Impact of land cover change on meteorological parameter in thai nguyen

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY HA HOANG NGAN IMPACT OF LAND COVER CHANGE ON METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETER IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE BACHELOR THESIS Study mode : Full-time Major Faculty Batch : Environmental science and management : Advanced education program office : K46-N01 Thai Nguyen, September 2018 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Full name HA HOANG NGAN Student ID DTN1454290022 Thesis title Impact of land cover change on Meteorological parameter in Thai Nguyen Prof Tang-Huang Lin (National Central University, Taiwan) Supervisor Dr Duong Van Thao (Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry) Abstract: Land use and land cover (LULC) in the Thai Nguyen province has changed significantly since 2007 because of the population growth and socioeconomic development The purpose of this research is to valuate the impact on meteorology from the changes of land use and land cover types through satellite Remote Sensing (RS), and Geographic Information System (GIS) The LULC maps in 2007 and 2017 tools are respectively generated from satellite image, using ArcGIS and ENVI software with the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm of Supervised Classification The accuracy of the classified maps was assessed using Confusion Metrics Four classes were classified, namely water, forest, residential and agricultural With overall accuracy is 96.43% and kappa = 0.95 in 2007, overall accuracy is 91.73% and kappa = 0.88 in 2017 The LULC from Landsat images map showed about 35361.6 (10.04%) area has been changed from agriculture to residential The most stable cover types are forest land and agricultural land (26.8% and 29.75% of total area respectively) i Furthermore, associated with MATLAB software in processing meteorological parameters from the re - analysis dataset The impacts of LULC transitions on regional meteorology are examined and quantified, including temperature, water vapor and rainfall in Thai Nguyen province From 2007 to 2017, rainfall was the most significantly affected by LULC change Thai Nguyen province, Land use and land cover change, Keywords ArcGIS, ENVI, Re-analysis dataset, regional meteorology, Number of pages 46 Date of submission September 20, 2018 Supervisor signature ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I wish to express my endless thanks and gratefulness to my supervisor Prof Tang-Huang Lin His kind support and continuous advices went through the process of completion of my thesis at Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research (CSRSR) of National Central University (NCU) I also wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr Duong Van Thao who gave me an opportunity and guidance and support me to complete the thesis I would also like to thank Ms Chang Yi-Ling for her constant support, suggestions related to my study Last but not least, I would like to give my special thanks to my parents for their endless love, care and having the most assistance and motivation throughout my whole life Thai Nguyen, September 2018 HA HOANG NGAN iii C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES .vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 The requirement 1.4 The significance PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical basis 2.2 Practical basis 18 PART III METHODS 22 3.1 Data 22 3.2 Methods build-up land cover change map in period 2007-2017 23 3.3 Methods build up LULC changes impact on meteorological parameter 30 PART IV RESULT 32 4.1 The natural conditions and socioeconomic in research area 32 4.2 Evaluating the accuracy after classification of Thai Nguyen in 2007 and 2017 35 4.3 Land Cover Maps 37 4.4 Analysis of fluctuation 39 4.5 Land use Land cover changes impact on meteorological parameter 40 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 43 5.1 Discussion 43 5.2 Conclusion 44 REFERENCES 45 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn iv C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Remote sensing system 10 Figure 3.1 The process of land cover mapping 23 Figure 3.2 Landsat images cover the research area in 2007 (a), 2017 (b) 24 Figure 3.3 Images Thai Nguyen province after cutting 25 Figure 3.4 Image noise filtering and smoothing 28 Figure 3.5 The process of LULC change on meteorological changes 30 Figure 4.1 The Geographical location map of Thai Nguyen province 33 Figure 4.2 Land current status maps in 2007 and 2017 37 Figure 4.3 Land cover change map of Thai Nguyen 2007 - 2017 38 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn v C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Land cover classification Table 2.2 Parameters of ETM Landsat (Landsat 5) 13 Table 2.3 Parameters of LDCM Landsat (Landsat 8) 14 Table 3.1 The information of Landsat 24 Table 4.1 Results of the accuracy evaluation in 2007 36 Table 4.2 Results of the accuracy evaluation in 2017 36 Table 4.3 Statistical fluctuations of land cover change in the period 2007-2017 39 Table 4.4 Changes of land cover in six grids 40 Table 4.5 The percentage of changes on meteorological parameter 42 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn vi C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DBMS: Database Management System ECMWF: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ESRI: Environmental Systems Research Institute ETM: Enhance Thematic Mapper GIS: Geographic information systems GSMAP: Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation LCC: Land Cover Change LDCM: Landsat Data Continuity Mission LULC: Land Use Land Cover RS: Remote sensing USGS: Unit States Geological Survey Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn vii C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Land use and land cover (LULC) not only reflects human activity, but it also impacts climate Nowadays, the population has increased dramatically released to population density rise and industrial zone, the private industry park and raise strength economic society and other issues have had a strong impact on land, especially for developing rapidly with high industrialization and urbanization rate such as Thai Nguyen By the end of 2016, the population of Thai Nguyen province is about 1,227,400 people, the natural population growth rate is about 0.9 - 1.2% per year The expansion of urban construction land in Thai Nguyen leads to regional meteorological changes In addition, LULC changes involve not only urban expansion, but also transformations from natural LULC in recent decades, which also impact the climate in the study area Study building the LCC map by satellite image and GIS technology helps to shorten the time compared to other technology mapping ago and it is factor important contributions in the management and assessing the current state of the environment Remote sensing technology is increasingly used in many fields, sectors of meteorology - hydrology, geology, environment to agriculture - forestry - fishery, which has monitored changes in the type of class land covered with high precision, which can help manage more resources to monitoring land use changes Therefore, it’s an efficient way to monitor the changes of land cover and its impact on climate change Thus, having this project conducted: “Impact of land cover change on Meteorological parameter in Thai Nguyen province” Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 1.2 Research objectives Using remote sensing and reanalysis dataset to identify the impact of LULC changes in regional weather including: a The situation of Land cover/Land use changes from 2007 to 2017 in Thai Nguyen province; b The quantitative analysis of LULC changes in regional temperature, water vapor and rainfall rate 1.3 The requirement - To acquire adequate data of a natural condition, socioeconomic and spatial data - Collecting Landsat and Landsat images serving for the analysis and false imagery of land cover status - Collecting reanalysis data set: temperature, water vapor and rainfall data - To accuracy assessment of land cover map in 2007-2017 - To evaluate the impact of distribution land cover change on regional weather 1.4 The significance The significance of learning and research: to understand about two software ENVI and Arcgis and to find ways to evaluate the changes in land cover changes and analyze the impact of land cover change on meteorological parameter This study is intended to use remotely sensed data to map and detect changes in land cover of the land cover type in the last 10 years (2007 - 2017) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Figure 4.1 The Geographical location map of Thai Nguyen province b Climate and weather With terrain sloping from high mountains to the low zones and midlands, in terms temperature in winter, Thai Nguyen has three climatic sub-zones A cold subzone in Vo Nhai District, a temperate subzone including Đinh Hoa, Phu Luong and southern Vo Nhai districts and a warm subzone which includes Đai Tu, Đong Hy, Phu Binh, Pho Yen districts, Thai Nguyen City and Song Cong city The average temperatures in the hottest and the coldest months are 28.9 °C in June and 15.2 °C in January The lowest recorded is 13.7 °C Total number of sunny hours in a year is ranges between 1,300 and 1,750, which is equally distributed for months in a year The climate of Thai Nguyen has two distinct seasons: the rainy season from May to October and dry season from October to May The average rainfall per annum lies in the range of 2,000 to 2,500 mm; it rains mostly in August and least in January Generally speaking, Thai Nguyen's climate is favourable for developing agriculture and forestry (Thai Nguyen province,2017) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 33 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 4.1.2 Socioeconomic condition a Population According to the General Statistics Office of Viet Nam in 2016, the population of Thai Nguyen is 1,227,400 people, of which 602,700 male and 624,700 are women The total population of the city is 421,100 (34.31%) and the total rural population is 806,300 (65.69%) The natural population growth rate in 2016 in Thai Nguyen is 0.99% Unlike other provinces in Northern midland and mountainous region, appropriates 73.1% of Thai Nguyen people belong to the Kinh ethnic group The proportion of Kinh people is higher in the city than in Song Cong town and southern districts such as Pho Yen and Phu Binh, as well as areas along the national highways and towns in the remaining districts Thai Nguyen population is unevenly distributed, population density in upland and mountainous region are low, while that of urban areas is very high Vo Nhai District has the lowest population density with 72 inhabitants/km² and Thai Nguyen city has the highest with 1,260 inhabitants/km² According to the census of population and housing in 2009, within 10 years (1999-2009), the provincial population increased by 0.7% per year, lower than the national average of 1.2% because many people move to other provinces (Thai Nguyen province, 2017) b Economic growth and revenue In recent years, along with the general economic development of the country, the province, Thai Nguyen has made significant progress in economic, political and social Multiple indicators completed and exceed targets set by the local Party However, along with economic development - society is strong pressure for the use of land in the province Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 34 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an In 2017, the province’s income per capita was estimated at VND68 million, 1.3 times higher than 2015 figure and higher than the nation’s Gross domestic product in 2017 is estimated to increase 12.6% compared with 2016 (12%); Of which, agriculture and forestry rose 3.32%, contributing 0.4 percentage points to the overall growth rate Industrial and construction sector increased by 17.3%, contributing 10.02% points Service sector and product tax increased 7.23%, contributing 2.18 percentage points to the overall growth rate In terms of economic structure in 2017, due to the high growth of the industry in the last years, the construction industry has been rapidly moving up by 55.4% in 2017; agriculture, forestry and fisheries accounted for 12.6%; Service sector and product tax accounted for 32% As many as 6,116 enterprises are operating in the province with the total registered capital of VND 78,117 billion The province has attracted US$7 billion in 129 Foreign Direct Investment projects In 2017, the province gained US$23.563 billion from exporting, up 23%, making up 11% of the nation’s total export value In the first quarter of 2018, the figure attained US$6 billion, a year-on-year increase of 17.6% (VGP News, 2018) 4.2 Evaluating the accuracy after classification of Thai Nguyen in 2007 and 2017 This thesis has accurately assessed the results confused the sample file is shown in the table Accordingly the results of 2007 with the overall accuracy are: 96.43% with Kappa coefficient = 0.95 The results in 2017 with an accuracy of: 91.73% with Kappa coefficient = 0.88 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 35 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Table 4.1 Results of the accuracy evaluation in 2007 Unit: % Class Water Forest Residential Agriculture Total Water 98.76 0.00 1.71 0.00 13.81 Forest 0.00 98.22 0.00 2.28 39.57 Residential 0.97 0.89 94.37 3.65 25.95 Agriculture 0.28 0.89 3.92 94.06 20.67 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 (Source: Analysis) Table 4.2 Results of the accuracy evaluation in 2017 Unit: % Class Water Forest Residential Agriculture Total Water 99.63 0.00 0.11 0.00 10.45 Forest 0.12 98.56 0.00 0.98 35.49 Residential 0.25 0.07 82.07 5.68 31.13 Agriculture 0.00 1.37 17.83 93.34 22.94 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 (Source: Analysis) Overall, degrees of precision sorting and Kappa coefficient have high Confirmed sorting processes have high precision Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 36 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 4.3 Land Cover Maps 4.3.1 Land cover map in 2007 and 2017 Figure 4.2 Land current status maps in 2007 and 2017 Looking at the map we can make some reviews as follows: - Two largest overlays on Land current status maps through 2007 and 2017 are Agricultural land and Forest land The smallest overlay is Water land - The overlay tends to increase in the area is residential land mainly due to population growth - The agricultural land is also many changes and mainly converted to residential land Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 37 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 4.3.2 Land cover change map from 2007 to 2017 Figure 4.3 Land cover change map of Thai Nguyen 2007 - 2017 With: W: stands for Water F: stands for Forest R: stands for Residential A: stands for Agriculture Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 38 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 4.4 Analysis of fluctuation From the land cover map and the statistical results of 2007 and 2017, conducted layer stacking to get land cover change in the period 2007 - 2017 We exported table to excel and use SUMIF functions to statistical fluctuations land Results of statistical fluctuations are shown as table: Table 4.3 Statistical fluctuations of land cover change in the period 2007-2017 Changing of Land Cover Type Water Areas (hectares) % Total areas 2081.79 0.60 87.48 0.02 Water to Residential 1391.40 0.40 Water to Agriculture 694.71 0.20 33.75 0.01 94317.00 26.80 Forest to Residential 9080.82 2.58 Forest to Agriculture 28946.50 8.22 Residential to Water 386.46 0.10 Residential to Forest 8389.80 2.38 Residential 15722.10 4.46 Residential to Agriculture 21631.90 6.14 Agriculture to Water 550.08 0.16 Agriculture to Forest 28675.80 8.14 Agriculture to Residential 35361.60 10.04 104763.00 29.75 352114.19 100 Water to Forest Forest to Water Forest Agriculture Total Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 39 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an According to the table 4.3 about statistical fluctuations of land cover change in period 2007-2017 Therefore, we can analysis of land cover change based on "from-to" categories between the 2007 and 2017 images revealed that changing from agriculture to residential occupied the highest was 35361.6 (10.04%), followed by changing from forest to agriculture occupied 28946.5 (8.22%) and changing from agriculture to forest was 28675.8 (8.14%) Residential changed to agriculture was 6.14% The fewest were changing from forest to water occupied 33.75 (0.01%) The most stable cover types are forest land and agricultural land (26.8% and 29.75% of total area respectively) 4.5 Land use Land cover changes impact on meteorological parameter 4.5.1 Changes in land cover After processed the data, we have 64 grids, but I choose only grids with the right rate of pixels over 70% The coordinates in six grids: Grid 1: E105.666121 N22.003114 ; Grid 4: E105.684651 N21.981288 Grid 2: E105.686915 N21.998336 ; N21.965709 Grid 3: E105.66092 N21.989782 Grid 5: E105.685973 ; Grid 6: E105.705484 N21.964632 Table 4.4 Changes of land cover in six grids Unit: % Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 40 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an With: W is Water F is Forest R is Residential A is Agriculture The table shows how changed of land cover change in six grids In grid the percent of residential changed to agriculture was highest with 14.49% and the second is 12.36% of the forest changed to agriculture The number of water changed to agriculture was the lowest with 0.34% In grid the most percent is agriculture changed to forest with 13.9% and the percent of residential to agriculture was 12.7% when the number of forest-water was smallest with 0.34% In grid the highest is 16.26% of agriculture-residential the second rank with 15.56% is residentialagriculture and the third is forest-agriculture with 14.57% The lowest in grid is forest to water (0.09%) In grid we can see the proportion of agriculture-residential get the first rank with 17.67% and the second rank is forest-agriculture with 13.31% after that is agriculture-forest (12.68%) and the lowest with 0.14% changed from forest to water In grid the biggest percent is forest-residential with 15.89% and under forestresidential is forest-agriculture with 14.82%, the third is agriculture had 13.42%, the percentage of water-residential and water-agriculture are the same (0%) In final grid the percentage of residential-agriculture had highest with 17.2%, agricultureresidential get second rank with 13.86% and 12.33% for third rank in grid by forest-agriculture The lowest in grid is water changed to forest with 0.1% Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 41 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 4.5.2 Changes of meteorological parameter Table 4.5 The percentage of changes on meteorological parameter Unit: % Grid Temperature 18.69 18.27 18.02 17.94 18.27 17.88 Water Vapor 30.64 31.26 31.72 32.20 32.74 33.28 Rainfall 83.78 91.37 100.83 110.94 110.29 120.14 Meteorology 140% 120% 100% Temperature 80% Water Vapor 60% Rainfall 40% 20% 0% Figure 4.4 Changes of Meteorological parameter in grids The table 4.5 and figure 4.4 indicated how meteorological parameter changed in six grids The percentage of temperature change around 18% in six grids For water vapor, the percent changes oscillated from 30.64% to 33.28% For the rainfall data, the percentage changes in grid and were 83.78% and 91.37%, respectively, the proportions of changes in grid 3; 4; and over 100% which mean that rainfall has changed as much as twice Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 42 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion From the analytical result map shows the distribution of the land cover changes over each period The largest of land covers areas is on agricultural land and forest, residential land and then water land have areas smallest From 2007 to 2017 the land cover has transformed remarkably Because of many reasons, but the mains cause are the planning of the provincial land use, economic growth rates so high, many transport projects done Precipitation is an important meteorological factor and is a key link in global and regional water cycles Convective precipitation in summer was the main source of precipitation in this area; however, the energy exchange between the underlying surface and atmospheric air was influenced by LULC change, which may have influenced the horizontal gradient force and impacted the air circulation This could also be a reason why LULC changes have greater impacts on summer precipitation Different land use and land cover changes have different effects on various climatic factors These results are intended to assist the government some methods and policies of environmental management that are more ecologically compatible and sustainable This study used free satellite imagery (Landsat) with a medium - spatial resolution, which may have some mixed-type of the pixels Therefore, the results of LULC did not achieve the highest accuracy The classification of the remote sensing images could not be exactly the same as the actual ground change The uncertainty of the underlying surface data could influence the assessment of LULC impacts on meteorological parameters In order to achieve higher accuracy, the following research should be used different types of Image with higher spatial resolution In addition, the longer term investigation will also be considered Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 43 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 5.2 Conclusion The ability and applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in land-cover change detection are properly presented in this study An attempt has been made to accurately classify land use and land cover types and the changes through time with emphasis Based on the analysis and discussion of the results in this study, the following conclusions can be summarized The results of this study indicated that Landsat classification images can be used to produce accurate and reliable maps about land cover changed, and also it's successfully used to predict the trend of the land cover changes in the future The accuracy of this research over 2007 and 2017 are about 96.43% and 91.73% with a kappa coefficient of 0.95 and 0.88, respectively Overall, there are three main land cover changes: + From agricultural to residential land uses: 35361.6 (10.04%) + From forestry to agricultural land uses: 28946.5 (8.22%), + From agricultural land use to forestry land use: 28675.8 (8.14%) The effects of various major LULC changes in temperature, water vapor and rainfall were quantitatively analyzed The rainfall was the most significantly affected by LULC change Three main LULC impacts on meteorological parameters are shown by the results below: Grid R to A: 14.5% F to A: 12.36% A to F: 11.2% Grid A to F: 13.9% R to A: 12.7% F to R: 12% Grid A to R: 16.26% R to A: 15.5% F to A: 14.57% Grid A to R: 17.7% F to A:13.3% A to F: 12.7% Grid F to R: 15.9% F to A: 14.8% A to A: 13.4% Grid R to A: 17.2% A to R: 13.86% F to A: 12.3% With F is forest, R is residential and A is agriculture Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 44 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an REFERENCES AloTrip (2015) Thai Nguyen Overview Retrieved from: https://www.alotrip.com/about-vietnam-overview/thai-nguyen-overview (accessed on 19/08/2018) CIMSS.(2017) Introduction what is mat lab Retrieved from: https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/class/aos340/spr00/whatismatlab.htm (accessed on 15/08/2018) Curran, P.J (1985) Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman Group Ltd,England David J Buckey (2018).Components of a GIS Retrived from: http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/gis/gis_primer/page_12.htm (accessed on 18/10/2018) ECMWF (2017) Retrieved from The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts: http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-mnth/levtype=sfc/ (accessed on 10/04/2018) ECMWF (n.d.) 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