UnderstandingInterna tionalRelations ThirdEdition ChrisBrownwithKirstenAinley UNDERSTANDINGI N T E R N A T I O N A L R E L A T I O N S AlsobyChrisBrown InternationalR e l a t i o n s T h e o r y : N e w N o r m a t i v e A p p r o a c h e s PoliticalRestructuringinEurope(editor) InternationalRelationsinPoliticalThought(editorwithTerryNardinandN.J.Re ngger) UnderstandingInternatio nalRe l a ti on s ThirdEdition ChrisBrownwithKirstenAinley ©C hris Brown1997,2001,2005 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthispublication maybemadewithoutwrittenpermission Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitte dsavewithwritenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsof theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicenceper mittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensing Agency,90Tottenham CourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublicationmaybeli abletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentified astheauthorsofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright,Design sandPatentsAct1988 Firstedition1997 Secondedition2001 Thirdedition2005 Publishedby PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG216XS and175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010 Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the PalgraveMacmillan division of St Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.Macmilan®isaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdoma ndothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropeanUnionandothercountries ISBN-13:9781–4039–4663–8hardback ISBN-10:1–4039–4663–9hardback ISBN-13: 9781–4039–4664–5paperback ISBN-10:1–4039–4664–7paperback Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfullyman agedandsustainedforestsources AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.Brown, Chris,1945– Understandinginternationalrelations/ ChrisBrownwithKirstenAinley–3rded p.cm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex ISBN1–4039–4663–9–ISBN1–4039–4664–7(pbk.) 1.Internationalrelations.I.Ainley,Kirsten.II.Title.JZ1305.B76200 327—dc22 2004066392 109 141 1 0 PrintedinChina Contents viii PrefacetotheThirdEdition x PrefacetotheSecondEdition PrefacetotheFirstEdition xii ListofAbbreviations xvi 1I n t r o d u c t i o n : D e f i n i n g I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e l a t i o n s Perspectivesa n d t h e o r i e s Conclusion 15 2TheDevelopmentofInternationalRelationsTheoryi ntheTwentiethCentury Introduction Liberalinternationalismandtheoriginsofthediscipline The‘realist’critiqueofliberalinternationalism The post-warsynthesis InternationalRelationsandthebehaviouralsciences Challengestotherealistsynthesis Pluralism and complexinterdependence 19 19 20 24 28 31 33 35 3I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e l a t i o n s T h e o r y T o d a y Introduction:rationalchoicetheoryanditscritics Fromrealismtoneorealism Fromneorealismtoneoliberalism Constructivismand t he ‘E n gli sh School’ Critical,poststructuralist and‘postmodern’ internationalthought Conclusion 40 40 41 45 48 4T h e StateandForeignPolicy Introduction ThestateandInternationalRelations Foreignanddomesticpolicy:the‘decision’asfocus Conclusion:fromforeignpolicy t opower 63 63 63 69 77 5P o w e r andSecurity Introduction:statecraft,influenceandpower Dimensionsofpower 80 80 81 v 52 58 vi Contents Power,fearandinsecurity Conclusion:managinginsecurity 91 94 TheBalanceofPowerandWar Introduction Thebalanceofpower Thepoliticalconceptionofwar Warinthetwentiethcentury Conclusion:theendofstate-centricInternationalRelations? 97 97 98 103 106 111 GlobalGovernance Introduction:sovereignty,anarchyandglobalgovernance Functionalism Integrationtheory,federalismandneofunctionalism Globaleconomicinstitutions:BrettonWoodsandafter Internationalregimesandregimetheory Globalgovernanceand(collective)security 116 116 118 122 125 129 133 TheGlobalEconomy Introduction Thegrowthoftheworldeconomy Problemsandperspectives Structuralism Thenewglobaleconomy TheendoftheSouth? 141 141 142 145 151 156 159 Globalization Introduction Aneweconomy? Neoliberalismanditscritics Newglobalproblems–‘Westfailure’? Globalcivilsociety? 164 164 165 167 172 178 10 TheInternationalPoliticsofIdentity Introduction Politicsinindustrialsocieties Identitypoliticspost-1989 Globalizationandpostindustrialsociety Democracypromot ion,Asi an va lues an d the‘clashofcivilizations’ Pluralismandinternationalsociety Conclusion 185 185 186 190 193 197 201 203 Conten ts 11I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e l a t i o n s andtheIndividual: HumanR ig h ts , H u m a ni tar ian L a w andHumanitarianWar Introduction Universalhumanrights Rightsandinternationallaw Humanitarianintervention Conclusion vii 207 207 208 213 221 228 12U S HegemonyandWorldOrder Introduction AnAmericancentury–again? IdeologyandUSstrategicdoctrine Thesignificanceof9/11 TheUnitedStatesandEurope:MarsandVenus? America,thewaronterrorandthenon-Westernworld Empire? Worldorderinthetwenty-firstcentury 232 232 232 237 240 242 245 248 250 Bibliography 255 Index 286 PrefacetotheThirdEdition The most important change to the thirdedition ofUnderstanding InternationalRelationsisthatthisisnowacollaborativebook.KirstenAinleywr oteChapter 11, revised Chapters 2–6, carried out bibliographical work for theentire book, and read and commented on every chapter This collaborationhas worked remarkably well; Kirsten has produced an outstanding chapter,andt h e b o o k a s a w h o l e i s m u c h i m p r o v e d b y h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n I n s h o r t , this is now her book as well as mine, although, since the basic structure andmany of its idiosyncrasies are inherited from earlier editions, I remain, inthelastresort,solelyresponsibleforitscontent CHRISB ROWN In the Preface to the last edition a fuller account of globalization in futureeditionswaspromisedandwehopewehavedeliveredonthispromiseinthethird edition However, the second edition was published in the Spring of2001, six months before the attacks on America on 9/11; just for once, thecliché is appropriate – things really will never be the same again, and inevitablythis third edition reflects the fallout from 9/11 and its causes which, ofcourse, are by no means unconnected to the processes we summarize asglobalization Chapters to – which trace the history of the discourse of InternationalRelations (IR) and its core concepts – remain more or less as in previouseditions,withafewadditionalillustrationsandexamples,a n d f u l l y up dated guides to further reading Chapters 7–9, ‘Global Governance’, ‘TheGlobalEconomy’and‘Globalization’,reorganizematerialtob e f o u n d sp read over five chapters of the last edition Some purely historical materialhas been eliminated, and there has been some pruning, but this change islargelyamatterofreorganizationratherthanextensivecutting.Onesubstanti ve change is that there is no longer a chapter devoted to the South.ThisisadeliberatemoveasthecategoryoftheSouthnolongermakessensein termsofeithertheworldeconomyorofworldpolitical,socialorculturalfactors However, it must be stressed that this does not mean that issues ofglobal inequality are neglected, that the problems of poorer countries aresidelined,orthattheoriesofinternationalrelationsthataddresstheseproblemsare marginalized On the contrary, such issues crop up continually throughthe second half of the book, and actually are given more attention preciselybecausetheyarenotghettoizedintoaseparatechapter Chapters10–12aresubstantiallynew,althoughtheycontainsomematerialthatappearedinthefirstandsecondeditions.Chapter10examinestheviii PrefacetotheThirdEditionix new international politics of identity, the revival of religion as a factor in IR,and the post-1989 revival of nationalism Chapter 11 focuses on the rise ofthe individual as an international actor, the politics of human rights, recentdevelopments in international criminal law, and the notion of humanitarianintervention.Chapter12 addressestheissueofAmericanhegemony.Aswillbeapparent,thesethreechaptersareall,inverydifferentways,about bothglobalizationand9/11 WewouldliketothankMichaelA i n l e y , M i c h a e l C o x , K i m b e r l y H utchingsandNathalieWlodarczykfortheircommentsonparticularchapters, our publisher, Steven Kennedy and an anonymous reviewer forPalgraveMacmillanforhis/herenthusiasmforthetext London,2004 CHRISB ROWN KIRSTENAINLEY