The effects of female empowerment in creating a non male dominant political system in international relations graduation paper

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES -INFORMATION DEPARTMENT GRADUATION OF INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RELATIONS PAPER THE EFFECTS OF FEMALE EMPOWERMENT IN CREATING A NON-MALE-DOMINANT POLITICAL SYSTEM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS By TRAN ANH THU' - 14DH700211 Advised by PHAM THl YEN, Ph.D HO CHI MINH CITY, JULY 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to dedicate my special thank to Mr YG Qu6c Anh, to my wonderful lecturers of HUFLIT, and my amazing teachers from Department of International Relations (DIR) for educating me through my years of college Your devotion and enthusiasm have guided me through new knowledge, which has prepared me for the final graduation paper I am so thankful to be studying in DIR, and to be your student • Thank you Ms Phc;tm Thj Yen for your dedication I am truly thankful for being advised by you through the process of this paper I could not have done it without your knowledge and patience Your high standard has encouraged me to accomplish this final task of my university life, and for that I am grateful for being the lucky student who is instructed by you Thank you for believing in me and not giving up on me The process of completing this graduation paper yet challenging, but I have made it through with your mental support Mommy Even though you might not understand all what is written here, but I believe that you will understand the efforts that I have put into it, to achieve the final result, is to make you and Grandma proud Thank you Mommy for being my Mom To my QH1402-1 and NG1501 fellows, you guys have made my "uni life" as wonderful as it can be Thank you for all the friendships and support during our classes I have learnt a lot from you and I could not be more thankful to study with such talented people Especially thanks to my "study buddy" Tram YG and "team leader" Y~n D6, for just being there for me I have successfully gone through tough time while studying here, because of you My gorgeous time at HUFLIT is about to end, but sad I won't be as I know, it will end with laughter and joy ABSTRACT Female empowerment or women's empowerment can be understood as the process of giving women trust about themselves, raising their awareness along with creating fair opportunities for both genders in order to achieve equality Throughout this process, women get to know their ability in making impact and also to contribute to their society When being put in the political context, female empowerment means no difference The paper focuses on analyzing how female empowerment affects on creating a gender-base balance political system with the increasing involvement of women The result shows a significant outcome of the decrease in gender gap between sexes worldwide, along with the rise of women's engagement in political work particularly and other aspects generally The paper as well proposes suggestions on generating occasions for female development at analyzing levels from individual to international There is a promising future predicted for women with chances of progressive growth EXAMINER'S COMMENTS ~~- - - - ~~~~~~~~~~ - TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgement Abstract Examiner's Comments Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 The significance of doing this research 11 1.3 Objectives 12 1.4 Definitions of Terms 13 1.5 Scopes 13 1.6 Theoretical Framework 14 1.7 Hypothesis 15 1.8 Limitation 15 1.9 Organization 16 Chapter 2: Literature Review 17 1.1 Review of related literature and studies 17 1.1.1 Related literature 17 1.1.2 Related studies 21 1.2 Some comments on related literature and studies 26 Chapter 3: Theoretical and practical frameworl{ in assessing the effects of female empowerment in creating a non-male-dominant Relations 29 3.1 Theoretical 3.2 Practical political system in International fralnework framework 3.2.1 Masculine model of politics 29 38 39 3.2.2 Current status of female development 43 Chapter 4: The effects of female empowerment in creating a non-male-dominant political system in International Relations 60 4.1 The effects of female empowerment in general 4.2 The effects of female empowerment in creating a non-male-dominant 60 political system in International Relations 66 4.3 Suggestions 78 Conclusion 87 Reference 90 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Women have always been seen as a weaker gender compared to man, a gender that was born not to lead the world but to serve the world For centuries, roles of women have been underestimated even if they are in a family context or a social context A girl when is expected to be a nice daughter to her family, a good mom to her kids and an obedient wife to her husband The values of women are tightly attached to men and men will be the one to define a lady's value In different cultures, the underestimation for women could be different, but still stays the same that women should be submitted to men For example, in Asia, the social norm says that women should be the one who build home and male builds the house This shows the opinions that women should be inside the house and the women's job, for men they can be outside and all the social work On the other hand, in Western cultures for example, even though the gender equality might seem different, but they are actually the same When a woman it is married to a man, she has to change her last name into her husband's last name Therefore, the display could be different compared to other cultures, but the value that is rooted with this problem stays the same The women is always considered the subject that is always belonged to another one, in this particular situation it is men However, from the 19th century women started to realize the basic rights and equality that they could achieve just like their male co-workers Women started fights for what could to support decreasing the gender gap that was still taking place in that time All the initial attempts were not easy to accomplished Accordingly, with all the efforts that women's across the globe, and through out centuries have put into, the situation began to change rapidly until today After centuries and decades, after hundreds of revolutions or fights for their own rights, society's concept about women is now loosen up Women are now seen in more academic field such as Mathematics, Engineering or Astrology Girls are now allowed to go to school and more women are attending higher education Women can now work in men's fields such as Construction, Power Industry or even Politics What is seen today has been made for years of dedication and fighting for what is believed right With all the achievements that the word has witnessed, women regardless their background can actually complete things effectively and creatively, the effort will be challenging but eventually disregarding region, modern or rural area, women will be seen equally compared to man In order to further boost the development of women, educational background should be seriously considered The writer believes that this playa vital role in shaping the mind sets of a woman This does not mean that higher education will bring a more modern set of mind However, with the ability and the opportunities to access to the knowledge of the world, the women can give themselves a chance and more options to think about what might fit her the most One of the problems that women are experiencing is feeling good and accepting to stop at some level of education This in fact depends on the orientation and desire of women in their academic affairs Nonetheless, what to mention is one of the reasons why a woman decides to stop is because herself believes that women not need to reach for too high of education This pause takes away opportunities for a woman who can develop at a higher level and does not give her the opportunity to access to more choices From there all the choices of a woman begin to surround the basic requirements that the society imposes on a woman, such as getting married at a certain age, bear child and work at home, take care of and help the family This can be proved as a closed loop of an underdeveloped society when women are not encouraged to continue pursuing professional education but must stop at any level to ensure the values given by the society This thought is thought only happen with the previous generation, is now happening to Millennials Generation, or Gen Y The reason is that the speed of social development is so fast, but the growth rate of some cannot keep up with that speed, thus leading to the negative situations of young people, specifically women Young women might easily make decisions based on the trend, ignoring the values and beliefs from within For example, many young people believe in a life that does not require hard of working or serious labor but can still obtains asset This leads to the result of a part of young women believe that their value depends on the men who can bring wealth and property Their values are now not determined by their educational level or perspective on life, but decided by a man, which somehow shows that women's empowerment is not really focused on and developed in many pmis of the world Women still believe that their value must be based on the value of a man they go with, not determined by themselves From this reason many women have given up on pursuing the abilities of theirs and choose to believe that jobs that require highly skilled workers or strong determination are male-dominant One of those jobs that are considered male-dominant is Politician From the past until now, most of the politicians are men Following Chinese history, Wu Zetian is the only woman who of the highest status of a country In the history of Vietnam, Hai Ba Trung were the ones who were brave and knew how to fight and take what belongs to them History in the world also recognized at time very few figures about a past that women who were the heads of a nation During the latter-modern era this still continued as a demonstration of true politics as a playground only for men According to them women are often dominated by feelings and emotions rather than reason and critical thinking while political work is a job that requires a strong mindset in philosophy as well as a finn and resolute decision in all matters Therefore, women are often beaten in this field However, entering the 21st century status is getting better for women who want to embark on the political path More female Heads of State or Heads of Government have shown up The representatives are Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany, Theresa May, former Prime Minister of England or Jacinda Ardern, New Zealand and also the world's youngest Prime Minister From Asia, there are Bidhya Devi Bhandari from Nepal, the first ever woman to run the office, or Corazon Aquino, the first Asia female president, who was also representing The Philippines Women all over the world are now being seen more in political office, which is a good signal for decreasing and erasing the gap that has been taking place in this field With the development of society, economy, of cultural and educational exchange and other aspects of life, this perspective on a woman in a radical society has improved, supply a great impact on the role of people in society Female women in political systems, because of this development that women themselves began to trust more on the ability to work in this used to be ruled by male Therefore, in general, empowering women and building a society in which women and men are equal in terms of awareness and wage fairness is improving well in the 21 st century In terms of participation in politics, women are braver in nominating themselves as well as nominating other capable women into the political apparatus This shows that the democracy and freedom that a political institution can achieve based on gender and gender equality is absolutely possible In this 21 st century, many women have become famous politicians and being heads of government apparatus of a nation This is a good signal not only for the political industry in particular, but for all other social sciences in general However, there are still many shortcomings as well as drawbacks not only from the society around women but also from the women themselves about their values, In order to alternate this issue and generate more social value, the efforts require the best dedications of all government departments and agencies as well as organizations wishing to bring about a positive change for society, upgrade a woman's consciousness about her own ability and positive changes In the end, it will bring positive contributions to the development of the country in general and the world in particular when all the labor forces in society are used and respected fairly, all human resources are utilized in the most effective and practical way 10 foundation for continuing to participate in political activities at all levels Furthermore, the writer suggest a certain quota of 35 to 40 percent of women in parliament seats in the next National Assembly or tenure as a target to be achieved by nations With the rapid growth of men and women percentage, it could be unrealistic for a sudden high target Moreover, a completely tilted percentage to women's presence will again cause imbalance, this time is on the male side Therefore, the writer would suggest with the gradual attempt and increase of quota every term, until nations reach the result of relatively equal number of parliament seats for both sexes The contribution of both sides will contribute greatly to the development of a state, as specialized skills and knowledge from each side will cover for the other's lack Women with their flexibility and concern for details will support men's vision of national power and security The resonance of two sides lead the best result possible for the general, more than just the participation from one One of the next points to be noted is the policy that supports married and pregnant women The fact has shown that many women who have attended high levels of education and have participated in high positions in ministries, departments and organizations, work is eventually interrupted due to the duties for children and family care Therefore, the writer would offer strengthening policies to support women during pregnancy and postparium so that they can continue to participate in their professional activities The help from government policies, along with the regulations of the enterprise will create a basis and good groundwork for women to be able to participate in their skillful exercises in society, but can still manage time to take care of her family base on her interests In addition to government policies, departments relationships must also work harder to build on the goal of mutual support, namely assistance for the development of feminism In order to achieve success in the issue of female empowerment, exercises from parties cannot be missed Hence, under the direction of the government, departments and agencies work together to create the best conditions for women at work in the process of 83 - - laboring One of the tasks of this coordination as well as strengthening government policies is to improve opportunities and awareness for women in upland and rural areas It can be said that the gap between awareness levels of women in each region is still quite large Accordingly, in order to raise the consciousness' of women, one of the urgent tasks is to reduce the distance in thinking Governments and agencies can support women in rural highlands by giving them access to education, even higher education Besides, facilitating them to be exposed to various dimensions of information, thereby enriching their knowledge As at the individual level, self-awareness of women is one of the important aspects to be taken care of Therefore, in order to reduce regional gaps in terms of awareness, the government likewise and depmiments gIve opportunities need to create propaganda for highland programs to raise awareness, and rural women to study and practice on development Besides, creating job opportunities for them not only in the factories, but also in other areas that they can choose At time when the level of awareness is improved, the gap between qualification and social knowledge between regions will be narrowed As a result, women's empowerment will be upgraded Contributing at a momentous stage is the international level, a crucial standard of cooperation for creating a non-male-dominant political system in international relations Precisely, the role of awareness on the importance of NGOs/IGOs should be enhanced This is in line with Liberalism's view that the organizations and individuals beside state as international actors also playa huge role in international relations For example, the United Nations and their action programs have had a huge impact, prompting nations to embark on building a better society for the people SOGs are a concrete example of the goals that gender equality is one of them Countries and organizations from this theoretical basis have practiced many programs to improve and achieve SOGs in 2030 Therefore, the role ofNGOs/IGOs in cooperation and development to fulfill tasks of protecting human rights, specifically the 84 - - rights of women are indispensible NGOs/IGOs besides the presence of countries will create a good incentive to cooperate and then achieve peace and prosperity NGOs/IGOs will also be the reminders and motivators for countries to work in the sector to achieve goals that benefit the community and states Moreover, in addition to well-known NGOs/IGOs, there is a need to accentuate the support for NGOs/IGOs, who have also been working to promote a better society Countries can accompany these organizations to name action plans in order to build a great impact on changing the current status of the world Moreover, there should be a forum to create opportunities for female ministers as well as female heads of state to have opportunities to meet and interact This forum can take place annually or periodically every two years based on the needs of the forum members The female ministers and women heads of state will meet and share achievements in the country This creates opportunities for them to exchange and learn from each other in their main experience of serve the nation At the same time, through these forums, it is also an 0ppOliunity for members to find better ideas for building a political system that creates more chances for women, for their participation in political work a fair assessment like men Such forum is a good time opportunity for those with a high level of political education and solid awareness to create a community network, in which other women will also be inspired and then choose for themselves the direction of future expertise At the same time, creating chances for female ministers and heads to meet is also a way for countries to maintain vivid diplomatic relations with each other through the flexibility, softness and dexterity in diplomatic matters of a female leader The writer believes that such forum will be a good room for enhancing the image of the participants interaction of the countries themselves, also for the image and with other member states This resonant interaction will contribute to creating a world political system where countries can aim for peace and cooperation 85 Finally, at the international level, it is possible to enhance the position of women not only in politics, international relations but also in any tield with the organization of campaigns in improving male and female rights These campaigns, although in some countries are only at the level of propaganda, the writer consumes that improving the awareness and concepts of men and women equality is an initial step when solving this issue as a whole Contributing to the tirst step is the final result of a society that truly has the equal proportion of men and women in the labor force, so is the high position in the apparatuses In addition, the process needs to start from building consciousness Thus, this awareness campaign on equality issues is a concrete foundation for building longer-term campaigns in the empowerment of women However, it should be noted, as the writer mentioned in the previous sections, that it is not to focus on women but abandon the role of men It is necessary to develop a strategy in which the values of men and women are equally assessed At the present time, due to the wide disparity in feminist issues, when it comes to women's empowerment, the negative view is often how to overcome men Nonetheless, the point that needs to be clarified is that empowerment of women is for both women and men to achieve the same rights without any side having it more advantageous This to be accomplished requires cooperation and contribution of countries and NGOs/IGOs collaboration Today's cross-border is no strange to many areas from economy, military, defense to education Therefore, this association will continue to bring positive and significant contributions to fulfilling the mission of empowering women at the international level in creating a non-maledominant political system 86 • - CONCLUSION To reVIew, the article has synthesized the theories on the basis of international relations doctrines in explaining the existence of male and female inequality and measuring actions of nations in solving this problem Feminism has been used to explain the foundation for the birth of feminist struggles On that basis, theories support women with participating in the political system, which underlies for women's actual activities in this area Continuing with the encouragement of Feminism, Liberalism also points out the assumption that highlights the role of individuals in forming interactions in the international relations system Besides, it also emphasizes the role of organizations in bringing the value of contributions equally compared to national actors in international relations activities This illustrates the vital assistance and collaborative activities needed between countries and organizations in bringing more opportunities for women In addition, Constructivism provides opinions on the acts of countries that are formed based on the identity and culture of each nation At the same time, it shows the correlation and groundwork in cultivating national policies and styles, based on the charisma of leaders This is the assumption that helps achievement of proving female leadership brings positive changes in flexibility and adaptation In addition to theoretical foundations, practical framework about masculine model of politics has given the writer opportunity to have a multidimensional perspective on women's empowerment Since then, the writer has exploited current situation in the world, the performance of nations towards eliminating the gap between men and women These practical bases are premises for the writer to better evaluate the impact of women's empowerment on the creation of equal political systems for men and women, thereby giving appropriate suggestions for promoting the inherent potential of women With the use of all theoretical and practical frameworks, the writer has been able to draw conclusion for the roles of women in reality Women has contributed hard and their dedication is more and more respected worldwide The needed 87 roles of theirs in life are unarguable and indispensible In politics, female politicians have contributed much to the development of their nation, their region and also their international political system Their work has brought peace and prosperity in cooperation for involved members In addition to that, this shows the care for female empowerment has been more and more maintained, started from previous centuries Especially in 2151 century, the interests for female empowerment are highly boosted when the majority now recognizes the importance of women's right and their work in society More than just giving quality opportunities for women, female empowerment has brought changes to the positive side of progression of nations in different facets This has truly helped perceive prosperity and maintain peace for nations Moreover, female empowerment does have vigorous effects on achieving a non-maledominant political system in international relations First to be mentioned at consciousness aspect, female empowerment has positively improved people, especially women's concepts about their values and wOlth This can be seen as the most crucial level for this generates the will and determination for women to pursue politics as a career The awareness has put solid advertence for female in deciding their professional path Secondly, female empowerment has created evens and opportunities for parties to contribute more in building a better environment, for everyone This leads to a more democratic contexture where citizens have the right to 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