, 296, 305, 341, 345–348, 388, 438, 442, 444–447, 449, 452, 453, 455, 529, 611, 632, 633, 655, 690, 722, 723, 733, 734, 737, 738, 741, 743, 747, 807, 812, 819, 822, 830, 831, 843, 845 Particulates, 653, 654, 693, 703, 723, 736, 831 Past PAN sources (PAN-past), 635, 814 Pasture, 30, 50, 161, 266, 306, 512, 529, 551, 574, 584, 600, 604, 637, 675, 831 Pathogen, 486, 575, 576, 578, 580–582, 590, 602, 606, 607, 629, 631, 652, 684, 689, 691, 695, 729, 831 Pathogenic bacteria and viruses removal mechanism, 36 PCL See Pollutant concentration limits (PCL) Peak flow, 8, 50, 96, 457, 458, 496, 831 Per capita use, 423, 433, 831 Perched stream, 841 Percolation, 31, 51, 54, 440, 633, 683, 832 Percolation, deep, 31, 832 Perennial stream, 584, 841 Perfluorinated carbons (PFCs), 822 Performance computers, 137 Periodic table of the elements, 806 Permeability, 51, 55, 185, 268, 582, 832 Pervious surface, 832 PET See Potential evapotranspiration (PET) Phosphorus (P), 167, 174, 175, 221, 222, 247, 572, 573, 575, 577, 578, 582, 595, 599, 603, 605, 626–628, 630–634, 648, 660, 662, 670, 684, 691–693, 704, 705, 716, 717, 723–725, 728, 729, 733, 832 862 Photosynthesis, 165, 247, 585, 601, 725, 832 Photosynthetic communities, 691 Physical constants, 804 Pipe network design with GIS, 400–403 Planning, 8, 61, 82, 90, 92, 94, 128, 161, 173, 238, 240, 242–244, 252–269, 273, 274, 283, 332, 377, 380, 383, 385–386, 400, 411–433, 468–470, 518, 588, 590–593, 631, 697, 721 Plant available nitrogen (PAN), 573, 576, 588, 589, 591–593, 595–598, 608, 619–622, 624, 625, 627, 628, 638, 832 Planting and harvesting periods, 587, 638, 832 Planting season, 587, 638, 832 Point source, 184, 455, 638, 687, 832 Point-source pollution, 184, 832 Pollutant concentration limits (PCL), 579–580, 582, 594, 598, 607, 612, 638, 832 Pollutant removal mechanism, 45 Pollution control, 239, 470, 677, 718 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 682, 683, 7897 Pondage, 833 Pool-riffle ratio, 272, 273, 833 Population, 62, 63, 66, 71, 74, 81, 85, 165, 170–172, 176, 187, 191, 192, 195–198, 210, 216, 217, 221, 223, 250, 253, 273, 283, 299, 322, 377, 403, 414, 420, 421, 426–430, 478, 502, 511, 515, 526, 540, 541, 543, 545, 546, 548, 550, 555, 656, 670, 673, 683–685, 688, 695, 716, 720, 745, 746, 833 Porosity, 14, 187, 355, 453, 663, 667, 833 Port of Portland, Oregon, USA, 708 Potable water, 833 Potential evapotranspiration (PET), 25, 26, 49, 177, 537, 833 Potential natural water loss, 833 Potential rate of evaporation, 819, 833 Poultry processing waste in coastal maryland, USA, 705 Precipitation, 2, 172, 244, 298, 377, 412, 439, 527, 608, 648, 684, 806 Precursor, 833 Preparer, 638, 833 Pressure flushing for localized sediment scour, 319 Pretreatment before land application, 574–575 Primacy state, 834 Primary pollutant, 834 Primary wastewater, 834 Prior appropriation doctrine, 834 Priority chemicals, 834 Process control considerations, 602 monitoring, 601–602 O&M considerations, 602 Production-related waste, 834 Properties of water, 805–806, 824 Public contact site, 574, 638, 834 Index Public notification, 834 Public supply, 834 Public water, 834 Public water system, 834 Putrajaya Wetlands, Malaysia, 670–673 Q-learning method, 469, 475–476, 519 Radiative forcing, 528–529 Radionuclides, 835 Rainfall excess, 16, 33, 835 excessive, 819, 835 Raise the Dam, 326–327 Range land, 574, 638 Rapid bioassessment, 213–214 Rating curve, 101, 295, 311–313, 329, 331, 490, 835 Raw water, 321, 835 Reach, 12, 25, 29, 33, 52, 79, 96, 138, 144–146, 152, 154, 161, 165, 168, 176, 180, 194, 208, 210, 211, 215, 218, 220, 222, 223, 225, 242, 243, 253, 255, 257, 259, 261, 262, 272, 305, 315–318, 332, 343, 352, 355–359, 362, 366, 386, 399, 447, 460, 489, 491, 594, 595, 604, 612, 675, 690, 694, 835 Re-aeration, 247, 835 Real-time control, 468–470, 485–502, 517, 520 Receiving waters, 470, 485–487, 580, 717, 724, 728, 729, 739, 742, 835 Recession curve, 835 Recharge, 33, 34, 184, 268, 403, 404, 424, 426, 427, 540, 541, 546, 547, 646, 650, 835 Reclaimed wastewater, 835 Reclamation site, 574, 594, 638, 826, 835 Recover, increase or reallocate storage volume, 305, 318–327 Rectangular channel, 131, 132, 134, 135 Recurrence interval (return period), 63, 835 Recycled, 426, 592, 598, 605, 687, 695, 702, 704, 707, 835 Reduce sediment production, 305–309 Reedbeds, 696–697, 701 Regime, 82, 93, 132, 154, 160, 229, 230, 250, 256, 261, 272, 343, 473, 491, 502, 533, 536, 540, 544, 545, 549, 613, 705, 836, 846 Regional, 2, 37, 61, 80–82, 100, 203, 204, 212, 272, 283, 293, 297, 302–303, 405, 413, 414, 421, 422, 426, 427, 430, 431, 479, 526, 533, 545, 546, 551, 556, 600, 662, 673 Regional analysis, 61, 302–303 Regulation, 93, 280, 284, 291, 419, 469–471, 481, 486, 491, 496, 555, 575, 577–584, 591, 594, 600, 602, 605, 611, 612, 616, 626–628, 631, 636, 662, 717–721, 729, 731, 733, 816, 836 Reinforcement learning, 469–485 Index Relative evaporation, 819 Remedial action, 836 Remote sensing, 94, 96, 98–100, 373–407, 448, 541, 836 Report on the environment (ROE), 836, 837 Re-regulating reservoirs, 836 Reservoir construction, 84, 281–283, 301, 328, 416 delta formation, 364, 367–368 deltas, 286–287 sedimentation, 286, 306, 328, 340, 353, 362–365 surveys to measure sedimentation, 293–295 sustainability, 283–285 trap efficiency, 293, 299–300, 329 volume loss and reservoir half-life, 290–292 Residual-mass curve, 836 Resistance, 33, 130, 135–140, 146, 155, 177, 188, 229, 261, 262, 281, 316, 355, 439, 441, 452, 457, 703 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 823, 835, 845 cleanup baseline, 835 hazardous, 835 Respiration, 195, 247, 725, 726, 728, 836 Restoration implementation, 269–274 target: flow distribution, 513–514 Restorers, 687, 688, 692–697, 705–707 Retarding reservoir, 836 Return flow, 481, 482, 836 Reuse of reservoir sediments, 327 Reverse osmosis, 837 Reynolds numbers, 149 Richness and abundance, 195–197 Riemann problem, 143, 144 Riffle, 173, 181, 208, 209, 243, 263, 264, 272, 273, 353, 356, 837 Riparian, 154, 155, 160, 162–164, 167, 173, 174, 179, 181, 182, 186, 192–194, 198–200, 202–204, 206, 208, 215, 227–229, 238, 239, 253, 256, 258, 263, 266–269, 272, 273, 312, 542, 545, 646, 678, 837 Riparian water rights, 837 Risk analysis, 140, 420, 552 Risk assessment, 271, 396, 433, 552, 608, 611–613, 837 Risk assessment approach to land application of biosolids, 608, 611–613 River basin modeling, 2, 45–61 ecosystems, 159–176, 183, 187, 191–230 morphology, 339–369, 837 restoration, 237–274 design, 257–269 planning, 238, 242, 252–269 ROE indicator, 829, 836 Roles of wetland plants, 74 863 Roughness coefficient, 54, 142, 153, 356, 360, 362, 367, 441, 496, 498 Route sediments, 305, 309–318 Routine land application procedures, 603 Runoff, 8, 160, 244, 296, 339, 377, 415, 440, 469, 526, 575, 647, 684, 718 Runoff model calibration and validation, 496–497 Runout, 816, 838 Saline, 513, 816, 831 San Francisco Public Utilities Commission Administration Building, California, USA, 708 Sanitary survey, 838 Satellite precipitation estimation, 94–96 Scaling of soil moisture, 38–40 Scenario planning, 412, 421–423 Secchi disk, 838 Secondary drinking water standards, 838 Secondary wastewater treatment, 838 Sedimentary rock, 838 Sediment bulk density, 293, 296, 300–301 bypass at onstream reservoirs, 314–315 bypass by offstream reservoir, 312–314 characteristics, 145, 247, 345 discharge, 247, 280, 309–311, 323, 326, 341–344, 355, 451, 457, 460, 838 management strategies, 279–332 rating relationships, 311–312 routing by reservoir drawdown, 317–318 transport, 32, 84, 93, 101, 140, 145, 152, 154, 156, 160, 174, 176, 246, 250, 258, 261–263, 292, 295, 298, 301, 318, 323, 326, 328, 329, 331, 339–368, 392, 439, 442, 444, 445, 448–453, 456, 457 trapping above the reservoir, 309 yield, 50, 280, 293, 295–301, 303–311, 314, 329, 439, 443, 451, 457, 460 deposition in the upper Rhone River in Switzerland, 365–366 Sedimentation assessment for a single reservoir, 301–302 impacts above pool elevation, 292 impacts below the dam, 292–293 impact thresholds, 293 processes and impacts, 285–293 tanks or basins, 838 Seepage, 19, 20, 505, 513, 650, 651, 674, 693, 838 Seiche, 839 Selection of indicator species, 192 Selection of wetland plants, 657–662 Self-supplied, 839 Sensitivity snalysis, 47, 57–58 Septage, 574, 625, 638, 704, 839 Septic tank, 574, 667, 684, 695, 839 864 Settling pond, 736, 737, 739, 741–743, 839 Sewage sludge, 572, 574, 575, 577–581, 594, 606, 613, 615, 616, 638, 682, 839 treatment, 604, 650, 684, 690, 691, 703–704, 706, 839 treatment in cold climates, 703–704 Shallow water equations, 138, 140, 142–143, 152 Shifting control, 814, 839 Shutdown procedures, 604 Simulation/exploratory modeling, 423 Sinkhole, 584, 806, 839 Site-specific situation, 698 Skimming, 315, 839 Sluice gate, 134, 318, 491 Snow course, 839 Snow density, 840 Snowline, 42, 840 Snowline, temporary, 840 Snowmelt and glacier melt, 45, 100, 538 Social and cultural barriers, 555 Soil erosion relationships, 443–444 moisture hydrology, 34–40 moisture recycling, 37 Sole source aquifer, 840 Solution of the Saint Venant Equations (UNSTDY), 490–491 Sources of climate uncertainty, 413–415 Source water, 84, 719, 727, 728, 840, 962 South Burlington, Vermont, USA, 703–704 Space-borne methods, 96–101 Spatial elements of river ecosystems, 160–163 Specific energy, 130–133 Specific force, 133–135 Specific momentum, 13–135 Spray irrigation, 585, 601, 840 Spring, 174, 178, 179, 530, 534, 549, 550, 587, 594, 721, 795 Stage-capacity curve, 840 Stage-discharge curve (rating curve), 840 Stage-discharge relation, 257, 451, 840 Stage, flood, 840 Stakeholder, 59, 238, 253, 257, 274, 412, 421, 422, 427, 430, 431, 433, 468, 698, 840 Startup Procedures, 603 Stationarity assumption, 415–416 Step-by-Step procedures for biosolids application rate determination, 595–600 Stilling basin, 19, 134, 135 St Lucie Estuary, 470, 502, 503, 512–520 Stochastic methods, 61, 82–94 Stochastic optimization, 470–485, 519, 520 Storage, bank, 841 Storage-required frequency curve, 841 Index Storm flow, 33, 179, 841 seepage, 841, 842 water management, 502–519, 553 Strain rate tensor, 150 Stratosphere, 841 Streamflow, 32, 33, 45, 46, 55, 57, 61, 62, 82–88, 90–94, 96, 101–103, 291, 293, 311, 313, 317, 406, 471, 480–482, 484, 485, 519, 533, 534, 536, 539, 551, 842 Streamflow depletion, 842 Stream gaging, 842 Stream-gaging station, 842 Stream meander, 308, 842 Stream order, 257, 842 Stressor, 213, 255, 842 Structural modifications, 327 Submeander, 842 Subsidence, 413, 842 Subsurface, 2, 19, 32–34, 36, 38, 48, 96, 101, 165, 185, 260, 289, 290, 439, 453, 585, 590, 593, 600, 601, 639, 648, 650, 651, 655, 666, 673, 693, 703, 707, 708, 825, 833, 836, 838, 840, 842, 846 Sub-surface flow (SSF) wetland system, 650, 651, 666–669, 673, 693 Suitability indices, 193, 233–227 Sulfate reduction, 836 Superfund, 842 Supplemental irrigation, 470, 504, 520, 842 Supplemental sources, 842 Surface flow (SF) wetland system, 664–669, 693 Surface runoff, 11, 13, 33, 57, 184, 185, 187, 244, 440–442, 460, 647, 692, 842 Surface tension, 34, 843 Surface water, 2, 9–33, 96–99, 101, 175, 185, 244, 288, 289, 386–430, 448, 469, 513, 539, 541, 543, 548, 549, 575, 578, 582, 584, 593, 594, 604, 631, 633, 649, 653, 703, 719, 721, 722, 726, 728, 843 Surface water hydrology, 2, 9–33, 386–395 Suspended sediment, 101, 102, 224, 226, 287, 289, 296, 297, 307, 310, 311, 313, 321, 322, 329, 346, 355, 843 Suspended sediment discharge, 843 Suspended solids removal mechanism, 653 Sustainability criteria, 284–285 Sustainable use of reservoirs, 279–332 Sustainable water systems, 433 Tarbela Reservoir Sedimentation Study, 362–365 Technological limits, 554 TELEMAC, 142 Temporal difference learning, 477–478 Terrace, 162, 246, 266, 272, 316, 843 Tertiary wastewater, 703, 843 Testing the neural-optimal control model, 501–502 Index Thermal pollution, 555, 843 Thermal stratification, 539, 819, 824, 843 Thermocline, 289, 843 Thermoelectric power water use, 843 Threatened waterbody, 638, 843 Three-dimensional CFD modeling, 138, 149–153 Threshold level of ecosystem, 553–554 Throughfall, 12, 843 Time of concentration, 813, 844 Timewise variation in sediment yield, 297, 310–311 TMDL See Total maximum daily load (TMDL) Total loss, 12, 79, 819 Total maximum daily load (TMDL), 58, 638, 815, 844 Total solids (TS), 575, 639, 721, 723, 735, 844, 846 Total storage, 283, 841, 844 Total water runout or crop, 816 Toxic chemical, 251, 830, 834, 844, 846 Toxics release inventory (TRI), 828, 830, 834, 844 Toxics release inventory chemicals, 844 Trace elements, 577–580, 594, 595, 598, 606, 607, 611, 612, 635, 638, 639, 691, 692, 824, 831, 832, 844 Tracking cumulative pollutant loading rates on land application sites, 613 Training and testing of recurrent ANN, 495–496 Training the recurrent ANN with optimal gate controls, 500–501 Transboundary problems, 541–543 Transient non-community water system, 830, 834, 844 Transmissibility (ground water), 845 Transpiration, 17, 24, 244, 654, 655, 661, 819, 833, 837, 840, 845 Transport equation, 145, 150, 261, 262, 297, 321, 329, 348 Treatment technique (TT), 817, 820, 845 Treatment works, 635, 638, 639, 812, 817, 833, 839, 845 Treatment works treating domestic sewage, 845 TREX, 448–450 Tributary, 98, 101, 162, 173, 183, 204, 313, 314, 316, 322, 366, 543, 811, 817, 842, 845 Trophic state, 845 TUFLOW, 142 Turbid density currents, 285, 287–290, 310, 315–316, 327, 332 Turbulence models, 149–151 Turbulent eddy viscosity, 150 Two dimensional depth averaged modeling, 140, 142, 152 Two dimensional model, 140, 144, 152, 156, 328, 398 Types of constructed wetlands, 650–651, 693 Types of living machines, 692–694 Types of wetland plants, 78 Tyson Foods at Berlin, Maryland, USA, 707 Uncertainty analysis, 2, 58–94, 420 Unconfined ground water, 823 Underflow, 288, 816, 823, 845 Underground injection, 845 865 Underwater video/image analysis, 145 Unit hydrograph, 391, 448, 816, 846 Unit nitrogen fertilizer rate (UNFR), 618, 623, 624, 635, 639, 814, 846 Unit stream power formula for surface erosion, 349–351 for rivers and reservoirs, 343–349 Unsaturated zone, 33, 846, 847 UNSTDY hydraulic model development, 491, 498 Upland, 163, 179, 184, 185, 191, 228, 242, 243, 250, 258, 263, 267, 272, 290, 325, 646, 659, 662, 678, 692, 846 Upland erosion, 297, 437–461 Uplift pressure, 134 Urbanization, 2, 93, 176, 184, 240, 250, 308, 414, 420, 468, 470, 540, 556, 846 Usable storage, 841, 846 U.S Army Corps of Engineers, 129, 154, 292, 295, 302, 328, 332, 356, 359, 397, 481, 502, 503 U.S Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 214, 332, 489, 490, 574, 576–580, 586, 587, 594, 602, 605, 606, 608–614, 625, 626, 635, 636, 677, 716–718, 722, 729–732, 807, 811, 812, 815, 817, 819, 823, 825, 826, 828, 829, 831, 834, 836, 838, 842, 846, 848 User interfaces and interaction modes, 384–385 US Federal and State Regulations, 486, 578–584 US Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California, USA, 708 US-Mexico Border, San Diego, California, USA, 707 Values and purposes, 700 Variability of soil moisture, 37–38 Variance, 38, 40, 59, 62, 66, 83–86, 88, 89, 92, 171, 632, 633, 657, 846 Vector(s), 47, 48, 143, 144, 146, 147, 150, 152, 381–383, 386, 390, 473, 474, 477, 488, 575, 578, 580, 582, 583, 585, 590, 601, 602, 606, 607, 636, 637, 639, 819, 832, 846 Vector attraction, 575, 578, 582, 583, 590, 601, 602, 606, 607, 636, 639, 846 Vegetation-hydroperiod modeling, 227–230, 257 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 683, 704, 807, 836, 838 Volatile solids (VS), 575, 583, 602, 632, 639, 846 Volatilization, 543, 575, 585, 589, 590, 592, 598, 601, 613, 615, 621, 622, 637, 639, 653, 700, 832, 846 Vulnerability assessment, 846 Vulnerability to extreme events, 419–420 Wadeable stream, 846 Wastewater treatment, 415, 430, 487, 489, 496, 497, 520, 574, 578, 602, 607, 635, 638, 643–678, 684, 690, 696, 697, 703–709, 747–757, 808, 811, 829, 834, 837–839, 843, 845, 847 866 Wastewater-treatment return, 8447 Water balance, 8, 17, 45, 49, 184, 185, 542, 565, 847 bodies, 17, 18, 100, 160, 251, 382, 486, 539, 593, 650, 683, 685, 702 conservation, 307, 331, 556, 677–678, 681–710, 746–757, 762, 808, 847 content of snow, 847 crop, 847, 848 cycle, 50, 99, 244, 246, 540, 847 density, 142 equivalent of snow, 847 loss, 819, 833, 847 planning as a social process, 430 purification, 134, 654, 686 quality, 18, 55, 56, 58, 84, 93, 101, 160, 184, 188, 191, 194, 204, 209, 210, 220, 238, 239, 247, 253, 256, 257, 268, 271, 302, 322, 323, 332, 378, 392, 449, 474, 478, 479, 539–540, 542, 548, 549, 551, 555, 578, 591, 593, 611, 631––639, 647, 649, 669, 670, 677, 684, 690, 692, 693, 704, 718, 719, 721, 722, 724, 725, 729, 745, 815–817, 823, 829, 830, 833, 837, 839, 840, 843, 844, 847, 848 quality monitoring, 548, 670 reuse, 424, 643–678, 692, 703–709, 746, 747 surface profiles, 141, 368, 392 table, 17, 179, 512, 588, 809, 823, 840, 841, 847, 849 treatment plant, 848 use, 280, 323, 400, 403, 420, 423, 424, 426, 433, 480, 481, 543, 551, 556, 719, 732, 813, 817, 824–828, 831, 834, 843, 847 vapor, 8, 9, 17, 18, 20–22, 24, 99, 553, 813, 819, 822, 824, 845 year, 482, 484, 807, 809, 812, 847 yield, 816, 838, 847, 848 Water Quality Standard (WQS) water requirement, 194, 638, 639, 677, 722, 725, 815, 844, 847 Index Water Resources Planning and Management, 411–433, 468, 469 Water reuse, 424, 643–678, 692, 703–709, 746, 747 Watershed, 2, 154, 160, 238, 293, 383, 415, 439, 470, 526, 573, 677, 708, 844 approach, 238, 639, 677, 848 model application, 450–461 modeling, 48, 59, 98, 306, 308, 391, 448–450 plan, 638, 639, 840, 848 protection, 630–631, 848 Watershed Protection Act and distressed Watershed Rules, 631–634 Watershed protection approach (WPA), 631, 848 WaterSim: An Example of DMUU, 425, 430 Watt-hour (Wh), 848 Wellhead protection area, 848 Well injection, 845 West Point Combined Sewer System, Seattle, Washington USA, 496–502 Wetland, 2, 161, 239, 290, 380, 455, 503, 545, 584, 643, 682, 721, 807 creation, 677, 692 definition, 646, 647functions and values, 646–647 monitoring and maintenance, 669–670 restoration, 677 utilization, 677 Width/depth, 272, 849 Width/meander length, 849 Wildlife refuge, 849 Withdrawal, 291, 426, 513, 816, 825, 847, 849 Withdrawal use of water, 849 Xeriscaping, 849 Yield, 8, 133, 197, 280, 387, 416, 443, 472, 543, 585, 807 Zone of aeration, 840, 841, 849 Zone of saturation, 823, 841, 847, 849