Luận văn thạc sĩ willingness to pay for the conservation of yew trees in vietnam

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF YEW TREES IN VIETNAM BY NGUYEN THANH TUAN MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, SEPTEMBER 2013 123doc UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF YEW TREES IN VIETNAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By NGUYEN THANH TUAN Academic Supervisor: DR TRUONG DANG THUY HO CHI MINH CITY, SEPTEMBER 2013 123doc Abstract Yew tree has not only value in use of wood products but also in existence of itself which provides valuable opportunities to other fields of research such as biology, chemistry, pharmacology The number of Vietnamese yew trees, however, has reduced year after year and today there are only approximately 250 natural individuals locating in Daklak, Vietnam According to the IUCN and Viet Nam Red Data Book, Vietnamese yew trees are critically endangered The subject of this research is to measure the existence value of yew trees using contingent valuation method (CVM) with single-bound dichotomous choice (DC) The study finds out that the mean WTP for conservation of Yew in Vietnam is approximately VND 73,000 per household; and household heads with different socio-economic characteristics such as age, income, occupation, and education have significantly different levels of WTP 123doc Acknowledgement I would like to thank my supervisor for his instruction and comments through my research Especially I am deeply impressed by his enthusiasm with all students working with him That is one of the motivations to help me accomplishing the thesis I also want to say thanks to all of professors, lecturers, and other people in this program Without knowledge from their classes and tutorials, my thesis cannot be possible Eventually, I would like to express my gratitude to my family, my friends, and my company who did support me during the time of studying and working on my thesis Nguyen Thanh Tuan 123doc Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 A brief history of CVM 2.2 Economic theory of CVM 10 2.3 Basic elements of CVM 12 2.4 Empirical applications 16 2.5 Empirical studies In Vietnam 17 Chapter 3: Methodology and Data 19 3.1 WTP estimation 19 3.2 Survey design 21 Chapter 4: Results and Discussions 26 Chapter 5: Conclusion 53 123doc List of tables Table 1: Survey mode 13 Table 2: Statements 33 Table 3: Response of WTP questions – at the first time 36 Table 4: Response of WTP questions – at the second time 36 Table 5: Calculated mean WTP – non-parametric estimate 43 Table 6: Definitions of variables included in the regression 44 Table 7: Results of simple regression with constant and BID 45 Table 8: Regression results 47 Table 9: Summary of parametric estimated WTPs for the case of dependent variable - Y22 51 Table 10: summary of estimated WTPs for the case of dependent variable – Y22 52 List of figures Figure 1: Distribution of respondents’ age 26 Figure 2: Cross - tabulation of marital status and group of age 27 Figure 3: Occupation by gender 28 Figure 4: Levels of education 29 Figure 5: Gender in levels of education 30 Figure 6: Distribution of reported household income 30 Figure 7: Country facing problems 31 Figure 8: Environmental issues 32 Figure 9: Ranks of proposal species 33 Figure 10: Attitude toward endangered species 34 Figure 11: Survivor function for the second time WTP question 37 Figure 12: Reasons of why respondents dislike the proposed payment vehicle – electricity surcharge 40 Figure 13: Discussion time to answer questionnaire 41 Figure 14: Survivor function after certainty adjustment for the first time WTP elicitation 42 Figure 15: Survivor function after certainty adjustment for the second time WTP elicitation 43 123doc C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Willingness to Pay for the Conservation of Yew-trees in Vietnam Chapter 1: Introduction Yew (also known as water-conifer) is - the scientific names Glyptostrobus pensilis listed in the IUCN and Vietnam red data Books as endangered situation (CR)1, and considered as the living fossil of gymnosperm industry The Decree 32/2006/NDCP of the Vietnamese government has stated that this kind of tree is classified into group IA: strictly banned from exploitation and use for commercial purposes According to the reports of Forest Protection Department (FPD) of DakLak province, this species of yew trees in the world now exists only in Ea Ral (Ea H'Leo district), Trap K'sor (Krong Nang district) and a few dozen has been scattered in Krong Buk district, DakLak province (Bao Huy, 2010) This ancient species facing extinction needs urgent solutions for propagation, conservation and development Yew wood is un-attackable to termite, warping, and fragrant Therefore, it is normally used to produce furniture, household goods, musical instruments, etc The breathing roots which are smooth, porous, and light have been used to produce cork, hat Moreover, its branches, leaves, and ripe cones are used as arthritic medications, pain reducing, and skinny tightening It also has fine grain, many patterns, and especially the longer soak in the water or mud, the shinier it is Additionally, yew shape is beautiful, then, one could grow yews for ornamentation, or for protection the coastal land from erosion Population and habitats of yew tree in Daklak, Vietnam: The number of yew currently is 255 individuals2 which only locate in Daklak province (Bao Huy, 2010) There are 219 individuals of yew in Ea Ral, Ea H’leo CR – according to classification of IUCN and Vietnam red data book, CR means critically endangered The order of classification is that Extinct (EX), Extinct in the wild (EW), Critically endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Lower risk (LR), Data deficient (DD), and Not evaluated (NE) Find more details in Vietnam Red Data Book, Part II Plants (Dang et al., 2007) According to the managers of the conserving yew tree project in Daklak for period 2011 – 2015, this number was updated as 162 individuals in Aug, 2012 Page 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Willingness to Pay for the Conservation of Yew-trees in Vietnam district; 31 individuals in Trap K’sor, Krong Nang district; and old trees in Cu Ne, Krong Buk district The existence of yew has not only meaning to itself, but also to the whole area of primary forest with biodiversity in which they locate According to Bao Huy (2010), with the biological characteristic that they have just lived in the seasonal wetlands, yews only exist in some specific areas in Vietnam or in the world With the thousand-year existence, yews and biological system in the area of conservation have been a very valuable place for researches If there is no action or intervention from the government from now, the risk of permanent loss of the thousand-year primitive forest is inevitable by the growing and strengthening effects of timber extraction and yew-wood trading activities That would be a large detriment for studies have not been done as well as the discovery of biodiversity here Figure 1C (in Appendix C) illustrates the current distribution of yew individuals in Trap Ksor (Krong Nang) Each individual has been numbered as shown in the figure The distribution is dispersed widely in a large area In Trap Ksor (Krong Nang, Daklak), on March 24, 1987 the local government of Daklak province established a Decision about scheming and forbidding Trap Ksor forest area, and identified that this zone had become a protection area of yew trees’ gene The total area is about 98.6 hectares and under the control of rangers and contractual officers The surrounding area is agricultural land, separated from the core zone by simple barbed wire The current problems with this preservation area are that there are not sufficient human resources for protection purpose, low budget (about 16 million VND per year), and long distance from here to the managerial office (10 kilometers) This explains why there are still a lot of timber extraction activities here Moreover, the agricultural activities of farmers in surrounding area have reduced the water resource that supports for growing and fire protecting of yew (Bao Huy, 2010) Page 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Willingness to Pay for the Conservation of Yew-trees in Vietnam Figure 2C (in Appendix C) describes the current distribution of yew population in Ea Ral (Ea H’leo) In comparison with population in Trap Ksor, the individuals’ location is quite close This would be a good condition in planning this area for conservation program In Ea Ral (Ea Hleo), the Yew management station has been established and under control of Ea Hleo forest protection unit (FPU) in 1994 But according to the manager, there has been not an official decision for this establishment The number of rangers here is just five persons Similarly to Trap Ksor, this lack of management gives more opportunities to illegal loggers The statistic number of FPU shows that during 2009 there have been 22 violating cases caught and prosecuted (Bao Huy, 2010) The number of yew trees in Cu Ne (Krong Buk) is just five individuals In addition, these trees are very old and without top of trees All of them locate far away from the residential area, then, the officers face many considerably difficulties in protecting activities (Bao Huy, 2010) According to scientists (Bao Huy, 2010; Tran, 2012 in Thai, 2012), the number of current yew trees is going to be reduced in the near future due to the increasing illegal logging and trading Current efforts of conserving yew tree in Daklak province: In 2011, the government of Daklak province has approved the project of conserving habitat and yew trees in DakLak for period 2011 - 2015 The project was designed with funding from the state budget and partly from the contributions of the people and the international donor organizations However, this project had not been implemented until August 2012, and at that time, only Ea Ral area was taken over by the project managers The remaining areas in Krong Buk and Krong Nang have just been handed over in March 2013 This slow procedure is due to lack of personnel and funding3 According to the project design, the Ea Ral area needs at least people on patrolling duty However, three of them are general staff, and handle concurrently Mr Phuoc – current director of Yew conservation program – answered reporter of Da Nang Polices Newspaper on May 20, 2013 Online version is available at http://cadn.com.vn/new/65_10471_-tha-p-tung-ba-u-va-t-thu-y-tu-ng.aspx Page 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Willingness to Pay for the Conservation of Yew-trees in Vietnam jobs as official and patrolling staff in reality Infrastructure and equipment are not fully equipped This has made limited in ability to protect yew populations in Ea Ral, especially patrolling activities in protected areas With flooded and marshy properties, the movement of patrol is very difficult In heavy rain conditions, this problem is even more difficult Another concerning problem is the area around the belt has not been cleared; there are many individuals of yew being on the boundary and adjacent areas of agricultural crops of the local residents Therefore, it is very easy for illegal loggers to intrude the reserves At the same time, farming operations, irrigation of the surrounding population directly affect water resources and ecological conditions of the yew populations As mentioned above the number of yew individuals in Ea Ral area was counted as 219 at the time of conducting the project research by a group of researchers from the Tay Nguyen University in 2010 However, until the project management was officially formed and accepted the transfer of management, this number is only 140 yew trees The main reason is due to destruction of illegal loggers If the loss of control is continued, there will be more individuals of yew ruined annually The reduced number of yew also means that the resource for research and breeding will decrease Reducing the number of individuals and increasing of competing species which have been dominated habitats, plus the impacts of unfavorable natural elements from the surrounding agricultural activities will directly affect the habitat of yew environment This increases the risk of loss of yew in the future Research problems In summary, the lack of resources for research and management has constrained the conservation of yew trees Moreover, the low ability and quantity of rangers make this task limited One important thing should be considered is that during 35 years the scientists who were tracking these areas did not recognize any regeneration of young yew tree by seed, just only a few plants regenerated by buds Most individual yews in these areas are old, and have a very poor growth and sparse foliage Page 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn            More details are available in Gujarati & Porter (2009, p.563) 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX C - DISTRIBUTION MAP OF YEW TREES Figure 1C: Distribution map of yew tree in Krong Nang, Daklak (Source: Bao Huy, 2010.) 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Figure 2C: Distribution map of yew tree in Ea H’leo, Daklak (Source: Bao Huy, 2010.) 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix D i Survey profile This paper employed the two-stage randomly sampling The sample size is 360 respondents with bid levels (VND 5,000; VND 15,000; VND 30,000; VND 60,000; VND 250,000; and VND 500,000) The survey was conducted in Ho Chi Minh City There were five districts randomly selected out of twenty four districts including District 4, District 7, District 10, District 12, and Tan Binh District Then, in each district five streets were randomly chosen The quota for each street is 14 questionnaires, the rest two was assigned for one of five chosen streets or another one picked up by interviewers In case that the chosen street could not be implemented, it was chosen again to replace So that, in fact there could be more than five streets for each selected district District 4: Street # 24; Street # 39; Doan Van Bo Street; Hoang Dieu Street; Ton Dan Street; Ton That Thuyet Street; Vinh Hoi Street; Vinh Khanh Street; and Xom Chieu Street District 7: Street # 1; Street # 43; Street # 47; Huynh Tan Phat Street; Nguyen Thi Thap Street; Le Van Luong Street; Ly Phuc Man Street; and Tran Xuan Soan Street District 10: 3-2 Street; Bach Ma Street; Bau Cat Street; Cuu Long Street; Dong Nai Street; Nguyen Ngoc Loc Street; Ho Ba Kien Street; To Hien Thanh Street; Thanh Thai Street; and Vinh Vien Street District 12: An Phu Dong Street; Dong Hung Thuan Street; Le Van Khuong Street; Nguyen Anh Thu Street; Nguyen Van Qua Street; Phan Van Hon Street; Song Hanh Street; Truong Chinh Street; To Ky Street; To Ngoc Van Street; and 1A High way 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Tan Binh District: Nguyen Hong Dao Street; Nguyen Thi Nho Street; Pham Van Bach Street; Le Van Si Street; Pham Van Hai Street; Hoang Hoa Tham Street; Tran Mai Ninh Street; Lac Long Quan Street; Thien Phuoc Street; and Giai Phong Street On each street, interviewers started with a random address to implement the survey The rule is that each five households, takes one, and in case of building, office, apartment it is automatically skipped This process would be finished when interviewers have got enough number of participated respondents on each street There were eight interviewers participated in the survey process All of them are students, and trained by the author for conducting survey from open-end questionnaire through the main survey They are divided into two groups; each group had a team leader having responsibility for management their group’s activities At the end of each day, interviewers reported by designed form to the leaders including feedbacks, suggestions from respondents The survey was conducted from March to May 2013 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ii The Questionnaire THE SURVEY ON OPINION ABOUT THE YEW TREES CONSERVATION IN VIETNAM Have a good day! This survey aims to find out Vietnamese opinions and some issues related to the environment, specifically the existence of the yew trees Your household is randomly selected for this survey You will be asked to give your own opinion about some issues related to economics and environment It takes approximately 45 minutes to finish the questionnaire We guarantee that your information and answers are only used in this research The main purpose of this survey is to find out your opinion about the yew trees conservation Please take notes any unclear questions We will try to answer when we come back to pick questionnaire up Certainly, you have the right to refuse joining this survey All of questions have no right or wrong answers We only want to know your true opinion We suggest that only the head of the household (husband/ wife or adult) should answer this questionnaire However, you could ask other members if you want We also recommend that you not consult your neighbor or non-member of your family to answer this questionnaire Respondent’s name: Address: 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an SECTION 1: PROBLEM FACING THE COUNTRY In your opinion, what are the THREE BIGGEST PROBLEMS facing our country today? (on the right column, write if you think it is the biggest, if it is the second biggest, and if it is the third biggest problem) Order Problem A B C D E F G H I J K Ranking (1, and 3) Economic problems (e.g., unemployment, inflation, …) Poverty Education Health Crime, violence, inequality Government and governance (corruption, poor administration, ) Infrastructure (e.g., road, water, electricity, …) Environment (e.g., climate change, air pollution, deforestation, …) Terrorism Relations with other countries (trade, ocean, …) Other (please specify): Do you think that Vietnamese environment and natural resources are properly taken care of? (Please tick your choice) Yes ߙ No ߙ Don’t know ߙ What you think are the THREE MOST IMPORTANT issues related to natural and human impact on the natural environment? (on the right column, write if you think it is the most important problem, if it is the second important problem, and if it is the third important problem) Order Natural resource and environmental problem A B C D Air pollution Water pollution Solid waste Loss of endangered species (plants and animals considered to be facing a high risk of extinction) Deforestation Traffic problems Soil erosion Enhanced greenhouse effect (reason why heat is trapped on earth) Destruction of coral reefs (loss of protective environment for marine animals) Other (please specify): E F G H I J Ranking (1, and 3) SECTION 2: ATTITUDE AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SELECTED ENDANGERED SPECIES 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an In terms of endangered species protection, which species you believe is more deserving of protection? (on the right column, place if you think it is the most important species, if it is the second important species, and if it is the third important species) Species Species rank Fokienia hodginsii21 Yew22 A D Dalbergia Tonkinensis Prain23 B Calocedrus24 E Pinus25 Dalbergia26 C F 21 http://www.vietstamp.net/forum/showthread.php?t=8466 Self – taken photo 23 https://www.google.com.vn 24 http://daitutintuc.violet.vn/entry/show/entry_id/8155150 22 25 http://www.baokhanhhoa.com.vn/xa-hoi/yte-suckhoe/201301/Vo-cay-thong-giup-phuc-hoi-chan-thuongnao-2215748/ 26 http://guitargo.vn/homepage/vi/news/Tin-tuc/Dan-guitar-lam-bang-go-gi-30/ 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Please read the following statements and give your opinion (Strongly agree/ Agree/ Indifference/ Disagree/ or Strongly disagree) Don’t worry about the answers, there is no right or wrong to these questions Statement Strongly Agree Indifferent Disagree Strongly agree disagree There are more considerable environmental problems than conservations of endangered species Poaching, exploiting, and trading endangered species should be punished by laws The conservation of endangered species should be a priority concern of the government The endangered species are important even though we not see or have an interaction with them Everybody has duty to guarantee for existence together with mankind in the future of current known plants and animals The government should increase more monetary resource to resolve the environmental programs in Vietnam The government should increase taxes to pay more for endangered species The government should pay attention to helping people before spending money on endangered species conservation High-income household should be taxed more to pay for conservation of endangered species People should contribute by cash to endangered species conservation Have you ever seen a yew tree? Yes No ߙ ߙ Yew trees have many different kinds Yes ߙ No Don’t know ߙ ߙ Some communities could obtain some still benefits from yew tree without timbering them - for example, through tourism? Yes ߙ No ߙ 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Don’t know ߙ C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an SECTION 3: THE CONSERVATION PLAN FOR YEW TREES In this section, we will provide you some information about the yew trees Yew tree Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunt) K.Koch belonged to the Taxodiaceae is a rare plant, not only in Vietnam but also in the world This kind of trees is concerned too much in term of biological researches, and in the earliest protection They have been recorded in the Vietnamese and World Red Data Books as endangered situation (EN) The Decree 32/2006/ND-CP of the government has stated that this kind of tree is classified into group IA: strictly banned from exploitation and use for commercial purposes With the historical development in million years, it has been considered as living fossil of gymnosperm industry According to researches (Nguyen & Vidal, 1996; Bao Huy, 2010; Nguyen & Thomas, 2010) the unique natural population of Yew is only in Daklak, Vietnam Beside the scientific values, Yew also has the economic values: Yew wood is un-attackable to termite, warping, and fragrant Therefore, it is normally used to produce furniture, household goods, musical instruments, etc The breathing roots which are smooth, porous, and light have been used to produce cork, hat Moreover, its branches, leaves, and ripe cones are used as arthritic medications, pain reducing, and skinny tightening It also has fine grain, many patterns, and especially the longer soak in the water or mud, the shinier it is Additionally, yew shape is beautiful, then, one could grow yews for ornamentation, or for protection the coastal land from erosion (Bao Huy, 2010) Source: Internet 27 The problems of Yew trees: In Vietnam, there are only three areas having the natural individual yew trees in Dalak province In Ea Ral, there are 14028 individuals; in Trap K’sor the number of yew is 32 29; and in Cu Ne there are some old individuals with only trunks 27 http://60s.com.vn/index/2863544/10102010.aspx; http://www.tinmoi.vn/nguy-co-cui-hoa-gan-80m3-gothuy-tung-quy-hiem-01962992.html 28 Statistical number of the project’s Board of management (1/11/2012) 29 Bao Huy (2010) “Proposal of Yew Conservation Program in Dalak from 2011 to 2015” – unpublished 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Planning strictly protected zones, ecological recovery and buffer zones for all protected areas are clarified, but have not been implemented; so it is very difficult in the conservation and development of this species Although there have been some studies of genetic individuals, populations, tissue culture, cuttings, grafting, but the actual implementation of conservation in place and displacement has not been done systematically According to Dr Bao Huy, Yew is an ancient plant, even though there is no intervention of human, the existence of Yew is no longer by the degenerative process of paleontology Moreover, it is conifer, and hard to be pollinated Its seed has no embryo for new plant generation causing the feasible risk of loss of Yew trees Therefore, it is necessary to have a scientific intervention of human if we want to conserve it The local government (Dalak province) approved the project of Yew tree conservation in Daklak province from 2011 to 2015 designed by a group of researchers in Tay Nguyen University This project is planned to be financed a part from the government’s budget and the rest will be contributed by population and charitable international organizations 30 Source: Internet The status of the project: It is proposed in 2010, but until August 2012 this project had been started Now only the Ea Ral area is managed by the board of management, the others in Krong Nang and Krong Buk have not been transferred because of the lack of budget and human resource By the time of October 2012, there are only five forest protectors; meanwhile as designed it should be at least seven employees The infrastructure, instruments have not been fully equipped This constraints the ability of Yew trees protection in Ea Ral The movement is especially important The surrounding 30 http://nld.com.vn/20100508125115417p1002c1005/san-lung-than-duoc-thuy-tung.htm; http://www.sggp.org.vn/phongsudieutra/2010/10/241372/; http://60s.com.vn/index/2863544/10102010.aspx 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an area is flooded and marshy; therefore, the controlling patrol is very difficult In heavy rain conditions, this problem is even more difficult Another concerning problem is the area around the belt has not been cleared; there are many individuals of yew being on the boundary and adjacent areas of agricultural crops of the local residents Therefore, it is very easy for illegal loggers to intrude the reserves At the same time, farming operations, irrigation of the surrounding population directly affect water resources and ecological conditions of the yew populations As mentioned above the number of yew individuals in Ea Ral area was counted as 219 at the time of conducting the project research in 2010 However, until the project management was officially formed and accepted the transfer of management, this number is only 140 yew trees The main reason is due to destruction of illegal loggers If the loss of control is continued, there will be more individuals of yew ruined annually The reduced number of yew also means that the resource for research and breeding will decrease Reducing the number of individuals and increasing of competing species which have been dominated habitats, plus the impacts of unfavorable natural elements from the surrounding agricultural Source: Internet 31 activities will directly affect the habitat of yew environment This increases the risk of loss of yew in the future Now we would like to ask you about information of Yew trees in Vietnam Yew trees have not much economic value Yes ߙ No ߙ Don’t know ߙ 10 In Daklak, Yew trees now are in (choose only one answer) Order Krong Nang Ea Hleo Krong Buk All of them 31 http://60s.com.vn/index/2863544/10102010.aspx; http://www.godep.asia/index.php?catid=35:tinmi&id=86:thy-tung-tit-chng&option=com_content&view=article 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 11 The number of Yew trees in Ea Ral (Ea Hleo) is 100 individuals 140 individuals ߙ ߙ 200 individuals ߙ 12 The Daklak’s project of Yew and habitat conservation has been conducted in Krong Nang Ea Hleo Both districts ߙ ߙ ߙ 13 The Daklak’s project of Yew and habitat conservation has been efficiently implemented Yes No Don’t know ߙ ߙ ߙ 14 Yew species will be extinct if there is no more efficient measures Yes No ߙ ߙ Don’t know ߙ Now we will introduce to you a Yew trees conservation program that could remain the existence of Vietnamese yew trees The Yew trees conservation program remaining the existence of Vietnamese Yew trees based on the following measures: - Planning the conservation area: releasing the surrounding agricultural land to create the buffer zones Zoning the strictly protected areas for Yew and the current habitat; the areas for ecological recreation (existing forest-covered area without Yew) to bring new plants resulted from clonal generation to planting, or to regenerate the new breathing roots by silvicultural intervention; and the administrative area for management and experimental research faculties - Creating the management and protection system - Building the infrastructure: including basic construction for working area of management; roads and concrete barrier surrounding the two conservation areas; three protection stations in three conservation areas; and for other activities - Protection activities, research, and implementing conservation measures: equipping vehicles, equipment, and support tools for patrol employees to be on duty 24/24 Conducting research activities for Yew propagation: tissue culture, cutting, grafting; regenerating from breathing roots’ buds or Yew seeding; seeding germination, supporting and local plants in the buffer zones; planting Yew in the ecological recreation Beside this, another program also will be conducted to improve the knowledge of people living around these areas about the conservation of this endangered species The expected results: - Protecting the integrity habitat and Yew from the unfavorable activities of human: illegal exploitation (theft, destruction, digging roots,…); agricultural farming impacts the water resource and environment; … - Successfully implementing the Yew propagation; planting Yew forest and natural habitats According to researchers, this program can remain the existence of Yew trees However, it needs a considerable budget 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Now we’d like to find out if your household would have willingness to contribute to the conservation of Vietnamese Yew by paying some money to the fund The purpose of this survey is to identify if people in Vietnam would be willing to contribute to fund making it worthwhile The proposal payment here is a surcharge in monthly electricity bill; and it is a one-time payment This means that your electricity bill in the next month could be added a surcharge; and this would be applied to all households in Vietnam The whole amount of money will be transferred to the fund of conservation program Supposing that this program would just been conducted if almost Vietnamese people vote for it Please take note that this survey is only aimed to find out your opinion about this problem and there is not an actual referendum However, we are surely interested in finding what and how could you vote for this program if a referendum did take place in our country There is a normal behavior that researchers have identified; people usually say “yes” when they are asked to vote for a proposal program; but they change the answer when the program is actually implemented (voting against) It is also stated that people are easy to vote for a program when it is unreal and not care much about the means of their answers Therefore, please try to tell us how you think you would really vote in an actual referendum Please vote for the program only if you are really willing to pay the adding amount Suppose that in the next month, everyone has to pay a surcharge that was 15 Would you vote in favor of a surcharge that would be added to the electricity bills of your household and of other households in this country Remember that the surcharge is a one-time payment and would be added to your next month electricity bill The money raised would be transferred to the Vietnamese yew trees conservation program described above Yes go to question 19 ߙ No go to question 16 ߙ 16 What are the reasons why you did not vote for the program? Please tick the most appropriate answers (limit to answers) I cannot afford this amount I not believe that the money I pay will actually be used for yew conservation I not like adding the amount to my electricity bill I not think conservation of yew trees is worth doing I prefer giving money to humanitarian cause instead I think that other species are more important than yew trees Majority of the poor will be affected Only people who will directly benefit from yew tree conservation should pay for Only those from higher income groups should pay for this Others (please specify) 123doc Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn