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HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH -o0o - HOANG LE PHUONG DUNG CULTURAL FACTORS IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH MOVIE TITLES INTO VIETNAMESE ON FPTPLAY MOVIE STREAMING SITE GRADUATION RESEARCH PAPER Hue, Academic Years: 2016-2020 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ HUẾ KHOA TIẾNG ANH NHỮNG YẾU TỐ VĂN HÓA TRONG VIỆC DỊCH CÁC TỰA PHIM TIẾNG ANH SANG TIẾNG VIỆT TRÊN TRANG WEB CHIẾU PHIM TRỰC TUYẾN FPTPLAY Tên sinh viên: HOÀNG LÊ PHƯƠNG DUNG Mã số sinh viên: 16F7511018 Lớp: AnhK13A Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Ths Trương Khánh Mỹ HUẾ 2020 COMMITMENT I, Hoang Le Phuong Dung, confirm that the work for the following term paper with the title: “CULTURAL FACTORS IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH MOVIE TITLES INTO VIETNAMESE ON FPTPLAY MOVIE STREAMING SITE” was solely undertaken by myself and that no help was provided from other sources as those allowed All sections of the paper that use quotes or describe an argument or concept developed by another author have been referenced, including all secondary literature used, to show that this material has been adopted to support my thesis Hue, June 2020 i ABSTRACT This research investigates the cultural factors in English movie titles, and the strategies commonly employed in translating these titles into Vietnamese Content analysis was adopted in this qualitative study The frameworks of the translation strategy (Baker, 1992) and (Newmark, 1988) were employed for discussion The classifications of English movie titles were analyzed Then, some cultural aspects that influenced the use of strategies were described, and a lot of examples were provided to illustrate these points Some cultural aspects were presented in this thesis: 1) historical aspects, 2) material aspects, 3) customs and traditions aspects, 4) religious aspects By combining translation methods (Newmark, 1988) and translation strategies with non-equivalence (Baker, 1992), the researcher suggested five main strategies to translate English movie titles: 1) keeping the original title, 2) literal translation, 3) explication, 4) adaption, 5) providing a new title Above all, these suggested strategies can be used by learners to overcome difficulties arising and help enhance cultural awareness when translating an English movie title ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research has been accomplished with the support of many remarkable persons First of all, my great gratitude goes to my supervisor, Ms Truong Khanh My, Master and lecturer of English Department, Hue University of Foreign Languages for her enthusiastic guidance, very helpful ideas and instructions for the preparation and her corrections during the completion of this thesis I would like to express my thankfulness to my fond teachers and classmates at English Department, Hue University of Foreign Languages for their constructive ideas, valuable encouragement as well as necessary suggestions for my work Last but not least, I wish to express my thanks to my family for their generosity and encouragement as well as have always been by my side throughout these years Hoàng Lê Phương Dung Hue, June 2020 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the research .1 1.2 Research topic 1.3 Aims of the research 1.4 Scope of the research .3 1.5 Research questions 1.6 Structure of the research .3 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW .5 2.1 Overview of key terms .5 2.1.1 Definition of movie title .5 2.1.2 Definitions of culture 2.1.3 Aspects of culture 2.1.4 Definitions of translation 2.2 Translation methods 10 2.2.1 Methods closet to the source language .11 2.2.2 Methods closet to the target language 12 2.3 Translation strategies with non-equivalence .14 2.3.1 At word level 14 2.3.2 Idioms and set expressions 18 2.4 Features of Vietnamese and English movie titles .18 2.4.1 In terms of form 18 2.4.2 In terms of style 19 iv 2.4.3 In terms of aesthetic and thinking modes 20 2.5 Related studies on the subject .21 2.5.1 Studies in other countries 21 2.5.2 Studies in Vietnam .22 2.5.3 Gaps in the literature 23 2.6 Summary .24 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Research method 25 3.2.1 Research tools and procedures 25 3.2.2 Research sites 26 3.3 Sampling procedures 27 3.3.1 Research samples 27 3.3.2 Sampling procedures 27 3.4 Analysis procedures .27 CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 28 4.1 English movie title classifications 28 4.1.1 Take people’s name as movie title (21%) 28 4.1.2 Take ‘time’ as movie title (4%) 29 4.1.3 Take ‘setting’ as movie title (13%) 29 4.1.4 Take plot or clue as movie title (43%) 30 4.1.5 Take theme as movie title (19%) .31 4.2 Cultural aspects in English movie titles .31 4.2.1 Historical aspects .31 v 4.2.2 Material aspects .33 4.2.3 Customs and traditions aspects 34 4.2.4 Religious aspects 36 4.3 Suggested translation strategies for English movie titles 37 4.3.1 Keeping the original title 37 4.3.2 Literal translation 38 4.3.3 Explication 41 4.3.4 Adaptation 43 4.3.5 Providing a new title 46 4.4 Summary .49 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 50 5.1 Summary of key findings 50 5.2 Implications 51 5.3 Limitations 51 5.4 Recommendation for further studies 52 REFERENCES 53 APPENDIX - - vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: The proportion of English titles on Fptplay belonging to five major movie title classifications 28 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CIA Central Intelligence Agency EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration UK the United Kingdom US the United States of America viii original title is only suitable for someone expert in British music and culture, for most Vietnamese people, the version “Huyền Thoại Ngôi Sao Nhạc Rock” (Legend of Rock Star) is easier to understand Example 2: The movie “Exodus: Gods and Kings”, as mentioned before, is inspired by the biblical episode of The Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt led by Moses and related in the Book of Exodus The movie revolves around the struggle of the hero Moses, who led the way to rescue 400,000 Jewish slaves from Egypt’s Pharaoh Due to the differences in religious culture, Vietnamese people hardly know about the Book of Exodus The only way to make the title understandable is to providing a new title based on plot of movie Vietnamese version can be “Cuộc chiến chống lại Pha-Ra-Ông” (The battle against Pharaoh) Example 3: The movie “Hacksaw Ridge” focuses on the World War II experiences of Desmond Doss, an American pacifist combat medic who, as a Seventh-day Adventist Christian, refused to carry or use a weapon or firearm of any kinds Instead of keeping the original title about an unknown place to Vietnamese audiences as Hacksaw ridge, translators can take descriptions of the main character in the movie as its title The new title can be “Người hùng không súng” (A hero without weapon) Example 4: “Selma” is based on the 1965 Selma to Montgomery voting rights marches led by James Bevel, Hosea Williams, Martin Luther King Jr., and John Lewis in order to claim the basic rights for African-Americans When it comes to ‘Selma’, only a small amount of Vietnamese people can have association with that event, others may not even know whether Selma is a name of person or location It is obvious that such an obscure title is difficult to attract audiences There is no need to dwell on thinking to choose a new title suitable for the movie’s content, because on the original movie poster, aside from the main title, there is a subtitle “One dream can change the world” Translating literally the subtitle into “Giấc mơ thay đổi giới” to use as the movie’s main title in the Vietnamese version is also a good idea 47 Example 5: “Noah” is inspired by the Biblical story of Noah’s Ark from the Book of Genesis It is about the vessel in the Genesis flood through which God spares Noah, his family, and examples of all the world’s animals from a world- engulfing flood In Vietnamese culture, when it comes to Noah, almost only Catholics will know the story of Noah’s Ark from the Book of Genesis Therefore, instead of translating into “Con tàu Nô-ê” (Noah’s Ark), the version “Đại hồng thủy” (worldengulfing flood) will make more Vietnamese people understand what the movie is about Example 6: “Epic” is a movie based loosely on William Joyce’s 1996 children’s book: The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs The movie is about a young girl who finds herself in the depths of the jungle with the Little people In the midst of a battle between Good and Bad, she and the residents of this strange land fight to save their world and her own The title “Epic” is too short and vague to appeal to Vietnamese audiences, especially children, the audiences whom the movie is towards Therefore, based on the plot, translators can create a new title as “Trận Hùng Chiến Xứ Sở Lá Cây” (Battle in the land of the Leaf) Example 7: “The Hurt Locker” is a 2008 American war thriller drama movie following an Iraq War Explosive Ordnance Disposal team who are targeted by insurgents, and shows their psychological reactions to the stress of combat According to the writer-producer Mark Boal “hurt locker” is a military slang that means a bad and painful place He said during an interview that “EOD soldiers use it as a form of poetic understatement: If an improvised explosive device goes off while you’re trying to disarm it, the ‘hurt locker’ is likely to mean a white box draped in a flag and shipped home with full military honors” With this military slang, it is impossible to keep the original title, translate it literally, explicate or adapt it In order to make the title become more familiar with Vietnamese audiences as well as convey the movie genre and a part of the movie’s message, providing a new title is inevitable Fptplay has come up with a fairly suitable title that is “Chiến dịch sói sa mạc” (Desert wolf campaign) because the wolf is a symbol of teamwork, courage, and discipline, 48 while the ‘Desert wolf’ symbolizes firepower and endurance in all the harshest cases of life There are some following English movie titles and their Vietnamese new titles: “The Lighthouse”- Ánh Sáng Tăm Tối (Dark Light); “The Secret Life of Pets”Đẳng Cấp Thú Cưng (Pet’s Caste); “The Shape of Water”: Người Đẹp Thuỷ Quái (Beauty and the Water Monster); “Calvary”: Niềm Đau (Pain); etc 4.4 Summary In this chapter, the researcher listed out five movie title classifications, including taking people’s name as movie title, taking ‘time’ as movie title, taking ‘setting’ as movie title, taking plot or clue as movie title, and taking theme as movie title Beside, some English movie titles on which cultural aspects reflected were also taken as examples In the final part, the researcher discussed and made recommendations on five key strategies for translating English movie titles into Vietnamese which are the combination of translation strategies from Baker (1992) and translation methods from Newmark (1988) In general, there is no optimal strategy for all translators to implement and for titles to be translated It would be the best if those five strategies discussed above were put into practice in a flexible and creative way 49 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of key findings This thesis has presented basic points related to English movie title translation First of all, readers have been provided with movie title classifications In general, depending on the movie message, the producers named their movie by taking people’s name, ‘setting’, ‘time’, theme, plot or clue as title In addition, cultural aspects in English movie title, namely historical aspects, material aspects, customs and traditions aspects as well as religious aspects were also given It showed that a good translation needs to convey the cultural factors of English-speaking countries to Vietnamese audiences through the movie title Then, major strategies were suggested as general guidelines for various relevant subjects, namely keeping the original title, literal translation, explication, adaptation, and providing a new title Furthermore, there were some minor strategies, namely translating by a more specific word, translating by using a paraphrase, translating by using loan word plus explanation, translating by cultural substitute as well as using an idiom or a set expression of similar meaning and form and using an idiom or a set expression of similar meaning but dissimilar form used to support those major strategies In short, movie title translation includes many complicated factors It depends on the content of movies, the psychology of the audiences, and some other factors From what was discussed above, it can be concluded that movie title translation is closely related to cultural factors in language Without the cultural knowledge, it is difficult to translate from English into Vietnamese accurately Only by bearing in mind the cultural factors, combination of commercial and aesthetic effects as well as employing strategies appropriate to different titles, can translators a better job when translating English movie titles Advantages and disadvantages of each strategy as well as their application has been pointed out in the chapter IV 107 English movie titles translated into Vietnam on Fptplay movie streaming site were listed and 50 discussed in order to make strategies clearer and more persuasive to allow the reader a holistic and integrated view of the findings 5.2 Implications Movie translation is not a simple matter, particularly movie title translation is not an easy job to deal with In order to produce an intriguing title, it is necessary to have both responsibility and creativeness from translators This thesis could be useful to students who are doing part-time job involved movie subtitle translation or might be prospective movie translators in the future To be more specific, it can help students comprehend the importance of a movie title, the right understanding of cultural factors in the title as well as the best strategies to translate a movie title from English into Vietnamese Thanks to it, the students’ capacity of absorbing artistic and cultural values of movie could be enhanced, and then deepening their love for translation and culture in general and movie translation in particular Hopefully, the number of successful translated titles will be on the rise to satisfy more and more movie fans, in addition, Vietnamese movie industry will develop rapidly to create a better chance of studying the Vietnamese-English movie title translation 5.3 Limitations In spite of the findings above, a 50-page research is unable to wrap up all cultural aspects of movie title translation and present every point in detail There are several points that the researcher has desired to mention before getting to work on her research However, she has to leave them behind due to the scope and limited time of the research Firstly, 107 movie titles on Fptplay movie streaming site seem not to be enough for suggested strategies to be analyzed deeply and comprehensively Secondly, other cultural factors, such as cultural values between Western and Eastern countries have not studied yet Finally, the researcher cannot contact the movie translators who translate English movies shown on TV or movie streaming sites to carry out a survey, as it needs much time and relationship to deliver the questionnaire 51 5.4 Recommendation for further studies The research gives an analytical and critical account of cultural aspects and translation strategies used in translating movie titles from English into Vietnamese Other studies are, therefore, expected to go further on other aspects of translation and culture First of all, instead of only studying cultural aspects in English movie titles, further research is needed to work out whether cultural values are directly reflected on English movie title translation Secondly, with the Vietnamese cinema’s development, a study on cultural aspects in translating movie titles from Vietnamese into English can be necessary Translation of song lyrics from English into Vietnamese also seems to be an interesting subject to research Finally, other researchers can delve deep into some well-known art works from English into Vietnamese in order to have an in-depth study of Western culture 52 REFERENCES Ahmed, L A A., & El-Khatee, S M (2012) Change of Local Culture after the 25th Revolution and its Impact on Environmental Awareness Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 997-1017 Bai, Z (2018) On translation strategies of English movie titles Journal of Language Teaching and Research, (1), 119–124 Baker, M (1992) In Other Words: A course book on translation London and New York: Routledge Bui, T B & Dang, X T (1999) Interpreting and Translation Course Book Nhà xuất giáo dục Condon, E C (1973) Introduction to cross cultural communication Rutgers University Crabtree, D (1993) The importance of history Retrieved February, 25, 2008 Kelan, L & Wei, X (2006) On English and Chinese Movie Title Translation/ La Traduction Des Titres Des Films Chinois Et Anglais Canadian Social Science, (2), 75–81 Larry, A (1995) Samovar, Richard E Porter Communication between Cultures Lederach, J P (1995) Conflict transformation in protracted internal conflicts: the case for a comprehensive framework Conflict transformation, 201-222 10 Linton, R (1945) The cultural background of personality 11 Newmark, P (1988) A textbook of translation (Vol 66) New York: Prentice Hall 12 Nida, E A (1993) Language, culture and translating Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 13 Shuttleworth, M (2014) Dictionary of translation studies Routledge 53 14 Tran, T M (2014) Việc dịch tựa đề phim từ tiếng Anh sang tiếng Việt cụm rạp CGV/Translating Movie Titles from English into Vietnamese in CGV Cineplex Ngôn Ngữ & Đời Sống, 11(229), 60-64 15 Xuedong, S (2014) Film translation methods from the Cultural Difference Aspects CSCanada, (2), 77–81 16 Yin, L (2009) On the translation of English movie titles Asian social science, (3), 171-173 17 Frequently-used links: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ (Cambridge Dictionary) https://www.ldoceonline.com/ (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (Wikipedia) https://fptplay.vn/ (Fptplay movie streaming site) https://vnexpress.net/ (VNexpress online publication) 54 APPENDIX LIST OF ENGLISH MOVIE TITLES IN THE RESEARCH (Source: Fptplay movie streaming site) No English movie title Vietnamese title Aladdin (2019) Aladdin Allied (2016) Liên minh sát thủ Barry (2016) Thời niên thiếu Obama Battle of the Sexes (2017) Trận chiến giới tính Birdman (2014) Người Chim Black Panther (2018) Chiến binh Báo Đen / Black Panther Blockers (2018) Kỳ đà cản mũi Bloodshot (2020) Siêu anh hùng Bloodshot Bohemian Rhapsody (2018) Huyền thoại nhạc Rock 10 Born in China (2016) Sinh Trung Hoa 11 Calvary (2014) Niềm đau 12 Children of Men (2006) Những đứa trẻ thời chiến / Những đứa trẻ loài người 13 Deadpool (2016) Quái nhân Deadpool 14 Devil’s Due (2014) Món nợ quỷ 15 Die Hard (2007) Đương đầu với thử thách / Tử thủ -1- 16 Bác sĩ Dolittle - Chuyến phiêu lưu Dolittle (2020) thần thoại 17 Đế chế sụp đổ Downfall / Der Untergang (2004) 18 Downton Abbey (2019) Tu viện Downton 19 Dracula (1992) Bá tước ma cà rồng Dracula 20 Dumbo (2019) Dumbo - Chú voi biết bay 21 Dunkirk (2017) Cuộc di tản Dunkirk 22 Enough Said (2013) Khơng nói nên lời 23 Epic (2013) Trận hùng chiến xứ sở 24 Everest (2015) Đỉnh Everest 25 Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014) Cuộc chiến chống lại Pha-Ra-Ông 26 Far from the Madding Crowd Tránh xa đám đông điên loạn (2015) 27 First Man (2018) Bước chân 28 Flags of Our Fathers (2006) Ngọn cờ chiến thắng 29 Goodbye Christopher Robin Tạm biệt Christopher Robin (2017) 30 Hacksaw Ridge (2016) Người hùng không súng 31 Hairspray (2007) Cuộc thi hoa hậu tóc 32 Halloween (2018) Sát nhân Halloween -2- 33 Hotel Artemis (2018) Khách sạn Artemis 34 I Origins (2014) Nguồn gốc 35 Inglourious Basterds (2009) Định mệnh 36 Invincible (2006) Thần banh / Bất khả chiến bại 37 Joker (2019) Joker 38 Joy (2015) Người phụ nữ mang tên “Niềm Vui” 39 Jurassic Park (2001) Công viên kỷ Jura 40 Kingsman: Golden Circle (2017) Mật vụ Kingsman: Tổ chức Hoàng Kim 41 Last Christmas (2019) Giáng sinh năm 42 Legends of the Fall (1994) Huyền thoại mùa thu 43 Lincoln (2012) Cuộc đời tổng thống Lincoln 44 Little Women (2019) Những người phụ nữ nhỏ bé 45 Love, Simon (2018) Thương mến, Simon 46 Luce (2019) Đứa trai hoàn hảo 47 Ma (2019) Ma 48 Maleficent (2014) Tiên Hắc Ám 49 Matchstick Men (2003) Kẻ lừa đảo 50 Me and Earl and the Dying Girl Tôi, Earl cô nàng hấp hối (2015) -3- 51 Midsommar (2019) Lễ hội ma quái 52 Mirror Mirror (2012) Gương ngự tường 53 Munich (2005) Khủng bố Munich 54 Noah (2014) Đại hồng thủy 55 Pan’s Labyrinth (2006) Mê cung thần nông 56 Patton (1970) Đại tướng Patton 57 Pearl Harbor (2001) Trận chiến Trân Châu Cảng 58 Poltergeist (2015) Yêu tinh 59 Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018) Ráp-phờ đập phá 2: Phá đảo giới ảo 60 Ratatouille (2007) Chú chuột đầu bếp 61 Red Sparrow (2018) Điệp viên Chim Sẻ Đỏ 62 Sahara (2017) Sa mạc Sahara 63 Saving Private Ryan (1998) Giải cứu binh nhì Ryan 64 Selma (2015) Giấc mơ thay đổi giới 65 Se7en (1995) Bảy tội lỗi chết người / Thất trọng tội 66 Shazam! (2019) Siêu anh hùng Shazam 67 Skyscraper (2018) Tòa tháp chọc trời 68 Snatched (2017) Mẹ bá đạo 69 Son of God (2014) Đứa Trời -4- 70 Spy (2015) Quý bà điệp viên 71 Toy Story (2019) Câu chuyện đồ chơi 72 Turbo (2013) Turbo - Tay đua siêu tốc 73 The Book Thief (2013) Kẻ trộm sách 74 The Call of the Wild (2020) Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã 75 The Counselor (2013) Ngài luật sư 76 The Drop (2014) Phi vụ rửa tiền 77 The East (2013) Nữ tình báo 78 The Exorcism of Molly Hartley Lễ trừ tà Molly Hartley (2015) 79 The Grinch (2018) Kẻ cắp giáng sinh 80 The Hurt Locker (2009) Chiến dịch sói sa mạc 81 The Internship (2013) Thực tập sinh 82 The Last Black Man in San Người da đen cuối San Francisco (2019) Francisco 83 The Layover (2017) Chuyến bất ngờ 84 The Lighthouse (2019) Ánh sáng tăm tối 85 The Lion King (2019) Vua sư tử 86 The Marine (2009) Thủy quân lục chiến 87 The Maze Runner (2014) Giải mã mê cung -5- 88 The Other Side of the Door Bên cánh cửa (2016) 89 The Other Woman (2014) Người thứ ba 90 The Perfect Storm (2000) Cơn bão kinh hồng 91 The Predator (2018) Qi thú vơ hình 92 The Revenant (2015) Người từ cõi chết 93 The Secret Life of Pets (2019) Đẳng cấp thú cưng 94 The Shape of Water (2018) Người đẹp thuỷ quái 95 The Souvenir (2019) Kỷ vật 96 The Way Way Back (2013) Đường trở 97 Three Billboards Outside Truy tìm cơng lý Ebbing, Missouri (2017) 98 Troy (2004) Cuộc chiến thành Troy 99 Truth or Dare (2018) Chơi hay Chết 100 Underwater (2020) Kẻ săn mồi biển sâu 101 Unsane (2018) Điên loạn 102 Us (2019) Chúng ta 103 Victor Frankenstein (2015) Quái nhân Frankenstein 104 War for the Planet of the Apes Cuộc chiến hành tinh khỉ (2017) 105 Bố vợ đối đầu chàng rể Why Him? (2016) -6- 106 Yesterday (2019) Ngày hôm qua 107 1917 (2019) Thế chiến 1917 -7-
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