Sách ngữ pháp tóm gọn chỉnh sửa

MỤC LỤC MỤC LỤC LESSON 1: CẤU TRÚC CÂU LESSON 2: MẠO TỪ A/AN/THE LESSON 3: VỊ TRÍ VÀ CHỨC NĂNG CỦA DANH TỪ 12 LESSON 4: CÁCH HÌNH THÀNH DANH TỪ SỐ NHIỀU 14 LESSON 5: SỞ HỮU CÁCH 18 LESSON 6: ĐUÔI CỦA DANH TỪ 22 LESSON 7: SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ 29 LESSON 8: VỊ TRÍ CỦA TÍNH TỪ 34 LESSON 9: CÁCH HÌNH THÀNH TÍNH TỪ 36 LESSON 10: PHÂN TỪ 40 LESSON 11: VỊ TRÍ CỦA TRẠNG TỪ 44 LESSON 12: SO SÁNH 47 LESSON 13: ĐẠI TỪ 54 LESSON 14: THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN 57 LESSON 15: THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN 61 LESSON 16: THÌ TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN VÀ TƯƠNG LAI GẦN 66 LESSON 17: THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN 72 LESSON 18: THÌ TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN 75 LESSON 19: THÌ HIỆN TẠI HỒN THÀNH 79 LESSON 20: THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH 83 LESSON 21: THÌ TƯƠNG LAI HỒN THÀNH 86 LESSON 22: PHÂN BIỆT ĐỘNG TỪ THEO QUY TẮC 90 LESSON 23: NỘI ĐỘNG TỪ VÀ NGOẠI ĐỘNG TỪ 95 LESSON 24: ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU 99 LESSON 25: TRỢ ĐỘNG TỪ 104 LESSON 27: CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN 112 LESSON 28 : ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU 122 LESSON 29: DANH ĐỘNG TỪ V-ING 126 LESSON 30: ĐỘNG TỪ ĐI VỚI TO – V 132 LESSON 31: CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG 139 LESSON 32: CÂU CẦU KHIẾN 142 LESSON 33: GIỚI TỪ IN, ON, AT 149 LESSON 34: LIÊN TỪ 152 LESSON 35: MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ 157 LESSON 36: MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ 165 LESSON 37: MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG TỪ 175 LESSON 1: CẤU TRÚC CÂU Đặt vấn đề Đâu câu đơn giản bạn tạo tiếng Anh? Đâu thành phần quan trọng phải có câu? Trong tiếng Anh, câu đơn giản câu mệnh lệnh Ví dụ: Runs! Leave! Work! Nhưng đa số tiếng Anh giao tiếp văn viết thường có câu dài từ Vậy để em nắm rõ cấu trúc câu tiếng Anh, làm để hình thành câu dài, ngắn theo mục đích mình, hơm giúp em làm rõ vấn đề Lý thuyết S+V+O 2.1 Các thành phần cấu tạo nên chủ ngữ (S) 2.1.1 Đại từ nhân xưng Ví dụ: It is hot 2.1.2 Danh từ Ví dụ: Money is not all 2.1.3 Danh động từ: V-ing/ to-V Ví dụ: Learning English is a piece of cake 2.1.4 Đại từ bất định Ví dụ: Everything is ready 2.1.5 Đại từ nghi vấn Ví dụ: What brings you to Vietnam? 2.1.6 Mệnh đề danh từ Ví dụ: What you said is wrong 2.2 Các loại câu tiếng Anh 2.2.1 Simple Sentences Chỉ có mệnh đề chính, nghĩa có chủ ngữ động từ Trong câu chủ ngữ danh từ nối “and” có động từ nối “and” câu đơn Ví dụ: I went to the supermarket yesterday Mary and Tom are playing tennis My brother ate a sandwich and drank beer 2.2.2 Compound Sentences Có mệnh đề chính, nối liên từ (như and, but, so, or ) phải có dấu phẩy dấu chấm phẩy phía trước liên từ Ví dụ: His father is a doctor, and/but his mother is a writer We missed the bus, so we came to work late Nếu hai mệnh đề ngắn quá, khơng dùng dấu phẩy Ví dụ: I talked and he listened Lưu ý: Tiếng Việt bạn dùng dấu phẩy hai mệnh đề tiếng Anh tuyệt đối không mà phải sử dụng liên từ 2.2.3 Complex Sentences (câu phức) Đây loại câu mà bạn luyện thi IELTS cần phải quan tâm nhiều - Có mệnh đề (independent clause) hay nhiều mệnh đề phụ (dependent clause) (nhưng thường mệnh đề phụ) Hai mệnh đề thường nối với dấu phẩy liên từ phụ thuộc Ví dụ: When I came, they were watching TV We'll go out if the rain stops Một số liên từ phụ thuộc: - After, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though - Because, before - Even if, even though, if - In order to, in case, once - Since, so that, that, though - Unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, where, wherever, while 2.2.4 Compound-Complex Sentences (hoặc Mixed Sentences) (câu phức tổng hợp) Là câu có mệnh đề mệnh đề phụ Ví dụ: Although I like camping, I haven’t had the time to go lately, and I haven’t found anyone to go with Bài tập áp dụng Bài 1: Tìm động từ cho câu Annie usually goes to school at 7a.m Yesterday Alex visited his grandmother in New York Kate is doing her homework at the moment John has worked for Samsung for three years Thomas can run very fast The bridge was built in one year Allison practices swimming everyday Noah learned to swim three years ago The man that I saw yesterday was Helen's father 10.Terry said that he liked ice cream Đáp án: Goes Visited Is doing Has worked Can run 6.Was built Practice swimming Learned to swim Was 10 Said Hỏi đáp (QA) Câu có thiết phải có chủ ngữ hay khơng? Ví dụ minh họa Câu có thiết phải có tân ngữ hay khơng? LESSON 2: MẠO TỪ A/AN/THE Đặt vấn đề Rất nhiều người học tiếng Anh sử dụng sai mạo từ giao tiếp Ví dụ câu sau: - I read a book √ - I read book X Bài học giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách sử dụng mạo từ a/an/the Các quy tắc sử dụng mạo từ 2.1 Cách sử dụng mạo từ không xác định a/an: A/ an + danh từ đếm số - "an" dùng cho danh từ bắt đầu nguyên âm Danh từ bắt đầu phụ âm dùng “a” Lưu ý: Việc dùng “a/an” vào “âm” vào chữ viết từ theo sau Ví dụ: a university, an uncle… 2.2 Khơng dùng a/an với danh từ số nhiều (danh từ có s/es) danh từ khơng đếm (water, air, information…) Ví dụ: Our information is that the police will shortly make an arrest 2.3 Cấu trúc “There + be + (a/an) + N” Không dùng “the” với “there + be” 2.4 Cách diễn đạt đo lường hay gặp: sixty miles an hour, forty hours a week Một danh từ có lúc đếm được, lúc khơng Ví dụ: time (thời gian) khơng đếm times (số lần) đếm Trong ngữ cảnh cố định: I have a good time 2.5 Mạo từ xác định “the” khi: Mạo từ xác định “the” sử dụng cho danh từ đếm danh từ không đếm 2.5.1 Dùng mạo từ xác định khi: - Khi vật Ví dụ: The sun (mặt trời); the sea (biển cả) The world (thế giới); the earth (quả đất) -Trước danh từ danh từ vừa đề cập trước Ví dụ: I saw a beggar The beggar looked curiously at me - Trước danh từ, với điều kiện danh từ xác định cụm từ mệnh đề Ví dụ: The girl in uniform The mechanic that I met The place where I waited for him -Trước danh từ vật riêng biệt Ví dụ: My father is working in the garden Please pass the dictionary -Trước so sánh cực cấp, trước "first" (thứ nhất), "second" (thứ nhì), "only" (duy nhất) từ dùng tính từ hay đại từ Ví dụ: The first day The best time The only way -"The" + danh từ số tượng trưng cho nhóm động vật, lồi đồ vật Ví dụ: The whale is in danger of becoming extinct The fast food has made life easier for housewives -"The" dùng trước thành viên nhóm người định Ví dụ: The small shopkeeper is finding business increasingly difficult -"The" + danh từ số dùng trước động từ số Đại từ "He / She /It" Ví dụ: The first-class passenger pays more so that he enjoys some comfort - "The" + tính từ tượng trưng cho nhóm người, tầng lớp xã hội Ví dụ: The old, the rich and the poor -"The" dùng trước danh từ riêng biển, sông, quần đảo, dãy núi, tên gọi số nhiều nước, xa mạc, miền Ví dụ: The Pacific (Thái Bình Dương); The Netherlands (Hà Lan) The Crimea (Vùng Crime); The Alps (dãy Alps) -"The" đứng trước tên gọi gồm “danh từ + of + danh từ” Ví dụ: The Gulf of Mexico (Vịnh Mêhicô) The United States of America (Hiệp chủng quốc Hoa Kỳ) Nhưng người ta lại nói: - South Africa (Nam Phi), North America (Bắc Mỹ), West Germany (Tây Đức), The north of Spain (Bắc Tây Ban Nha), The Middle East (Trung Đông); The West (Tây Phương) - "The" + họ (ở số nhiều) nghĩa gia đình … Ví dụ: The Smiths = gia đình nhà Smith (vợ chồng Smith con) 2.5.2 Không dùng mạo từ “the” trường hợp: - Trước tên quốc gia, tên châu lục, tên núi, tên hồ, tên đường Ví dụ: Europe (Châu Âu), South America (Nam Mỹ), France (Pháp quốc), Downing Street (Phố Downing) - Khi danh từ không đếm danh từ số nhiều dùng theo nghĩa chung nhất, không riêng trường hợp Ví dụ: I don't like French beer I don't like Mondays - Trước danh từ trừu tượng, trừ danh từ trường hợp cá biệt Ví dụ: Men fear death Trong trường hợp ngoại lệ: Ví dụ: The death of the President made his country acephalous - Sau tính từ sở hữu sau danh từ sở hữu cách Ví dụ: My friend, khơng nói “my the friend” The girl's mother = the mother of the girl (Mẹ cô gái) -Trước tên gọi bữa ăn Ví dụ: They invited some friends to dinner -Trước tước hiệu Ví dụ: President Roosevelt King Louis XIV of France -Trong trường hợp sau đây: Women are always fond of music Come by car/by bus In spring/in autumn, last night, next year, from beginning to end, from left to right To play golf/chess/cards (chơi gôn/ đánh cờ/đánh bài) Lưu ý: “nature” mang nghĩa "tự nhiên, thiên nhiên " khơng dùng “the” Bài tập áp dụng Bài 1: Chọn mạo từ câu bên dưới: Did you bring … (a, an, the) umbrella? Are you looking for … (a, an, the) shampoo? I checked … (a, an, the) mailbox again Can I have … (a, an, the) spoon please? I was born in … (a, an, the) poor family She will come back in … (a, an, the) hour Have you been to … (a, an, the) Space Needle Tower in Seattle? I would love to talk to one of … (a, an, the) managers What … (a, an, the) amazing view! 10 The helicopter landed on … (a, an, the) roof of a building Bài 2: Tìm lỗi sai câu bên Rich has more money than the poor I love reading book My sister is living in the London Earth goes around the Sun It is a lovely dog A dog has a white fur She is a first singer I met I used to come to the Japan Marry is the nurse The teacher gives me the difficult question but I don’t know to answer 10 Today, a moon is so bright Đáp án: Bài 1: 1.An An The The The The A An A 10 The Bài 2: The rich The first singer Books Japan In London A nurse The Earth A difficult question The dog 10 The moon 10 They think that she is flawless Can you tell me why they arrived late? c/ Mệnh đề danh từ làm tân ngữ sau giới từ Cấu trúc: S + V/to be + adj + preposition +( where/ what/ when/ why/ that….+ S + V) Ví dụ: My mom isn’t looking for what I like Don’t give up on what you dream of d/ Mệnh đề danh từ đóng vai trò bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ Cấu trúc: S + to be+ (what/ where/ when/ why/ that….+ S+ V) Ví dụ: The point is when you go My home is where you are e/ Mệnh đề danh từ đóng vai trị bổ nghĩa cho tính từ Cấu trúc: S + to be + adj + that + S+ V Ví dụ: I’m glad that you come back He was upset that his girlfriend broke up with him Cách thành lập mệnh đề danh từ: – Chuyển câu trần thuật sang mệnh đề danh từ, dùng That That I don’t talk to you doesn’t mean I don’t care about you – Chuyển câu hỏi nghi vấn (Yes/ No) sang mệnh đề danh từ cần dùng if whether Whether I choose to leave or stay is none of your business! – Chuyển câu hỏi dùng từ để hỏi sang câu trần thuật She asked me why I treated her so well Mệnh đề danh từ rút gọn Mệnh đề danh từ rút gọn khi: – Mệnh đề danh từ đứng vị trí tân ngữ 166 – Mệnh đề danh từ mệnh đề có chung chủ ngữ Khi đó, mệnh đề danh ngữ rút gọn thành dạng: S + V +what/where/ when… + to V Ví dụ: I can’t decide whether I will go to Hoi An or Danang next Saturday → I can’t decide whether to go to Hoi An or Danang city next Saturday Linh told me where I could buy some beautiful dresses Bài tập ứng dụng I talked to Bob two weeks ago I thought he wanted to know about my cat, but I misunderstood him He asked me where , not my cat a is my hat c my hat is b my hat was d was my hat A: The people in the apartment upstairs must have a lot of children B: I don't know how many , but it sounds they have a dozen a children they have c children they have b they have children d they have children Do you know .? I have no idea a how many years the earth is c how long is the earth b how old the earth is d how much time has been the earth 4.A: There's too much noise in this room I can't understand what B: Neither can I a is the professor saying c that the professor is saying b is saying the professor d the professor is saying When I was little, my father gave me some advice He said talk to strangers a I shouldn't c don't 167 b that shouldn't d that I don't A: I didn't expect Ann's husband to be here at the opera with her B: I'm surprised, too Ann must have insisted that with her a he come b he comes c he came d he had come A: Ms Wright, can you give me a little extra help typing some letters tonight? B: Sorry, I can't The boss has a urgent report for me to write She demanded that it on her desk by P.M today a was c is b will be d be A: Did you tell Carol where us this evening? B: Yes, I did I can't understand why she is late a should she meet b she to meet c she meets d to meet A fortune-teller predicted inherit a lot of money before the end of the year a that I would c what I will b that I d what I 10 A: Bill Frazer seems like a good person for the job, but we don't know why he left his last job B: I know why He told me .a serious policy disagreement with his boss last January a if he'd had c what he'd had b he'd had d that what he had 11 A: Is it true that you fell asleep in class yesterday and began to snore? B: Unfortunately, yes _ is unbelievable! I'm very embarrassed a That I could such a thing it c I could such a thing it 168 b that I could such a thing d I could such a thing 12 A: Officer, can you tell me how to get to Springfield? B: Sure, what part of Springfield to go to? a you want c that you want b you want d where you want 13 A: Is it true the law says there is no smoking in restaurants in this city? B: Yes That law was passed last year a that what c if b what d that 14 .prompt is important to our boss a A person is c If a person b Is a person d Whether or not a 15 A scientific observer of wildlife must note every detail of how .in their environment: their eating and sleeping habits, their social relationships, and their method of self-protection a animals live c live animals b live animals d animals live 16 The mystery movie was clever and suspenseful The audience couldn't guess .committed the murder until the surprise ending a who he b who had c that who d that 17 How you like your new school? Tell me a who in your class is c who is in your class b who your class is in d your class who is in it 18 A: What you recommend about this tax problem?" B: I strongly suggest that we consult an expert as soon as possible" 169 a we c we b we will d should we 19 The college does not grant degrees simply to .pays the cost of tuition; the student must satisfy the academic requirement a whoever c whomever b who d whoever that 20 A: What are you going to buy in this store? B: Nothing .want is much too expensive a That I c That what I b What I d what I Bài 2: The function of "That clause" in "The basis for this American custom is that most parents teach their children " a complement to "the basis" b in apposition to "the basis" c direct object of the verb "was" d subject of the verb "was" They always give the available seats to comes first a whoever b whom c whomever d that 170 The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware she had gone a where that b of where c of the place d the place Is this you asked him for? a that b what c which d where Punish is late a whom b that c whomever d whoever becoming extinct is of great concern to zoologists a that giant pandas are b are giant pandas 171 c giant pandas are d giant panda's "I'm looking for the mail Do you know ?"Usually it comes by 4:00" a when it will arrive b when it does arrive c when does it arrive d when will it arrive "Could you help me for a while?" "Sure Tell me what me to do" a you want b want c you want d you want .is a question scientists have yet to answer a How many moons does Pluto have b How many moons Pluto has c Pluto has how many moons d Pluto's moons number 10 Because of the rain, people are calling to ask take place 172 a whether the parade will b if or not the parade will c the parade will d will the parade 11 Scientists are attempting to find out there is life on other planets a if or not b whether if c whether or not d whether not 12 "Look at the new dress I bought" "How such an expensive dress?" a did you afford b you afforded c afforded you d did afford you 13 "I haven’t seen you for a long time" "How such an expensive dress?" a that your name was b what was your name c who your name was 173 d what your name was 14 .in large quantities is not necessarily an indication of its quality a A product is sold b It is a product sold c That a product is sold d A product sells Đáp án: Bài 2: a a b b d a a a b 10 a 11 c 12 a 174 13 d 14 c LESSON 37: MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG TỪ Đặt vấn đề Lý thuyết Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian *Before - After - As soon as - By the time I will have finished my work by the time you comeback I will leave as soon as I finish my work I had finished my work before I came back home After I had finish my work , I went home *When = as = while When QK- QK When QK - QKTD When QK - QKHT When HT -TL As = when = because As : là: bảo HTTD While HTTD QK While QKTD Ví dụ:When I was cooking, my parents read news 175 While: khi: (đối lập) Ví dụ: I am crazily busy while she has nothing to Lưu ý: Học liên từ quan trọng nghĩa During +N While + MĐ Until/till: MĐ Ví dụ: I will wait here until you come back Once : MĐ: Một Ví dụ: Once I have finished my exercises, I will go out Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích: so that, in order that, less Ví dụ: So that in order that last for fear that She is studying hard so that she can pass the upcoming exam We tiptoed in order that we wouldn’t wake the baby up We left the house early lest we would miss the last train Note: In order to +V Ví dụ: We prepare everything in order for them to finish the job quickly Mệnh đề trạng ngữ kết Ví dụ: So…SO {ADJ /ADV} that +MĐ So…such +N+that +MĐ She had studied hard so that she can passed the exam easily She is so kind that everybody loves her He swam so strongly that he won the first prize So … that dấu ba chấm “adj” “adv” phụ thuộc vào trước tobe hay động từ thường Ví dụ: She is such a kind person that everyone loves her 176 It is such a nice dog that she always takes it over for a walk The dog is so nice that she always takes it over for a walk It is so nice a dog she always takes it over for a walk She types so carefully that she never makes any mistakes She is such a careful stylist that she never makes any mistakes She is so careful a stylist that she never makes any mistakes The stylist is so careful so that she never makes any mistakes Cách dùng so: So many +N+that : nhiều Ví du: She has so many friends on facebook that she can’t accept So few students enrolled in the class that it was cancelled My mother has so littles free time that she never watches TV at night They spent so much money that they got broken So few +N+that : So little +N+that : So much +N+that : Mệnh đề trạng ngữ nguyên nhân Mệnh đề trạng ngữ tương phản nhượng Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thể cách Mệnh đề trạng ngữ điều kiện Mệnh đề trạng ngữ so sánh Bài tập áp dụng Bài 1: Chọn đáp án Bài tập mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian 177 I will call you before I over a come c will be coming b will come d came After she graduates, she a job a got c had got b will get d get When I him tomorrow, I will ask him a saw c will see b have seen d see As soon as it raining, we will leave a stops c had stopped b stop d stopped By the time he comes, we will have already … a leave c left b leaving d leave Whenever I her, I say hello a see c will have seen b will see d saw The next time I go to New York, I am going … a ballet a seeing b see c saw d to see I will never speak to him again so long as I … a lives c am living b will live d live By the time Bill to bed tomorrow, he will have had a full day and will be ready for sleep 178 a had gone c goes b will go d went 10 As soon as I finish my report, I will call you and we out for dinner a went c will have gone b will go d go Bài 2: Viết lại câu theo gợi ý cho bên John couldn’t get to sleep last night He was worried about exam John was so … We shouldn’t swim in this river The water isn’t clean This river isn’t … No one could move the piano It was very heavy The piano was too … It was a good book I couldn’t put it down It was such… They were beautiful flowers We took a photograph of them They were… Đáp án : Bài 1: a b d a 179 c a d d c 10 c Bài 2: John was so worry about exam that he couldn’t get to sleep last night The river isn’t cleaned; therefore, we shouldn’t swim in this river The piano was too heavy that no one could move the piano It was such a good book that I couldn’t put it down They were so beautiful that we took a photograph of them Hỏi đáp (QA) 180