Luận án tiến sĩ nghiên cứu xây dựng thiết bị khảo sát địa điện

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC TỰ NHIÊN - Trần Vĩnh Thắng NGHIÊN CỨU XÂY DỰNG THIẾT BỊ KHẢO SÁT ĐỊA ĐIỆN LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ VẬT LÝ Hà Nội - 2020 z ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC TỰ NHIÊN - Trần Vĩnh Thắng NGHIÊN CỨU XÂY DỰNG THIẾT BỊ KHẢO SÁT ĐỊA ĐIỆN Chuyên ngành: Vật lý Vô tuyến Điện tử Mã số: 9440130.03 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ VẬT LÝ NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: TS Nguyễn Đức Vinh TS Đỗ Trung Kiên XÁC NHẬN NCS ĐÃ CHỈNH SỬA THEO QUYẾT NGHỊ CỦA HỘI ĐỒNG ĐÁNH GIÁ LUẬN ÁN Chủ tịch hội đồng đánh giá Luận án Tiến sĩ Người hướng dẫn khoa học GS.TS Bạch Thành Công TS Nguyễn Đức Vinh Hà Nội - 2020 z LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan cơng trình nghiên cứu cá nhân tơi hướng dẫn giáo viên hướng dẫn Các số liệu kết trình bày luận án chưa cơng bố cơng trình khác Các số liệu, thông tin, minh chứng so sánh kết từ nguồn tài liệu tham khảo phục vụ cho mục đích học thuật trích dẫn tài liệu theo quy định Tác giả luận án Trần Vĩnh Thắng z LỜI CẢM ƠN Tôi xin chân thành cảm ơn TS Nguyễn Đức Vinh TS Đỗ Trung Kiên, nhờ hướng dẫn thầy tơi hồn thành nội dung nghiên cứu luận án Tôi xin cảm ơn Ban Lãnh đạo Khoa Vật lý điều kiện thuận tiện công việc để giúp thực nghiên cứu Cảm ơn đồng nghiệp Bộ môn Vật lý Vô tuyến - Khoa Vật lý với nhiều giúp đỡ dành cho tơi Với tình cảm kính trọng mình, tơi xin cảm ơn PGS.TS Nguyễn Thị Thục Hiền, PGS TS Lê Hồng Hà, PGS.TS Lê Thị Thanh Bình dành cho tơi tình cảm hỗ trợ tinh thần trước thực luận án Tôi chân thành cảm ơn ThS Đỗ Anh Chung giúp q trình thí nghiệm trường Chân thành cảm ơn thầy Khoa Vật lý, Phịng Sau đại, học Trường Đại học Khoa học Tự nhiên - Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội hỗ trợ, giúp đỡ tơi cơng tác q trình thực luận án Và cuối cùng, tất dành cho gia đình tơi, lý động lực để tơi thực hồn thành việc luận án Tác giả luận án Trần Vĩnh Thắng z MỤC LỤC LỜI CAM ĐOAN LỜI CẢM ƠN BẢNG VIẾT TẮT CHỮ VIẾT TẮT DANH MỤC CÁC HÌNH VẼ MỞ ĐẦU Chƣơng TỔNG QUAN VỀ PHƢƠNG PHÁP ẢNH ĐIỆN 13 1.1 Phương pháp ảnh điện ERT, EIT trường 14 1.1.1 Cơ sở phương pháp ảnh điện 14 1.1.2 Phương pháp đo điện trở suất chiều 18 1.1.3 Phương pháp đo IP theo miền thời gian 18 1.1.4 Phép đo theo miền tần số 20 1.1.5 Xử lý số liệu tồn dạng sóng 23 1.2 Thiết bị khảo sát ảnh điện 25 1.2.1 Thiết kế khảo sát 26 1.2.2 Thiết bị đo DC, IP, SIP 28 1.2.3 Tái tạo hình ảnh 31 1.3 Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng tới phép đo thí nghiệm trường 32 1.3.1 Ảnh hưởng điện cực 32 1.3.2 Ảnh hưởng nguồn nhiễu 34 1.3.3 Ảnh hưởng hiệu ứng ghép cặp EM 37 1.3.4 Phương pháp ước lượng DC, IP, CR 39 Kết luận chương 42 Chƣơng XÂY DỰNG THIẾT BỊ ĐO PHỔ TỔNG TRỞ CHO THÍ NGHIỆM HIỆN TRƢỜNG 43 2.1 Thiết kế, chế tạo thiết bị đo phổ tổng trở 44 2.1.1 Phần điện tử 44 2.1.2 Phần mềm thu thập liệu điều khiển 52 2.1.3 Phương pháp kiểm chuẩn - hiệu chỉnh EMCE 58 z 2.2 Đánh giá đặc trưng thiết bị 63 2.2.1 Đánh giá phịng thí nghiệm 63 2.2.2 Đánh giá trường 69 Kết luận chương 76 Chƣơng GIẢI PHÁP ỨNG DỤNG 77 3.1 Giải pháp triển khai nhanh thiết bị khảo sát địa điện ERT đa cực 77 3.1.1 Phần cứng 78 3.1.2 Phần mềm 80 3.1.3 Kiểm chuẩn 83 3.1.4 Thí nghiệm trường 85 3.1.5 Kết xử lý liệu 86 3.1.6 So sánh kết với SuperSting R1, AGI 88 Kết luận 90 3.2 Giải pháp nguồn lượng mặt trời cho thiết bị quan trắc địa điện 91 3.2.1 Đặt vấn đề 91 3.2.2 Giải pháp nguồn điện dùng lượng mặt trời 94 3.2.3 Kết thử nghiệm 95 Kết luận 96 3.3 Ước lượng mật độ phương tiện giới tham gia giao thông đường 96 3.3.1 Nhiễu địa điện phương tiện giao thông đường 96 3.3.2 Giải pháp ước lượng mật độ phương tiện qua nhiễu địa điện 101 Kết luận 107 Kết luận chương 108 KẾT LUẬN 109 DANH MỤC CƠNG TRÌNH KHOA HỌC CỦA TÁC GIẢ LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN LUẬN ÁN 112 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 113 z BẢNG VIẾT TẮT Đại lƣợng Đơn vị  - Điện trở suất .m a - điện trở suất biểu kiến .m m0 độ tích (nạp) điện mV/V mint độ tích (nạp) điện tích phân mV/V max góc pha MPA Mrad  - thời gian hồi phục Cole-Cole s c - Hệ số tần số mũ Cole-Cole c K - Geometric Factor Hệ số cấu hình cực, hệ số thiết bị Z- Tổng trở  - Ôm Y- Tổng dẫn Siemen - (mÔ) CHỮ VIẾT TẮT Giải nghĩa Chữ viết tẳt - Tiếng Anh ADC - Analog to Digital Converter Bộ chuyển đổi tương tự - số AVG - Average Trung bình BW - Band Width Băng thông CPA - Constant Phase Angle Góc pha khơng đổi CR - Complex Resistivity Điện trở suất phức CNLS - Complex Non-linear Least Square Bình phương tối thiểu phi tuyến phức DAC - Digital to Analog Converter Bộ chuyển đổi số - tương tự DAQ - Data Acquisition Bộ thu thập liệu DC - Direct current Điện chiều DCIP- Direct current Induced Polarization Điện chiều phân cực cảm ứng EEC - Electrical Equivalent Circuit Mạch điện tương đương EMCE - Electromagnetic Coupling effect Hiệu ứng ghép cặp điện từ z EMD - Electromagnetic Decoupling Tách cặp điện từ EIS - Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Phổ tổng trở EIT - Electrical Impedance Tomography Ảnh tổng trở ERT - Electrical Resistance (Resistivity) Ảnh điện trở (suất) Tomography FD - Frequency domain Miền tần số FE - Field Experiment Thí nghiệm trường, thực địa FFT - Fast Fourier Transform Biến đổi Fourier nhanh GN - Geoelectrical Noise Nhiễu địa điện IP - Induced Polarization Phân cực cảm ứng KSTĐ Khảo sát thực địa LMA - Levenberg- Marquardt Algorithm thuật toán Levenberg- Marquardt LS - Least Square Bình phương tối thiểu MSE - Mean Square Error Sai số bình phương trung SIP - Spectral Induced Polarization Phổ phân cực cảm ứng (kích thích) SSIP - Spread Spectrum Induced Phân cực cảm ứng trải phổ Polarization TD - Time Domain Miền thời gian TNHT Thí nghiệm trường TVS - Transient Voltage Suppresor Bộ dập điện độ z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 DANH MỤC CÁC HÌNH VẼ Hình 1.1 Sơ đồ nguyên lý phép đo tổng trở trường 15 Hình 1.2 Minh họa phương pháp đo TDIP 19 Hình 1.3 Minh họa phương pháp đo theo miền tần số 21 Hình 1.4 Các cấu hình điện cực thông dụng hệ số K tương ứng 27 Hình 2.1 Sơ đồ khối thiết bị đo phổ tổng trở trường 45 Hình 2.2 Sơ đồ khối thu thập số liệu DAQ DNA-AI-211 45 Hình 2.3 Sơ đồ khối hình ảnh module DAC DNA-AO-308 47 Hình 2.4 Sơ đồ khối mạch xử lý tín hiệu tương tự 48 Hình 2.5 Sơ đồ nguyên lý mạch khuếch đại cách ly AD203SN 48 Hình 2.6 Sơ đồ nguyên lý mạch ASP 49 Hình 2.7 Sơ đồ nguyên lý hình ảnh mạch nguồn cao áp 51 Hình 2.8 Hình ảnh minh họa hệ thiết bị đo phổ tổng trở trường 52 Hình 2.9 Lưu đồ thuật toán phần mềm 53 Hình 2.10 Minh họa phần mềm đo phổ tổng trở (a) giao diện, (b) sơ đồ chương trình 54 Hình 2.11 Cách tính sai số Z 57 Hình 2.12 Module ước lượng tham số Zm() 58 Hình 2.13 Sơ đồ tương đương tổng trở có tính EMCE 59 Hình 2.14 Giản đồ pha tổng trở 61 Hình 2.15 Độ lớn pha Z theo EM 62 Hình 2.16 Biên độ pha Z theo CP với R =100 Ohm 63 Hình 2.17 Minh họa thiết bị thí nghiệm 64 Hình 2.18 Nhiễu thu liệu U I 64 Hình 2.19 Đặc trưng dịng - tần số 65 Hình 2.20 Đặc trưng tải nguồn phát dòng 66 Hình 2.21 Phổ biên độ pha M 67 Hình 2.22 Phổ phổ biên độ pha Cp 67 Hình 2.23 Phổ tổng trở: biên độ (a) pha (b) trở R 68 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 Hình 2.24 Phổ tổng trở mạch RC song song 69 Hình 2.25 Thí nghiệm trường 69 Hình 2.26 Phổ nhiễu khu vực khảo sát 70 Hình 2.27 Phổ nhiễu theo trục logarit 70 Hình 2.28 Phổ FFT dòng phát hiệu điện phản hồi 71 Hình 2.29 Dữ liệu thu tồn dạng sóng tần số phát khác 72 Hình 2.30 Phổ tổng trở cấu hình Wenner  Dipole - Dipole 73 Hình 2.31 Phổ tổng trở cường độ dịng phát khác 74 Hình 2.32 Kết đo ảnh hưởng tách cáp 74 Hình 2.33 Kết hiệu chỉnh EMCE 75 Hình 3.1 Sơ đồ khối hệ ERT 78 Hình 3.2 Hình ảnh minh họa thiết bị ERT trường 80 Hình 3.3 Phần mềm GUI 83 Hình 3.4 Sơ đồ minh họa mạng điện trở chuẩn 83 Hình 3.5 Biểu đồ phân bố kết đo với điện trở chuẩn 84 Hình 3.6 Hình ảnh minh họa thí nghiệm trường 85 Hình 3.7 Kết trình xử lý liệu 87 Hình 3.8 Hai cách ước lượng điện trở suất biểu kiến 88 Hình 3.9 Kết so sánh hai thiết bị 89 Hình 3.10 Hình ảnh 2D tạo phần mềm tái tạo hình ảnh Earth Imager 90 Hình 3.11 Sơ đồ khối thiết bị nguồn tối ưu lượng mặt trời 94 Hình 3.12 Nguyên lý hoạt động nguồn tối ưu lượng 95 Hình 3.13 Phổ tương quan nhiễu điện từ ô-tô gây 97 Hình 3.14 Phổ FFT theo tốc độ vịng tua động 98 Hình 3.15 Thiết bị dùng module ADS1282 EVM sơ đồi khối 99 Hình 3.16 Nhiễu thu thập liệu 31 bit 100 Hình 3.17 TD Phổ time-FFT nhiễu địa điện 334 Nguyễn Trãi 101 Hình 3.18 Mơ tả phương pháp thiết bị ước lượng mật độ tốc độ trung bình 105 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 44 Fiandaca G., Madse, L.M and Maurya P.K (2018), "Re‐parameterisations of the Cole-Cole model for improved spectral inversion of induced polarization data", Near Surface Geophysics 16(4), pp 385-399 45 Fiandaca G., Olsson P.I., Larsen J.J., Dahlin T and Auken E (2016) "Doubling the spectrum of time-domain induced polarization by harmonic de-noising, drift/spike removal and tapered gating", 22nd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, pp 774-778 46 Flores O., Adrian G., Jakob 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