Building blocks year 6

year 6 student book Building blocks year 6 EXPLORE ENGLISH BOOK 6 EXPLORE ENGLISH year 6 student book Building blocks year 6 EXPLORE ENGLISH BOOK 6 EXPLORE ENGLISH learne book 6 primary mathematics primary science worrd 6 primary science Wellbeing learne book 6 primary mathematics primary science worrd 6 primary science Wellbeing

Grammar, Punctuation and Handwriting Hannah Hirst-Dunton Building Blocks: Grammar, Punctuation and Handwriting Year Student Book Hannah Hirst-Dunton Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL www.pearsonglobalschools.com Text © Pearson Education Limited 2020 Designed by Pearson Education Limited 2020 Typeset by PDQ Digital Media Solutions Ltd Project managed by Just Content Ltd Produced by Just Content Ltd and Danielle Whisker Edited by Carole Sunderland and Jane Morgan Original illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2020 Illustrated by PDQ Digital Media Solutions Ltd Cover design © Pearson Education Limited 2020 The right of Hannah Hirst-Dunton to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2020 22 2120 10987654321 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 | 292 37395 Copyright notice All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 5th Floor, Shackleton House, Battlebridge Lane, London, SEI 2HX (www.cla.co.uk) Applications for the copyright owner’s written permission should be addressed to the publisher Printed in Slovakia by Neografia CONTENTS Introduction vi Unit Revising determiners and pronouns Lesson Revising simple determiners Lesson Revising personal pronouns Lesson Revising demonstrative determiners Lesson Revising demonstrative pronouns Lesson Revising possessive determiners 10 Lesson 12 Revising independent possessive pronouns Lesson Revising relative pronouns 14 Lesson Creating clarity and cohesion 16 Unit Checkpoints 18 Unit Adjectives, adverbials and prepositions 21 Lesson Revisiting adjectives 21 Lesson Revising adverbials 23 Lesson Revisiting prepositions 25 Lesson Creating effective text 27 Unit Checkpoints 29 Unit Further verb forms 30 Lesson Revising verb agreement 30 Lesson Revising perfect verbs 32 Lesson Revising progressive verbs 34 Lesson Revising the passive voice 36 Lesson Understanding future tenses 38 Lesson Using future tenses 40 Lesson Understanding other modal verbs 42 Lesson Expressing probability 44 Unit Checkpoints 46 48 Unit Subordinating conjunctions Lesson Revising clauses and conjunctions 48 Lesson Revisiting subordinating conjunctions 50 Lesson Writing subordinate clauses 52 Lesson Creating paragraph links 54 Unit Checkpoints 56 58 Unit Punctuation 58 Lesson Revising punctuation 60 - Lesson Revising punctuation2 Lesson Understanding colons, semicolons and dashes 62 Lesson Using colons, semicolons and dashes 64 Lesson Understanding use of commas for clarity 66 Lesson Using commas for clarity 68 Lesson Understanding use of hyphens for clarity 70 Lesson Using hyphens for clarity 72 Unit Checkpoints 74 Unit Formal and informal vocabulary 76 Lesson Revising Standard English 76 Lesson Revisiting formal vocabulary 78 Lesson Revising formal structures 80 Lesson Writing in different contexts 82 Unit Checkpoints 84 Handwriting practice 86 Glossary 92 Welcome to Building BlocKs Learning the rules of Standard English and formal grammar may seem a bit like learning a different language However, it is very useful - it can help you to express yourself with many different people in many different places We hope you will find this Student Book useful as you develop your grammar and punctuation skills It is divided into units, and each unit is divided into lessons The three activities you will find in each lesson focus on practising key skills and building up your understanding The ‘Grammar guides’ in each lesson point out the key learning points for you At the end of each lesson, the checkpoints offer you a quick and easy way to show how confident you feel about the skills you’ve been taught a - There are three activities in every lesson Activity Lesson is usually very short Activities and will take longer to complete Activity | ho: Qtr 12464922222246/044424444 c" se ® Use ‘the’ when you talk about a particular thing ® Use ‘a’ or ‘an’ when you talk about any thing iL", a ee Mum chopped the potato, a carrot and an onion TH Each ‘Grammar guide’ clearly highlights the key learning points in the lesson @#&33ĐằâC| đ Use an before words beginning with ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’ or ‘uw’, ® Use ‘a’ before words beginning with any other letter ¬ VY HH 60 600606600600060609000006606090600009900909019090998099906090% Tick the sentences that use ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’ correctly J Some activities need a simple response, like ticking a box or writing one word Other activities require you to write phrases, sentences or even paragraphs @ Elephants are the biggest animals we saw © Amrit climbed the tree in the forest © Crack a egg into the bowl @ Can | have a grape from the bunch? O000 rẽ Lesson iknow what wnounis Checkpoints at the end of every â i) @đ(3 ` lesson let you quickly show how well you think you are doing | can identify a noun in a sentence Remember, you can ask an adult Lessoni2 | can choose nouns to complete sentences © Đ @ for extra help with things you’re finding tricky! œ® Lesson | know what a plural noun is ot | can identify plural nouns aC) The final section is handwriting practice, designed for you to work through at your own pace Enjoy practising your handwriting with interesting and exciting activities, and becoming familiar with the English alphabet With lots of support across all the year groups, soon you will be confident, whatever you need to write! With you as you learn Meet grammar-loving Gon He’s a lot of fun and is always the first into the playground at lunchtime Gon is determined, however tricky something looks! Meet Paz, the punctuation master She’s shy, but she’s always more than happy to help a friend in need! Paz always thinks carefully about the choices she makes vii Unit 1: Revising determiners and pronouns Lesson I: Revising simple determiners Activity | e°e Grammar guide —= - I'd like some breakfast Please pass a piece of toast and the jam | don’t want any cereal but I’d like all of the strawberries @ Determiners go before both simple and expanded noun phrases e They can be single words or phrases @ They tell us whether something is singular or plural and definite or indefinite e Indefinite determiners indicate a general type of thing: something not specific e Definite determiners indicate something known and specific ý ——-—-—— — — ,( - A : x “ ` > Underline the definite determiners once Underline the indefinite determiners twice fs J ‘ He peered around Some of the doors would have alarms, and each window was locked A few windows would have alarms, too Perhaps he could escape through that skylight, at the end of one corridor he’d seen A jump from the roof might be possible ° Unit | Lesson 1: Revising simple determiners Activity peee guide Grammar SHHSHHSHHHHHEHSHHEHHHHEHHHHHHHHHOHHHHEAHHHEHHHOOEO | enjoy no sports | enjoy a few sports | enjoy all sports Dido ate a pizza Dido ate some pizza Dido ate every pizza ® Quantitative determiners give information about quantity @ They can help to make meaning clear and accurate e Inthe examples above, the different determiners create very different meanings CHOOSES HSOSHHSEHHSHHHESHHSEHEHOTHEHHTOHEHHSEHESEHOEOSE® Write down the determiners that you identified in Activity Discuss with a partner what information they give about number, and make notes Some of the: There’s more than one door but not all have alarms Activity Z With a partner, experiment with different ways to complete this story C using quantitative determiners ⁄ Wehad ————— knowledge oƒ where we were Somehow, we’d got lost and ended upin———————————— ƒorest We had wdter leƒt,and_—————————— jood \ — — There werenow_——————— ii lui ae wgusƒor us to get home ee Unit | Lesson 2: Revising personal pronouns Lesson Activity | e@oeoe Grammar guide đ@eeđeâeooseeooeeeoeoooeeooeoeoeoeoeeoeoeeooeoeeoeoeoeeoeooee These are for all of you, said Peeta “ You deserve them!” He had made cakes for us, and they looked delicious! | thanked him and handed them to you, You gave one back to me and passed two to her She handed one back, and we shared it It tasted like honey e Pronouns are words that stand in for nouns, including names @ Personal pronouns represent the ‘first person’, ‘second person’ or ‘third person’ They can be singular or plural © The subject of a sentence is the person or thing doing the action ® The subject personal pronouns are ‘|’, ‘you’ singular, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, ‘we’, ‘you’ plural and ‘they’ ® The object of a sentence is not doing the action, but it is involved in the action e The object personal pronouns are ‘me’, ‘you’ singular, ‘him’, ‘her’, ‘it’, ‘us’, ‘you’ plural and ‘them’ °eøeœøs6œ60eœ9%ẰGœ6ẰG69GẰG6G6Ằ66Ằ09696%6G6696%9%3%G96%9969G9606690996966996909566996696966666960666969%5s6s69 ° Z Add pronouns to complete the table | ` Subject pronouns Object pronouns Ist person Singular | 2nd person 3rd person 1st person Plural | 2nd person 3rd person Maee ih mm mma ate Unit | Checkpoints Unit Checkpoints | can identify Standard English | can correct spelling, punctuation and grammar to create Standard English Lesson | can identify and understand formal vocabulary | can select appropriate formal vocabulary to replace informal vocabulary | can select appropriate informal vocabulary to replace formal vocabulary | can write sentences using formal and informal vocabulary Lesson | can identify question tags as informal | can identify subjunctive verb forms as formal | can add question tags to sentences | can form subjunctive verbs to complete sentences | can write sentences using formal and informal sentence structures b Nếu, HH DOE/@OOE/@O/@O|@O) | |@E©/|@OQ|/@O/@EO| | |\@O©/|@O OOCJOOOCOCT | OOIOOICOOICC)| | OO|CL) Lesson NHu NHh: NHU NHu Nhớ | Unit | Checkpoints | can identify what register would be best suited to text types and their target audiences | can select and write in different registers depending on the audience and text type | can identify appropriate text types for given registers and audiences 6)@|@)@|6)@ OÖJOC)JOC) Lesson [ Write each word as many times as you can } Veal CILUOUULï1 Handwriting: Joined-up letters [ wit each word as many times as you can ) raction ba iis mais aac ra? a Unit | Lesson 1: Recognising nouns ( Write each word as many times as you can J COuUg Md | ie: a a Aa mm | Unit | Lesson 1: Recognising nouns ( Write each word as many times as you can ) rị ® [ LOT then Ll J [HWLOCØTLCE Handwriting | Joined-up letters [ Write each word as many times as you can J Unit | Lesson 1: Recognising nouns [ Write each word as many times as you can ) aga IPạPa®16 24}! - | le Chaar |i A im i a a Handwriting | Handwriting practice [ In your best handwriting, write each sentence three times J Science is definitely my favourite subject At first | was hesitant but then | felt brave If possible, let’s have a discussion soon a ee ee Handwriting | Handwriting practice [ Read this poem and then write it in your best handwriting | The hummingbird is seldom heard; it flits and flickers through the air Between the blooming plants it nips and from each flower nectar sips, sunlight flashing from wingtips; then all at once it isn’t there! Poe eee ee , Handwriting | Handwriting practice [ Read this paragraph and then write it in your best handwriting ) The largest city on Earth is Tokyo, which is the capital city of Japan Fittingly, the word means ‘Eastern capital’ Tokyo is on the Japanese island of Honshu, and started out as a small fishing village Now it is home to over nine million people ee ee ee | Term Definition Absolute adjective An absolute adjective cannot be used with adverbials of degree such as ‘very’ or ‘more’ For example, ‘perfect’ is an absolute adjective as something cannot be very perfect or more perfect: it is either perfect or not Adjectival phrase An adjectival phrase is a group of words that forms one piece of added information The phrase could include adverbs that add information to the head adjective Adjective Adjectives tell you more about a noun (for example: ‘the red dress’) Adverbial An adverbial is a word or phrase that give more information about a verb, adjective or another adverbial Adverbials could give information related to time (for example: ‘in the morning’), manner (for example: ‘loudly’) or place (for example: ‘at home’) Adverbials such as ‘also’, ‘however’ and ‘in addition’ are frequently used to make links between sentences and paragraphs Apostrophe An apostrophe is a punctuation mark (’) It is used either to show that letters have been missed out (for example: ‘I’ve’, ‘can’t’), or to show possession (for example: ‘the horse’s tail’; ‘the horses’ tails’) Auxilliary verb Auxiliary verbs are used to create different forms of lead verbs The auxiliary verbs are ‘be’, ‘have’, ‘do’ and the modal verbs They can be used to make questions and negative statements In addition: © ‘be’ is used in progressive tenses and the passive voice ® ‘have’ is used in perfect tenses ® ‘do’ is used to form questions and negative statements if no other auxiliary verb is present Capital letter A capital letter is a larger version of a letter A capital letter is used at the start of a sentence or aname (for example: A, B, C) Clause A clause is a group of words that can be used either as a whole sentence or as an Cohesion important part of a sentence It is built around a verb Cohesion is the way ideas in a text link together to form a whole It can refer to the devices used to structure and order a text or sentence and give it meaning Grammatical cohesive devices include conjunctions and prepositions, which make links within and between sentences; adverbials, which act like signposts in a text ( indicating, for example, time and sequence); nouns, noun phrases and pronouns, which refer backwards and forwards between sentences Colon A colon is a punctuation mark (:) used to precede and introduce a list, quotation, example or explanation They are also used at the end of a lead-in phrase or lead-in sentence and indicate the meaning ‘as follows’ (If the words ‘as follows’ are used, the correct following punctuation is a full stop rather than a colon.) Comma A comma is a punctuation mark (,) that separates parts ofa sentence or items in a list We often read it as a short pause Comparative adjective A comparative adjective is an adjective or adjectival phrase that is used to compare the qualities of two or more nouns Comparative adjectives are usually formed by the suffix ‘er’ or the addition of ‘more’ before the adjective (for example: ‘This car is fast but that one is faster.’ ‘This story is exciting but that one is more exciting.’) |me ma i am Conjunction A conjunction is a linking word It can link two words, two phrases or two clauses Dash A dash is a punctuation mark (—) that shows a break in a sentence Dashes can be together used instead of brackets around a parenthesis or instead of semicolons or colons in informal writing Definite A definite determiner is a determiner that indicates something known and specific Demonstrative A demonstrative is a determiner or pronoun that shows (demonstrates) where determiner something or someone is compared to where we are (for example: ‘This book is closer to you than that book.’ ‘This is closer to you than that.’) The demonstratives are ‘that’, ‘this’, ‘those’ and ‘these’ Determiner Determiners go in front of nouns and give basic information about them They could show whether something is plural or singular (for example: ‘some books’ / ‘a book’), whether something is known or unknown (for example: ‘an eraser’ / ‘the eraser’), where something is (for example: ‘those pens’) and/or something’s owner (for example: ‘your coat’) Full stop Future tense A full stop is a punctuation mark (.) that shows the end of a complete sentence The future tense is a way of writing a verb to show that events or actions will happen in the future It is formed by the auxiliary verb ‘will’ and an infinitive form without ‘to’ (for example: ‘I will hurry.’) Future-perfect tense The future-perfect tense is a verb tense that shows that the action will have been completed before a particular time in the future It is formed by the auxiliary verbs ‘will Future- The future-progressive tense is a verb tense that shows an action that will continue tense present participle (for example: ‘It will be raining all weekend.’) progressive have’ and a past participle (for example: ‘We will have watched the film before Friday.’) over a period of time in the future It is formed by the auxiliary verbs ‘will be’ anda Hyphen A hyphen is a punctuation mark (-) that joins words, or parts of words, together to Indefinite An indefinite determiner is a determiner that indicates something general and Infinitive verb The infinitive form of a verb is its most basic form preceded by ‘to’ (for example: ‘to walk’, ‘to be’) Label A label is a short piece of writing that helps to explain a picture Sometimes a label is only one or two words Main clause A main clause is a clause that could be used as a sentence on its own Modal verbs A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb that suggests degrees of possibility, ability or obligation (for example: ‘! must go.’ ‘I should go.’ ‘| may go.’) Noun phrase A noun phrase is a phrase built around a noun (for example: ‘girl’) A simple noun phrase contains just a determiner and a noun (‘the girl’) A noun phrase may also include adjectives (‘the little dark-haired girl’), further noun phrases (‘the little dark- determiner clarify meaning (for example: ‘mother-in-law’, ‘re-cover’) non-specific haired girl with the dirty knees’) or relative clauses (‘the little dark-haired girl with the dirty knees who’s playing in the garden’) HRm i | Be, a RU ma | Paragraph A paragraph is a clear section of a piece of writing, usually on the same topic A new Parenthesis A parenthesis is a word, phrase or clause that has been added into a sentence as an explanation, aside or afterthought but is not vital to meaning or o the grammar of a sentence It is usually marked off by brackets, commas or dashes (For example: ‘The wolf— a huge, slavering beast — prowled around the field.’) Passive form In passive sentences, the object of the sentence is the person or thing performing the action The passive tense can be used to emphasise the action rather than the person doing the action Passive verbs are formed with the verb ‘to be’ and a past participle paragraph starts on a new line (for example: ‘The ball was passed to Finbar.’) Past participle The past participle of a verb is a past-tense form that is used with an auxiliary verb Perfect tenses use the auxiliary verb ‘to have’ and the past participle (for example: | have walked.’) Passive verb form use the auxiliary verb ‘to be’ and the past participle (for example: ‘The workbooks are collected.’) Past tense The past tense is a way of writing a verb to show that events or actions happened in the past Past-perfect tense The past-perfect tense is a verb tense that shows that the action was completed Past- progressive tense The past-progressive tense is a verb tense that shows an action that continued over a period of time in the past It is formed by the auxiliary verb ‘was’ and a present participle (for example: ‘It was raining all day.’) Phrase A phrase is a group of words working together that could not form Possessive noun Possessive nouns show that something belongs to someone or something else This Possessive pronoun A possessive pronoun is a word that stands in for a possessive noun Possessive pronouns van be determiners (for example: ‘my’, ‘your’) or they can be used Preposition A preposition is a word that makes links between parts of a sentence It usually comes before a particular time in the past It is formed by the auxiliary verb ‘had’ and a past participle (for example: ‘We had arrived just before the curtain rose.’) a full sentence could mean it is owned by them or is related to them in a different way Possessive nouns end in an apostrophe and ‘s’ or just an apostrophe (for example: ‘the boy’s hat’, ‘the boys’ hats’) independently, to mean the possessive noun and the thing that is owned (for example: ‘mine’, ‘yours) at the beginning of a prepositional phrase (for example: ‘up the street’, ‘around the bend’, ‘with a big smile’, ‘after lunch’) Prepositional A prepositional phrase is phrase that begins with a preposition and adds information to anoun or verb, It could give information related to time (for example: ‘in the morning’), manner (for example: ‘with a sudden movement’) or place (for example: ‘at home’) A prepositional phrase could be used to expand a noun phrase or as an adverbial Present The present participle is a verb tense formed by adding ‘ing’ (for example: ‘sleeping’) Present participles are used to form the progressive tenses Present tense The present tense is a way of writing a verb to show that events or actions happen now or happen regularly phrase participle [sa me mm! Se ey Present-perfect The present-perfect tense is a verb tense that shows that the action was completed Present- The present-progressive tense is a verb tense that shows an action that continues over Pronoun A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun or noun phrase The most common type of pronoun is the personal pronoun (for example: ‘I’, ‘you’) but many other words can also be used as pronouns (for example: ‘this’, ‘who’) Punctuation Punctuation is a category of marks made in writing that are not letters It helps Quantitative determiner A quantitative determiner is a determiner that gives information about quantity Register The register of writing or speech is the level of how formal or informal it is Relative clause A relative clause is a type of clause that is introduced by a relative pronoun (for example: ‘Flora, who was an explorer, set off for the jungle’) Relative pronoun A relative pronoun is a word that opens a subordinate clause by referring back to the Semicolon A semicolon is a punctuation mark (;) used to separate two main clauses in a sentence tense progressive tense before a particular time in the present It is formed by the auxiliary verb ‘has’/’have’ and a past participle (for example: ‘I have met your sister now.’) a period of time in the present It is formed by the auxiliary verb ‘is’ and a present participle (for example: ‘It is raining today.’) readers to make sense of a text noun or noun phrase that precedes it The clause adds extra detail, so acts like an adjective The relative pronouns ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘whose’, ‘which’, ‘that’, ‘where’ and ‘when’ if they are of equal importance Semicolons can also be used to separate items in a list, if any of the items already contain punctuation (such as commas) Sentence A sentence is a group of words working together to make sense, including at least one verb A sentence expresses a whole idea Speech mark Speech marks are punctuation marks that show that speech is being reported exactly They are also known as inverted commas or quotation marks They can be double (“ ”) or single (‘’) Subordinate clause A subordinate clause is any clause that could not be used as a sentence on its own (for example: ‘We went for a picnic because it was a nice day.’ ‘We ate the sandwiches, which Dad had made the night before.’ Superlative adjective A superlative adjective is an adjective or adjectival phrase that is used to compare the qualities of three or more nouns Superlative adjectives show that the quality being described is the most extreme They are usually formed by the suffix ‘est’ or the addition of ‘the most’ before the adjective (for example: ‘Those cars are fast but that one is the fastest.’ ‘All the stories are quite exciting but that one is the most exciting.’) Tense The tense of a verb is the manner in which it is formed depending on when the action happens Verb A verb is the word that indicates what is happening in a clause or a sentence It’s the most important word class because, without verbs, nothing could happen ae ee ee ae