Using landsat data to monitor the land cover change in vientiane capital, lao pdr

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NAMKHO SONGKHAM USING LANDSAT DATA TO MONITOR THE LAND COVER CHANGE IN VIENTIANE CAPITAL, LAO PDR BACHELOR THESIS Study mode : Full-Time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Program Office Batch : ESM48 (2017 – 2020) Thai Nguyen, 8th September 2021 DOCUMANTATION PAGE AND ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name NAMKHO SONGKHAM Student Name DTN1554290051 Thesis title USING LANDSAT DATA TO MONITOR THE LAND COVER CHANGE IN VIENTIANE CAPITAL, LAO PDR Supervisor (s) NGUYEN VAN HIEU GEOINFORMATIC RESEARCH CENTER Supervisor signature (s) Nguyen Van Hieu Land cover change is the significant to arrange of scale and problems center to global change study In order to monitor change in land cover, gathering the data by using intensive desktop for analysis land cover in particular area by using land satellite image, land satellite image bring a benefit for many proposes especially analysis area without time-travelling Vientiane is located on center of Lao PDR and considered as capital of Lao PDR this capital is also a development area By using ArcGIS software to classify a land cover types by using supervised classification The result illustrates the decreasing of forest area and increase in built-up scale In term of environmental impacts, extending of settling area is the factor of urban population growth which leads to environment issues This research will gather a result and provide a changing detail on land cover in Vientiane and in provision of development plan to mitigate the issues that probably happen in the future i Keywords Land cover, Land cover change, GIS, Urbanization, Landsat image, Vientiane Lao, USGS Number of Pages 56 Submission date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Mr Nguyen Van Hieu, who has the attitude and substance of a genius For this patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge His suggestion helped me in all the time of the research and conducting of this thesis Without his advice and persistent help this thesis would not have been possible Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Mr Bui Minh Tung For his cooperation and suggestion to my thesis about comment and question Moreover, I would like to say thank you to Geoinformatics Research Center (GIRC) for offering a chance to conduct research Last but not least, I would like to thank my family, my parent Kay Namkho and Sonechan Namkho For giving birth to me at the first place as well as encouragement and support throughout my life iii TABLE OF CONTENT DOCUMANTATION PAGE AND ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .iii TABLE OF CONTENT iv LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ABBREVIEATION ix PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale 1.2 Research Questions and Hypothesis 1.3 Research Objective 1.4 Significance of Study 1.5 Scope and Limitations 1.6 Definitions PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Urbanization 2.2 Urbanization in Vientiane 11 2.3 Land use and Land cover study 14 PART III METHODOLOGY 18 3.1 Materials and Methods 18 3.2 Study area 19 iv 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 3.3 Introduction to the preprocessing 20 3.4 Software used in this study 20 3.5 Data collection 20 3.6 Band combination 21 3.7 Image clip 24 3.8 Image analysis and classification 25 3.9 Supervised classification 26 PART IV RESULT 28 4.1 Land Cover Map In 2000 28 4.2 Land cover map in 2013 29 4.3 The land cover map of 2020 30 4.4 Land cover between 2000 and 2013 31 4.5 Land cover between 2013 and 2020 34 4.6 Land cover between 2000 and 2020 37 4.7 Land cover change in Vientiane from 2000 and 2020 39 4.8 Field survey 42 PART V DISCUSSION 44 5.1 How has land use in Vientiane changed from 2000 to 2020 44 5.2 Reason Behind Land Use Changes in Vientiane 45 5.3 Urbanization and Its Impacts on the Environment: the case of Vientiane, Laos 47 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 v 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Flowchart of the methodology 18 Figure 3.2 Study area Vientiane 19 Figure 3.3 Process of band combination .23 Figure 3.4 Band combination completed 23 Figure 3.5 Clipping image process using Vientiane boundary 24 Figure 3.6 Taking training samples .27 Figure 3.7 Types of samples 27 Figure 4.1 Vientaine’s land cover map in 2000 28 Figure 4.2 Vientaine’s land cover map in 2013 29 Figure 4.3 Vientaine’s land cover map in 2020 30 Figure 4.4 Land cover Vientiane 2000 and 2013 31 Figure 4.5 Graph of land cover change 2000 and 2013 32 Figure 4.6 Land cover Vientiane 2013 and 2020 34 Figure 4.7 Comparison graph of land cover 2013 and 2020 .35 Figure 4.8 Land cover of Vientiane 2000 and 2020 .37 Figure 4.9 Comparison graph of land cover 2000 and 2020 .38 Figure 4.10 Land cover change map of Vientiane .39 Figure 4.11 Graph of Land cover change 41 Figure 4.12 Google Earth image of December 2000 and February 2020 42 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 vii 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Data sources 21 Table 3.2 Band combination for natural color (ESRI) 22 Table 4.1 Details of land use of Vientiane in 2000 .29 Table 4.2 Details of land use of Vientiane in 2013 .30 Table 4.3 Details of land use of Vientiane in 2020 .31 Table 4.4 Details of land use of Vientiane 2000 and 2013 32 Table 4.5 Details of land use of Vientiane 2013 and 2020 35 Table 4.6 Details of land use of Vientiane in 2000 and 2020 .38 Table 4.7 Details of land cover change in Vientiane 2000 and 2020 40 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 viii 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF ABBREVIEATION CAC Center for Clean Air Coalition CIA Central Intelligence Agency EC Electrical Conductivity GDP Gross Domestic Product GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GIS Geo Informatic System GMS Greater Mekong Subregion HA Hectare JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Lao PDR Lao People Democratic Republic LC Land Cover LST Land Surface Temperature MRC Mekong River Commission NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration RS Remote Sensing USGS United States Geological Survey UTM Urchin Tracking Module WGS World Geodetic System WHO World Health Organization µm Micrometer 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 ix 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 surged, especially the demand of energy and electricity Shahbas et al (2016) suggested that the population growth according to the urbanization and/or overpopulation influenced in the higher demand for energy, same as the economic and technology development did Consequently, the city faces the issues of overconsumption and with causes several issues towards the environment such as food waste, excessive energy demand and so on The problem coming along with the higher consumption is excessive waste generation Reported by GGGI (2017) Having in consideration the city population, indicate waste generation figures as 600 ton per day Such amount is insanely affecting to the environment in the city in many perspectives In Laos, according from the report of CCAC (2016), Citizen in Vientiane generated waste in estimation at 0.65 kg per person per day This is considered a massive amount and its impacts could lead to the severe problem including the lack of proper management, unpleasant scenery, and so on Open dumps are also responsible for the blockage of drains, breeding of flies and spread of epidemic diseases (Ejaz et al., 2010) 5.4 Implications for Urban Planning and Management: Aside from an increasing in built-up area and potential environmental impacts of urbanization in Vientiane, the population of Vientiane has been on an increase and expected to increase in the following decades According to UNHabitat (2020), half of the urban population of Laos is concentrated in Vientiane capital and those are expected to increase by 7% to reach 1.4 million by 2045 All of these calls for urban planning and management to ensure the urban development 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 50 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 in Vientiane is sustainable In this research, the author suggests that the urban development of Vientiane should be aligned with the improvement of better urban planning, adequate provision of infrastructure and services, concern about environmental issues The prominent issue in urban expansion in Laos is caused by poor urban planning and management which follows the urban development plan prepared since 1990s and 2000s (Bosoni et al., 2018) This results in lack of zoning, leading to the mixture of residential and industrial areas (UN-habitat, 2020) Indeed, urban planning is significant for the city leaders to sustainable development It assists the efficiency of budget utilization for infrastructure and service investment The lack of updated and efficient urban planning and management of Laos in general requires the urgent need for a country to create one Urban planning and management should integrate UN’s Sustainable Development Framework, specifically SDG 11 whose aim is to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable Moreover, there needs to be a an improve of basic infrastructure and services in Vientiane Despite the spatial expansion of urban area but it does not mean that the area is modernized According to Chen et al (2014) the speed of urban expansion does not always result in economic development In the case of Vientiane, there has been a rapid growth in the number of private automobiles (UN-Habitat, 2020), but the development of roads is not in the same pace Therefore, the expansion and introduction of new routes should be considered It is worth to acknowledge that in 2021, there has been report on an upgrade of roads 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 51 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 and infrastructures, such as the upgrade of nine roads and the provision of garbage collection bins for more than 150 villages in Vientiane capital by the City Planning Officials Thanabouasy (2021) This kind of provision should be encouraged and continued for the sustainable urbanization in the future Nevertheless, regarding the improvement of the road’s conditions, the City Planning Officials should also consider in planning and constructing new routes to accommodate the increasing numbers of private vehicles as the population continues to grow in the future As discussed earlier about the environmental impacts of urbanization, Vientiane capital should incorporate the concept which integrates all the three bottom lines (environment, society, and economy) into its city development 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 52 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classification tool using ArcGIS software, an author can answer research questions to some extent, especially regarding to changes in land cover area an additional information such as reasons behind the changes, and environmental impacts of these changes are gathered through an intensive desktop research as it is the most convenient form of research during the pandemic Reasons to changes in land cover are believed to be the result of economic development and urbanization which is seen from an increase in GDP growth Nevertheless, urbanization is known to have adverse environmental impacts such as air and water pollution and increasing consumption and waste generation With the increase in built-up area, concerning environmental impacts and growing urban population, it calls for the introduction of new and efficient urban planning and management, provision of adequate infrastructures and services with consideration on environmental issues Limitation: It is worth to acknowledge some limitations of this study Firstly, regarding the classification of land-cover, even though remote sensing and GIS data provide accurate data (Reis, 2018), but some flaws could occur during the 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 53 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 classification in the software To make it more accurate, it should be the field surveys to confirm what type of area that is locating Secondly, there is not many information available, especially regarding the context of urbanization in Laos Indeed, in general, the number of publications about Laos are low due to the lack of access itself, incentive, and language proficiency (Clarkeet al., 2015) 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 54 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 REFERENCES Adam Augustyn, Patricia Bauer (2016) Vientiane Barney Cohen Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends,future projections, and key challenges for sustainability 2006 Basnyat, B (2009) Impacts of Demographic Changes on Forests and Forestry in Asia and The Pacific Available at http://www.fao.org/3/am253e/am253e.pdf Bakr, N., Weindorf, D C., Bahnassy, M H., Marei, S M and EI-Badawi, M M (2010), Monitoring land cover changes in a newly reclaimed area of Egypt using multi-temporal 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