i The effect of an online collocation dictionary on advanced learners’ use of collocations in L2 writing Dung Thi Phuong Cao Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Education September 2018 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement © 2018 The University of Leeds and Dung Thi Phuong Cao iii Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis would have been impossible without the guidance, support and encouragement of several people to whom I would like to extend my deepest gratitude for their contribution: First, my deep appreciation and gratitude go to my supervisors, Dr Richard Badger and Prof Alice Deignan During this time, you have always provided me with invaluable support, guidance and advice Your experience and knowledge have added immense value throughout my process of completing this thesis Second, I would like to thank all my colleagues and supporting staff for helping me with collecting data Without your support I would not have accomplished the thesis Third, I owe thanks also to my British and American colleagues and friends, Sidsell Millerstrom, Kendra Marcus, Peter Traynor, Ben Turner, Laura Grassick, and David Smith, who helped me a lot with the data analysis process Finally but most importantly, special thanks to my husband for his support, sharing, and care during one of the most difficult times in my life Thank you for giving me time to write the thesis To my two children, thanks for being by my side and bringing me happiness and energy to overcome stressful periods iv Abstract This doctoral research investigates the effect of the use of the Oxford Online Collocation Dictionary on Vietnamese advanced learners’ collocation use in academic writing and their perceptions of the use of the dictionary as a supportive tool The study aims to help learners improve their collocation use, especially advanced learners who are expected to enhance their store of vocabulary on their own This study analysed students’ written texts, questionnaires, observations, and interviews It was carried out in two phases In phase 1, 29 participants’ 350-word essays on an assigned topic were collected as baseline data Participants were then instructed in the use of the Oxford Online Collocation Dictionary In phase 2, a second set of essays were collected Observations and questionnaires were also collected at this stage and participants were chosen for in-depth interviews Results showed that the use of this online collocation dictionary as a supportive tool produced some benefits for learners, but these were mainly psychological rather than practical effects Learners feel confident and assured that they have the tool as a resource However, their collocation use did not show improvement overall The study found that learners made mistakes with V-N collocation the most The study also found that learners often used the dictionary while doing the writing, with some references to other dictionaries for collocation meaning-checking The dictionary was highly evaluated as a tool for collocation check-up but some enhancements, mostly of content, need to be made In particular, it needs to provide learners with the meaning of each group of collocates, and pronunciation description; more examples are also needed to illustrate how collocations are used v Table of Contents Chapter : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and rationale of the study 1.2 Context of the study 1.3 1.2.1 Organization of the Vietnamese education system 1.2.2 English in Viet Nam 1.2.3 University of Social Sciences and Humanities 1.2.4 Admission and English curriculum for English major students .7 1.2.5 Dictionaries for language learning .8 Structure of the thesis Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW .10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Collocations .11 2.3 2.2.1 The concept of collocation 11 2.2.2 Other linguistic terms referring to collocational phenomenon .17 2.2.3 Identification of collocations in the study 20 2.2.4 The degree of acceptability of the combinations 25 2.2.5 Classification of collocations 26 2.2.6 Classification of collocations in this study 28 Grammatical units .29 2.3.1 Clauses 30 2.3.2 Noun phrases 36 2.3.3 Adjective phrases 37 2.4 Learners’ use of collocations 37 2.5 Causes of collocational errors .39 2.6 2.7 2.5.1 Lack of collocation awareness 39 2.5.2 Cross-linguistic influence 41 2.5.3 Lack of knowledge of collocational properties 44 The role of dictionaries in language learning 45 2.6.1 Dictionary use and vocabulary acquisition 45 2.6.2 Difficulties and problems in dictionary use for production 47 2.6.3 The structure of general and collocation dictionaries 49 Introducing the research questions 52 vi 2.8 Previously used research methods .53 2.8.1 Choice of research approach .53 2.8.2 Instruments .53 2.8.2.1 Observations 54 2.8.2.2 Questionnaires 57 2.8.2.3 Interviews .58 Chapter : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 59 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Research design of this study .59 3.3 3.2.1 Observations by Recording Sheets .60 3.2.2 Questionnaires .64 3.2.3 Interviews .65 3.2.4 Assessment of students’ collocations in written texts 66 The pilot study 75 3.3.1 Rationale of the pilot study .75 3.3.2 Choice and approach to participants in the pilot study 75 3.3.3 Pilot study procedure .76 3.3.4 Findings from the pilot study 78 3.3.5 Conclusion 80 3.4 Participants 81 3.5 Data collection procedures 82 3.5.1 First set of written texts 83 3.5.2 Introducing the dictionary 83 3.5.3 Recording sheets and the second written texts .90 3.5.4 Questionnaires .91 3.5.5 Interviews .91 3.6 Examining validity 94 3.7 Ethical considerations 96 Chapter : DATA ANALYSIS .98 4.1 Introduction 98 4.2 Procedure for extracting and analyzing collocations 98 4.2.1 Collocation analysis from the first set of written texts 134 4.2.2 Collocation analysis from the second set of written texts 142 4.3 Analysis of variety in collocational use .150 4.4 Questionnaire data analysis 153 vii 4.5 Recording sheets analysis 153 4.6 Interview data analysis 158 4.6.1 Preparation of data for analysis .158 4.6.2 Choice of thematic analysis 158 4.6.3 Phases of data analysis 160 Chapter : FINDINGS .165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Research question .165 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.2.1 Odd collocations 167 5.2.2 Types of errors 169 Research question .176 5.3.1 When learners approach the dictionary for help .176 5.3.2 How learners use the dictionary to look for collocations 178 Research question .180 5.4.1 Appropriate use of collocations .181 5.4.2 Variety of collocation use .192 Research question .193 5.5.1 Assessment of satisfaction 193 5.5.2 Perceived effectiveness 197 5.5.3 Assessment on accessibility and ease of use .200 Summary of the chapter 205 Chapter : DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS 207 6.1 Introduction 207 6.2 Learners’ collocation use 207 6.3 Benefits of the OOCD .214 6.4 Suggested strategies for dictionary search 216 6.5 Suggested improvements 216 6.6 Effects of the OOCD on learners’ collocation use .220 Chapter : CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 223 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Overview of the study .223 7.3 Contributions of the study 225 7.4 Research implications 228 7.4.1 Pedagogical implications 228 7.4.2 Implications for dictionary compilers .230 viii 7.5 Limitations of the study 231 7.6 Suggestions for future research 233 7.7 Concluding remarks 234 List of References 236 Appendix 1: Link to access the OOCD 245 Appendix 2: Recording sheets 247 Appendix 3: Questionnaires 248 Appendix 4: Interview Questions 250 Appendix 5: Amended recording sheets 251 Appendix 6: First writing 252 Appendix 7: Exercises to become familiar with the OOCD .253 Appendix 8: Collocations in learners’ notebooks .261 Appendix 9: Feedback on writing assignments 262 Appendix 10: Second writing .264 Appendix 11: Judgement of combinations from T12A, T22A by the British and American informants 265 ix List of Tables Table 2.1 Collocations and their frequency in the BNC .50 Table 3.1 Questions adapted from recording sheets of Atkins and Varantola 62 Table 3.2 Working schedules 87 Table 3.3 Interviewing records .93 Table 4.1 Grammatical patterns of collocations 98 Table 4.2 Text 12A sentence 102 Table 4.3 Text 12A sentence 103 Table 4.4 Text 12A sentence 103 Table 4.5 Text 12A sentence 104 Table 4.6 Text 12A sentence 105 Table 4.7 Text 12A sentence 106 Table 4.8 Text 12A sentence 106 Table 4.9 Text 12A sentence 107 Table 4.10 Text 12A sentence 107 Table 4.11 Text 12A sentence 10 108 Table 4.12 Text 12A sentence 11 108 Table 4.13 Text 12A sentence 12 109 Table 4.14 Text 12A sentence 13 110 Table 4.15 Text 12A sentence 14 110 Table 4.16 Text 12A sentence 15 111 Table 4.17 Text 12A sentence 16 112 Table 4.18 Text 12A sentence 17 112 Table 4.19 Text 12A sentence 18 113 Table 4.20 Text 12A sentence 19 113 Table 4.21 Text 12A sentence 20 114 Table 4.22 Text 12A sentence 21 114 Table 4.23 Acceptability judgements .116 Table 4.24 Potential strong collocations of text 12A 120 Table 4.25 Potential strong collocations of text 22A 123 Table 4.26 Number of combinations not meeting the threshold 127 Table 4.27 Combinations needing further judgement 128 Table 4.28 Final judgement results 130 Table 4.29 Distribution of judgement results 134 x Table 4.30 Distribution of the processed combinations .137 Table 4.31 Odd collocations from the first set of essays 139 Table 4.32 Distribution of judgement results of the second set of essays .143 Table 4.33 Distribution of the processed combinations .143 Table 4.34 Odd collocations from the second set of essays 144 Table 4.35 Repeatedly-used collocations 151 Table 4.36 Distribution of collocations looked up in the OOCD of each student 154 Table 4.37: Collocations searched in the OOCD to avoid repetition 156 Table 4.38: Words searched by using the OOCD in combination with other dictionaries 157 Table 4.39 Phases of thematic analysis 160 Table 5.1: Distributions of different types of combinations of each essay 165 Table 5.2 Ratio of collocations used and odd collocations 168 Table 5.3 Distribution of the types of errors in each collocation pattern .169 Table 5.4 Comparison of odd collocations without and with the OOCD support 182 Table 5.5: Ratio of odd collocations over collocations used in the first and second set of essays 185 Table 5.6: Number of strong collocations (Log Dice >7) in the first and the second essay of each student 187 Table 5.7: Distribution of the types of odd collocation in each collocation pattern188 Table 5.8 Students’ satisfaction towards OOCD use 193 Table 5.9 Effectiveness of dictionary use 197 Table 5.10 Summary of findings from recording sheets .198 Table 5.11 Accessibility and ease of use 202 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 262 Appendix 9: Feedback on writing assignments Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 263 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 264 Appendix 10: Second writing Duration: 45 mins Participant’s number: Choose one of the two topics below and write an essay of around 350 words In order to solve traffic problems, governments should tax private car owners heavily and use the money to improve public transportation What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a solution? Stress is now a major problem in many countries around the world What are some of the factors in modern society that cause this stress, and how can we reduce it Topic number: Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 265 Appendix 11: Judgement of combinations from T12A, T22A by the British and American informants Ame N Bri Combinations Final (+) (-) (?) (+) I TEXT 12A face (a lot of) differences in (-) means lack of support (-) (+) come back to (their) hometown (-) (+) issues get on (-) (-) Context American Informant British Informant (?) (-) (-) (-) (-) They have to face a lot of differences in various fields such as lifestyle … being far away from home means lack of family support They find differences have to confront in various life aspects such as lifestyle after they come back to their hometown … return to … financial issues usually get on foreign students’ nerves Foreign students usually face financial issues … means loss of support Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn a lack of family support Slang not proper English C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 266 Ame N Bri Combinations Final (+) (-) daily expense learning career chief cook (+) bottle washer (+) students' nerves (-) 10 expense costs (-) 11 the case of a student (+) (?) (+) American Informant British Informant Being educated for a career A career in learning? (?) (+) (-) (+) (-) Context (+) (-) (-) (?) (+) Head Chief? (+) (-) (-) financial issues usually get on foreign students’ nerves financial issues usually present problems financial issues can be annoying for students (+) daily expense cost a great high daily expenses deal of money are great costs a great deal of money (+) … especially in the case of a student from a developing country come to a developed one coming to a developed one (+) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 267 Ame N Bri Combinations (+) 12 learned abroad 13 balance studying (-) (+) (?) (+) (-) (+) Final Context (+) to apply what they have learned abroad to their countries American Informant British Informant (?) learnt balance studying with working balance studying with working students studying abroad present some disadvantages There are also some disadvantages for students who study abroad they cannot live up to they cannot endure the negative feeling 10 TEXT 22A give students some disadvantages adapt to the (new) culture put up with (their negative) feelings have (many financial) (+) issues (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (-) (+) (-) studying abroad also gives students some disadvantages (+) they cannot adapt to the new culture in foreign countries (-) they cannot put up with their negative feelings (+) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 268 Ame N Bri Combinations (+) (-) (?) (+) (-) Final Context Some students just focus on earning money and completely neglect their studies neglect (their) study (+) (+) (+) students commit (+) (+) (+) tuition fee (which may) affect (+) (+) (+) students …neglect (+) (+) (+) marks get 10 high tuition fee 11 cost of tuition fee (+) (-) (+) in order to pay their high tuition fee, which may affect their study to some extent their marks at school get worse and worse (+) (+) British Informant (?) (-) American Informant fees their marks/grades at school got worse and worse (+) got worse and worse fees cost of tuition Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn fees C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 269 Ame N (+) 12 Bri Combinations completely strange (-) (+) (?) (+) (-) Final Context (+) students will feel isolated in a completely strange country (-) social relationship also brings stress to people American Informant British Informant social relationship also causes stress to people social relationships can also be stressful (?) (+) TEXT 12B bring stress to people (-) enduring (extreme) stress (+) minimize effects of stress (+) pay (a lot of) effort (-) remain (social) relationship (-) (-) Living in modern society means enduring extreme stress (?) (+) Living in modern society can be extremely stressful (+) (-) (-) (?) the effects worker must pay a lot of effort in enhancing productivity people find hard to remain social relationship pay a lot of attention maintain social relationship Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn make a lot of effort C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 270 Ame N Bri Combinations (+) (-) (?) (+) (-) Final Context There are several causes that result in stress … British Informant to have negative reaction seem to have a negative reaction (?) result in stress (+) (+) (+) support the elderly (+) (+) (+) choose (negative) reaction adults (have to) support (+) (+) (+) 10 causes (that) result in (+) (+) (+) 11 employee (have to) keep (+) (+) (+) employees have to keep improving theirselves 12 relationship brings (+) (+) (+) social relationship also brings stress to people ? American Informant they seem to choose negative reaction (-) Adults also have to support the elderly in family There are several causes that result in stress such as in their family employees have to keep improving themselves Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn themselves relationships C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 271 Ame N Bri Combinations (+) (-) (?) (+) (-) Final Context American Informant British Informant Yoga and swimming are proved to be good activities to relax Yoga and swimming have proved to be good … swimming are proven to be good Yoga has proved to be … proven (?) 13 swimming … proved (+) (+) (+) 14 Yoga … proved (+) (+) (+) 15 tremendous responsibility (+) (+) 16 family's responsibility (+) (+) (+) Adults retain a tremendous Adults have a responsibility in caring tremendous … for children they can balance between work and family’s responsibilities family TEXT 22B boost … energy (+) (+) (+) caused … environment (+) (+) (+) because it helps people refresh their minds and boost their energy as well stress is mainly caused by work pressure and polluted environment Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn and the polluted C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 272 Ame N (+) Bri Combinations make use of time provide people with … disadvantages put people under pressure result in stress suffer from… traffic jam (-) (?) (+) (+) (-) (+) ? (-) (+) (-) British Informant stress has become more and more common in many nations across the globe and provided people with many disadvantages Problem with "provide" has become increasingly common provided people with many challenges (-) people are put under pressure to earn a living people are pressured to earn a living (+) People should find ways to prevent noise and air pollution that are taking place in big cities and partly result in stress among people Context (+) you can make use of time efficiently (?) (-) (-) (+) American Informant Final (+) people may have to suffer terrible traffic jam people may have to suffer terrible traffic Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn people are under increasing pressure to earn People should find ways to prevent the noise and air pollution common in big cities which can result in stress people might have to suffer a terrible C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 273 Ame N Bri Combinations Final (+) (-) (?) (+) (-) Time spent on relaxation is very pivotal spent on relaxation (+) environment exert (+) (+) (+) 10 measures solve (+) (+) (+) overwork … put 12 pollution … result in 13 pollution … seem (-) (+) (+) (+) (+) environment exerts a tremendous influence on people’s life government should take measures to solve environmental issues Overwork just puts you under pressure with lots of negative feelings (-) (+) American Informant British Informant (?) 11 Context (+) (+) air pollution that are … air pollution in taking place in big cities big cities results in and partly result in stress stress among people among people noise pollution and air pollution seem to become more familiar with people and also put people under pressure Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn time spent relaxing the environment peoples' lives overwork leads to negative feelings because of the pressure ? air pollution in big cities can create stress for citizens seems to puts people C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 274 Ame N Bri Combinations Final (+) (-) (?) (+) (-) Context American Informant British Informant (?) nowadays 14 pollution … take place (+) (+) (+) 15 pollution … put (+) (+) (+) 16 problem … explained (+) (+) (+) 17 stress … provided (-) (-) (-) People should find ways to prevent noise and air pollution that are taking place in big cities and partly result in stress among people noise pollution and air pollution seem to become more familiar with people and also put people under pressure nowadays this problem is best explained by work pressure stress has become more and more common in many nations across the People should find ways to prevent the noise and air pollution that are taking place in big cities It creates stress for the citizens causes many disadvantages Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn increasingly common C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 275 Ame N Bri Combinations Final (+) (-) (?) (+) (-) Context American Informant British Informant (?) globe and provided people with many disadvantages 18 they (students) … strive (+) (+) (+) 19 alarming issues (+) (+) (+) 20 appropriate arrangement (+) (+) (+) 21 terrible traffic jam 22 victim of stress (+) (+) (+) 23 arrange appropriately (+) (+) (+) (-) (+) What they (students) are striving for is a better life for their families terrible traffic Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn appropriately arrange C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn