Assessing the economic efficiency of fish cage culture in hoa binh city, hoa binh province

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESRY FOREST RESOUCRES & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FACULTY STUDENT THESIS Assessing the economic efficiency of fish cage culture in Hoa Binh City, Hoa Binh Province Major: Natural Resources Management Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Luu Thi Tuyet Student ID: 1553090289 Class: K60 Natural Resources Management Course: 2015 - 2019 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Dr Le Dinh Hai Hanoi, October 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am glad to have an opportunity to express my acknowledgements to many people involving in the study, without whom I could not finish my study First and foremost, I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to respected supervisor Dr Le Dinh Hai from Faculty of Economics and Business Management, Vietnam National University of Forestry for his continuous support, patient guidance and encouragement throughout my research project Besides, I also want to thank to Mrs Luu Thi Thao, a lecturer from Faculty of Economics and Business Management for her constructive suggestion during whole time I worked with my thesis In addition, I would love to thank many local people for their contribution to this study Special thanks to local people in Thai Thinh Commune for providing helpful information and helping me at that time I took households survey in Hoa Binh province The last but not least, my thanks go to my family, my dear friends for their endless love, support and encouragement to me throughout all my life i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES .3 2.1 Goal 2.2 Objectives 2.3 Space scale 2.4 Time scale CHAPTER III STUDY SITE & METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study site 3.1.1 Hoa Binh province 3.1.2 Hoa Binh City 3.2 Methodology 3.2.1 Framework of factors influencing economic efficiency of fish cage culture 3.2.2 Data collection 12 3.2.2 Data processing 14 3.2.3 Data analysis 14 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19 4.1 Current situation of fish cage culture in Hoa Binh city, Hoa Binh Province 19 4.1.1 Scale of fish cage culture in Hoa Binh City 20 4.1.2 Results of aquaculture industry in Hoa Binh city 22 4.1.3 Analyzing investment cost for fish cage culture 25 4.1.4 Revenue of fish farmers 29 4.1.5 Results and efficiency of a fish cage 32 4.2 Descriptive statistics on surveyed households in Thai Thinh commune, Hoa Binh city 36 ii 4.2.1 Characteristic of household head 36 4.2.2 Fish cage culture activities of surveyed household in Thai Thinh commune, Hoa Binh city 37 4.2.3 Correlation analysis of factors with mixed income of fish cage culture in Hoa Binh City 40 4.3 Key divers influence mixed income of fish cage culture of surveyed households 42 4.4 The contribution of independent variables to the model 43 4.5 Orientations of fish cage culture development in the future 43 4.6 Potential suggestions which may encourage local people to develop fish cage culture and improve the economic efficiency 46 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION .50 CHAPTER VI: REFERENCES 51 CHAPTER VII: APPENDICES 53 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Survey sampling design in Hoa Binh city 13 Table 3.2: List of dependent variable and potential independent variables 16 Table 4.1: Fish cage culture development plan to 2020, vision to 2030 in Hoa Binh city 21 Table 4.2: Area and production of fishery in Hoa Binh in 2016-2018 22 Table 4.3: Number of cages, cage production of Hoa Binh in years 2016-2018 24 Table 4.4: Productivity and output of fish cage culture in Hoa Binh in 2018 25 Table 4.5: Economic costs of some types of fish cage of surveyed households (75m3) 28 Table 4.6: The average cost of some types of fish cage of the surveyed households 29 Table 4.7: Revenue of some types of fish of surveyed households (75m3) 31 Table 4.8: Results and efficiency of some types of fish of surveyed households 34 Table 4.9: Results and the average efficiency of some types of fish of surveyed househods 35 Table 4.10: Descriptive Statistics of quantitative variables 36 Table 4.11: Descriptive Statistics of qualitative variables 37 Table 4.12: Variables have strong relationship with Mixed income of fish cage culture in Hoa Binh city 40 Table 4.13: Key divers affecting to mixed income of fish cage culture 42 Table 4.14: The contribution of independent variables 43 Table 4.15: Opinions of households about plan in the future 44 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Map of Hoa Binh province Figure Map of Hoa Binh City, Hoa Binh Province .6 Figure 3.1: Potential factors influence economic efficiency of fish cage culture Figure 4.1 Sources of capital of households at the beginning of seasonal 38 Figure 4.2: Sources of fingerling 39 v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Vietnam is one of the countries in the world that has developed aquaculture and also has a long history of aquaculture Over thousands of years of history, aquaculture has become an important part of the national economy (the value of aquaculture production by price according to the farming industry, the preliminary operation of the year), in 2018 reached 228139.8 Billion VND (Directorate of Fisheries, 2018), significantly contribute to the export of agricultural products in our country According to the statistics of Vietnam Customs, by the end of 2018 seafood export turnover reached nearly billion USD In addition, aquaculture contributes to economic restructuring in agriculture and creates many jobs, with great social significance Vietnam has a 3260 kilometer coastline, 112 river estuaries, an exclusive economic zone of about million km2 with more than 4,000 small islands creating many waist, bay, lagoon, lagoon and many fishing grounds, seafood reserves nearly million tons With the increasing consumer demand for fishery products, in addition to fishing, the aquaculture is an effective way to meet this demand One of the most effective forms of aquaculture is fish cage farming The fish cage culture model has been developing for a long time in the Red River Delta and the Mekong Delta The development of freshwater fish farming industries in general and cage culture in particular will open a new opportunity for the economic development of many localities across the country Hoa Binh is a mountainous province, adjacent to Hanoi capital, with 10 districts and city, 210 communes, wards and towns Hoa Binh province has a network of rivers and streams distributed throughout all districts and cities Hoa Binh's largest water supply source is Da River with a total length of 151 km Hoa Binh reservoir with a water surface area of about 8,000 and a capacity of 9.5 billion m3 is in addition to supplying water for Hoa Binh Hydropower Plant In addition, Hoa Binh has two other big rivers: Boi River and Buoi River, along with about 1,800 of ponds and lakes scattered in the province This is also a good place for water storage, water regulation and aquaculture According to statistics, by the end of 2017, there are nearly 4050 cages in the whole province, equivalent to 220 thousand cubic meters, total output reaches 7700 tons, creating jobs and stable income for over 5000 workers In recent years, many policies and projects of government were implemented such as Decree No 10/2015/QĐ-UBND on 27th April, 2015 in promulgating a number of policies to support the development of fish cage culture in Hoa Binh hydropower reservoir, period 2015-2020; Decree No 3124/QĐ-UBND on 31st September, 2013 in approving the project of reviewing, adjusting and supplementing the planning of fisheries development in Hoa Binh province to 2020 and orientation to 2030; and most recent, the resolution of the Congress of Hoa Binh Provincial Party Committee session VI in 2018 has identified: “Aquaculture is one of the economic sectors that need to be invested and developed by the province, one of the key directions to transfer regional economic structure” to promote households to expand cage culture scale, develop economy, improve living standards Besides that, many researches and projects related to fish cage culture were published, mentioned about different aspects of fish cage culture like research by Pham Xuan Thuy and Vu Trong Hoi in 2012 in the economic efficiency aspect of commercial aquaculture cages in Ha Long Bay, Quang Ninh Province; or research of Bui Dac Thuyet, Nguyen Huu Nghia, Phan Thi Van in 2017 about assessment and selection marine fish cage farming model in respond to climate change in Cat Ba, Hai Phong for sustainable development of small-scale marine fish cage culture in Northern of Vietnam under climate change context; research of Pham Thi Ngoc, Nguyen Thi Duong Nga, To Dung Tien on solutions for development marine cage culture in Nghi Son Gult, Tinh Gia District, Thanh Hoa Province in 2016 The results of those researches indicate that the economic value of fish cage culture to regions’ economy and livelihood of local people is very big For those reasons, I decide to conduct a study on “ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FISH CAGE CULTURE IN HOA BINH CITY, HOA BINH PROVINCE” in order to get better understanding about fish cage culture CHAPTER II STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal Evaluating the economic efficiency of fish cage culture and analyzing the key factors influencing fish cage culture in order to propose solutions to improve economic efficiency of cage culture in Hoa Binh City, Hoa Binh Province 2.2 Objectives (1) To evaluate economic efficiency of fish cage culture in Hoa Binh City, Hoa Binh Province; (2) To identify key factors influencing the economic efficiency of fish cage culture in Hoa Binh City, Hoa Binh province; (3) To provide potential suggestions which can contribute to improve economic efficiency of fish cage culture in Hoa Binh City, Hoa Binh province 2.3 Space scale Research project is carried out in Hoa Binh city, Hoa Binh province 2.4 Time scale - Secondary data collection: From 2016-2019 - Primary data collection: From July 2019 to August 2019 CHAPTER III STUDY SITE & METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study site 3.1.1 Hoa Binh province Located at the gateway of northwestern Vietnam, the center of Hoa Binh is only 76 km from Hanoi in the direction of Highway 6, Hoa Binh is an important position of transition from plain to mountainous area, a counterbalance area to the west of Hanoi Capital Hoa Binh is surrounded by Phu Tho province on the North, Ha Nam and Ninh Binh provinces on the Southwest, Son La and Thanh Hoa provinces on the West, and Hanoi capital on the East A typical feature of the terrain is hills In Hoa Binh province, mountains slope from the Northwest to the Southeast, dividing it into two distinct areas: the Northwest (the higher) and Southeast (lower region) Hoa Binh is a mountainous province, neighboring Hanoi capital, with the natural area of 4.600km2 The administrative units of Hoa Binh province include one city is Hoa Binh and ten dictricts including Cao Phong, Da Bac, Kim Boi, Ky Son, Lac Son, Lac Thuy, Luong Son, Mai Chau, Tan Lac, Yen Thuy; 210 communes, wards, and towns Hoa Binh has a population of 976,699 people (in according to statistic in 2018) with 06 ethnic groups, including: Muong, Kinh, Thai, Tay, Dzao, H'Mong, in which Muong minority ethnic group occupies about 63% Hoa Binh is located in the tropical monsoon climate, with two distinct rainy season and dry seasons The annual average temperature of over 23°C, July has the highest temperature of 27 - 29 °C, January has the lowest temperature of 15.5-16.5°C, the average humidity of 60%, and the average rainfall of 1,800mm Hoa Binh province has a system of rivers and streams distributed across all districts The largest water source of Hoa Binh is Da River with a total length of 151 km Hoa Binh lake has the surface area of about 8,000 hectares, and capacity of 9.5 billion cubic CHAPTER VII: APPENDICES HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (Thai Thinh commune, Hoa Binh city) Code Time: ……/……/2019 Interviewer: Luu Thi Tuyet Address: Village………………………., Commune……………………… Hoa Binh city PART I GENERAL INFORMATION OF HOUSEHOLDS 1.1 Malee of household heads:…………………………………Age:………… 1.2 Gender: Male  Female 1.3 Education level (Schooling years:………………….) Primary school  University/College Secondary school  After graduate  High school  Others 1.4 Main occupation of the household heads  Relate to fish cage culture  Do not relate to fish cage culture 1.5 Information of interviewees (if they are not household heads) Age:……………… Gender:  Male  Female Relationship with household head:…………………………… 1.6 Household’s information: Members ……………… Male ………… Labors ……………… Male……………… Female …………….… Female………………… … ………………… Labors work on cage culture ………… Male……………… Female ……………… 1.7 Ranking of households?  Poor …  Moderate …  …… ………………… Rich …………… PART II FISH CAGE CULTURE ACTIVITIES 2.1 Years of experience about fish cage culture? …………………………………………… 2.2 Knowledge about fish cage culture: Do you know about fish cage culture techniques?  Yes  No If Yes, Where you learn?  Personal experience  Friends/Relatives  Reading books/paper/materials  Through professional technical training classes in the locality 2.3 The level of knowledge about fish cage farming techniques:  Good (know how to assess the environment and diseases for fish, how to prevent and treat fish diseases)  Bad (cannot assess environment, disease for fish, not know how to cure and prevent disease for farmed fish) 2.4 Some types of fish are selected No Name of species Growth time Note 2.5 Fingerling cost and revenue of some types of fish (based on the result of question 2.4) No Indicators Unit Total cost Million VND 1.1 Fingerling Million VND 1.2 Food Million VND 1.3 Medicine/chemistry Million VND 1.4 Labors (hire) Million VND 1.5 Building cages Million VND (Name) 1.6 Others cost Million VND Productivity Ton/cage Output Kg Are Unit price Thousand VND Revenue Million VND 2.6.1 Advantages and disadvantages encountered during cage fish culture: No Factors Capital (finance) Techniques Fingerling Disease Labor Climate, weather Area of water Water quality Output market 10 Supporting policies Advantages Disadvantages 2.6.2 The extent of the difficulties impact on the economic efficiency of cage culture: No Difficulties Lack of money Lack of techniques Poor quality fingerling Disease development Lack of labors Severe weather Water pollution Market (less output low price,…) (Notes: Very influential; 2.Normal influential; Little influential; No influence) 2.7 Is fish cage culture affected by natural disasters? Natural disasters Times/year Resilience ability Hurricane Flood Others (certify) 2.8 How many cop failures are you suffered from the beginning? ………………………………… 2.9 Causes of crop failures?  Fingerling  Disease  Weather  Food  Water pollution  Others……………………………………………………………………… 2.10 Some common diseases when raising fish? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… PART III MARKET AND FINANCIAL RELATIONS OF HOUSEHOLDS A Market relations 3.1 Buying inputs: No Contents Fingerling Food Medicine Others (certify) Sources Quality Price 3.2 Selling products No Sale to whom Sale to consumers Sale to wholesalers Sale to cooperate Sale to other subjects (certify) Sale rate (%) Place Traveling distance Price General assessment 3.3 Are you satisfied about market in current time? Yes No (Why?)……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… B Financial relations 3.1 Situation of household financial income Financial sources (%) Total income 100 Agriculture Livestock Forestry Aquaculture Others businesses (trade,….) 3.2 How many percentage of total income you spend for raising fish?  < 10%  10-20%  20-50%  >50% 3.3 Do you have loans from the begining? Yes No 3.4 In current time, you have loans? No Yes No Loan sources Banks Private Friends Other credit institutions Amount (million VND) Interested rate (%) 3.5 Are you satisfied with credit institution now? Yes  No Time (months) Using purposes 3.6 What are the difficulties you face to? 3.7 Do you have a need for loans? Yes Loan sources No Banks Private Friends Other credit institutions  No Amount (million VND) Interested rate (%) Time (months) Using purposes C Social relations 3.1 Did you receive any support from the government of community?  Yes  No 3.2 If yes, what is it?  Money  Science technologies  Market for outputs  Others (certify) ……………………………………………………… 3.3 Are those helpful for your cage culture activities?  Yes  No PART IV: YOUR OPINIONS ABOUT FISH CAGE CULTURE AND LIFE 4.1 Views and orientation for cage fish culture by households NO Contents Higher value than other businesses Yes No Fish farming ensures future life Yes Option No Planning Widen Keep unchanged Narrow down Increase investment Change to other businesses 4.2 Impact of cage culture on society  Create jobs for workers  Increase income for local people  Contribute to infrastructure development  Contribute to the development of thers activities (trade, processing )  Others (certify) …………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 4.3 Impact of cage culture on the environment  Reduce the pressure of natural exploitation  Reduce environmental pollution  Make use of available water resources  Others (Certify) ………………………………… ………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… PART V SOME COMMENTS OF FARMERS ON DEVELOPING THE FISH CAGE CULTURE TODAY 5.1 Do you have any petition on fish cage culture in current time? - For the government: - For the province (city)/ commune/ village: Interviewee’s signature Table Variables Entered/Removeda Model Variables Entered Joint the production chain Productivity Number cages Labor cost Fingerling cost Understanding policies Education level Price Depreciation cost Knowledge about fish cage culture Area of waterb a Dependent Variable: Mixed value b All requested variables entered Variables Removed Method Enter Table 2: Model Summaryb Model R 809a R Square Adjusted R Std Error of the Durbin- Square Estimate Watson 654 605 52874 1.956 a Predictors: (Constant), Joint the production chain, Productivity , Number cages, Labor cost, fingerling_cost, Understanding policies , Education level, Price , Depreciation cost, Knowledge about fish cage culture , Area of water b Dependent Variable: Mixed value Table 3: ANOVAa Sum of Model Squares df Mean Square Regression 41.225 11 3.748 Residual 21.807 78 280 Total 63.031 89 F 13.405 Sig .000b a Dependent Variable: Mixed value b Predictors: (Constant), Joint the production chain, Productivity , Number cages, Labor cost, fingerling_cost, Understanding policies , Education level, Price , Depreciation cost, Knowledge about fish cage culture , Area of water Table 4: Correlation between independent variables and dependent variable (Mixed income) Correlations Pearson Correlation Knowledge Sig (2-tailed) about fish cage culture Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance N Productivity Productivity 148 Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance N fingerling_co Pearson Correlation st Sig (2-tailed) Sum of Squares and Cross-products ** 385 Depreciation cost Joint the production chain Number cages Understanding policies Mixed income * 561 ** 029 -.073 139 230 * 154 265 ** Education level 351 ** 783 491 192 029 148 012 000 001 103.513 11.439 23.569 26.028 1.669 -3.048 6.196 16.055 4.857 19.690 45.299 31.420 1.163 129 265 292 019 -.034 070 180 055 221 509 353 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 049 089 ** -.101 ** 179 108 006 097 -.046 646 404 002 344 000 092 309 955 363 668 165 Sig (2-tailed) 314 Labor cost 000 Sig (2-tailed) Pearson Correlation Price Area of water 003 148 N Fingerling cost 165 Pearson Correlation Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance Price Knowledge about fish cage culture 328 372 11.439 58.100 2.767 4.500 13.967 -3.133 12.467 9.344 2.567 333 5.875 -3.067 129 653 031 051 157 -.035 140 105 029 004 066 -.034 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ** -.060 -.152 003 072 034 ** ** 002 573 153 976 499 748 002 000 006 ** 049 003 646 23.569 2.767 54.572 16.083 -2.478 -4.578 106 3.659 789 17.153 31.896 18.607 265 031 613 181 -.028 -.051 001 041 009 193 358 209 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ** 314 90 90 ** 089 ** 000 404 002 26.028 4.500 16.083 385 328 328 44.056 318 544 475 287 291 ** ** -.041 -.123 103 138 -.057 170 705 247 334 195 596 109 000 005 -1.500 -3.333 3.000 6.278 -1.167 8.250 25.042 17.000 Covariance N Area of water 495 -.017 -.037 034 071 -.013 093 281 191 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 -.140 ** 104 ** 037 044 -.015 189 000 332 000 726 679 885 90 029 ** -.060 -.041 Sig (2-tailed) 783 002 573 705 1.669 13.967 -2.478 -1.500 31.122 -3.178 10.956 3.959 8.589 1.528 1.958 -.756 019 157 -.028 -.017 350 -.036 123 044 097 017 022 -.008 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 -.073 -.101 -.152 -.123 -.140 ** 074 -.025 -.075 -.152 -.163 491 344 153 247 189 010 490 818 485 153 124 -3.048 -3.133 -4.578 -3.333 -3.178 16.622 -4.844 2.059 -.311 -2.222 -4.917 -5.856 -.034 -.035 -.051 -.037 -.036 187 -.054 023 -.003 -.025 -.055 -.066 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 139 ** 003 103 ** ** 089 251 * 037 124 037 192 000 976 334 000 010 404 017 728 243 732 6.196 12.467 106 3.000 10.956 -4.844 19.289 2.681 3.422 1.194 4.333 1.411 070 140 001 034 123 -.054 217 030 038 013 049 016 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 069 224 ** 120 518 033 001 259 Pearson Correlation Sig (2-tailed) Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance N Depreciation Pearson Correlation cost Sig (2-tailed) Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance N 328 372 447 -.271 447 -.271 495 Pearson Correlation 230 * 179 072 138 104 074 089 Sig (2-tailed) 029 092 499 195 332 490 404 16.055 9.344 3.659 6.278 3.959 2.059 2.681 47.014 1.470 11.241 19.264 7.252 180 105 041 071 044 023 030 528 017 126 216 081 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ** -.025 251 * 069 -.050 -.022 061 000 818 017 518 639 837 565 Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance N Number cages 181 90 N Joint the production chain 051 Pearson Correlation Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance Labor cost 292 Pearson Correlation 154 108 034 -.057 Sig (2-tailed) 148 309 748 596 495 * 354 Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance N Understandi ng policies 789 -1.167 8.589 -.311 3.422 1.470 9.656 -1.139 -.542 1.678 055 029 009 -.013 097 -.003 038 017 108 -.013 -.006 019 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 * -.050 ** 90 90 Pearson Correlation 265 006 ** 170 037 -.075 037 224 Sig (2-tailed) 012 955 002 109 726 485 728 033 639 19.690 333 17.153 8.250 1.528 -2.222 1.194 11.241 -1.139 221 004 193 093 017 -.025 013 126 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ** 097 ** 044 -.152 124 000 363 000 000 679 153 45.299 5.875 31.896 25.042 1.958 509 066 358 281 90 N Pearson Correlation Sig (2-tailed) Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance N Education level 2.567 * Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance Mixed income 4.857 Pearson Correlation Sig (2-tailed) Sum of Squares and Cross-products Covariance N 561 318 544 ** 475 440 262 * 000 013 53.347 25.542 16.806 -.013 599 287 189 90 90 90 90 90 ** -.022 ** 243 001 837 000 -4.917 4.333 19.264 -.542 25.542 63.031 37.479 022 -.055 049 216 -.006 287 708 421 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 * ** 354 440 537 ** 000 90 90 90 ** -.046 ** ** -.015 -.163 037 120 061 262 001 668 006 005 885 124 732 259 565 013 000 31.420 -3.067 18.607 17.000 -.756 -5.856 1.411 7.252 1.678 16.806 37.479 77.239 353 -.034 209 191 -.008 -.066 016 081 019 189 421 868 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 351 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) .287 291 537 Table 5: Coefficientsa Unstandardized Coefficients Model B (Constant) Std Error -.966 475 Education level 244 068 Knowledge about fish cage culture 200 Productivity Standardized Coefficients Beta 95.0% Confidence Interval for B t Sig Lower Bound Upper Bound Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF -2.034 045 -1.912 -.020 270 3.581 001 108 379 782 1.278 062 256 3.201 002 075 324 695 1.438 -.025 079 -.024 -.315 754 -.181 132 780 1.283 Price 316 082 294 3.856 000 153 479 762 1.312 fingerling_cost 174 091 146 1.911 060 -.007 356 762 1.312 Area of water 142 123 100 1.149 254 -.104 388 589 1.698 -.025 139 -.013 -.182 856 -.303 252 866 1.154 Depreciation cost 068 145 038 470 640 -.221 357 690 1.450 Joint the production chain 225 083 194 2.722 008 060 389 872 1.146 Number cages -.366 204 -.143 -1.794 077 -.772 040 696 1.438 Understanding policies 138 081 127 1.708 092 -.023 299 801 1.249 Labor cost a Dependent Variable: Mixed income Table 6: Collinearity Diagnosticsa Variance Proportions Knowledge Condition Model Dimension Eigenvalue Index Education (Constant) level Joint the about fish cage culture Productivity Price Fingerling Area of Labor Depreciatio production Number Understanding cost water cost n cost chain cages policies 10.066 1.000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 932 3.286 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 44 19 00 00 00 497 4.498 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 45 52 00 00 00 130 8.792 00 01 02 00 01 01 05 02 12 00 38 05 101 9.980 00 02 02 66 00 00 00 01 08 00 09 02 068 12.158 00 01 33 02 00 02 06 00 00 01 02 42 051 14.014 01 10 35 06 04 10 01 00 02 01 05 33 045 15.018 00 07 05 04 63 00 06 01 01 10 08 00 037 16.530 00 72 03 16 01 13 06 02 00 08 02 01 10 032 17.604 00 00 07 00 00 02 49 03 03 50 16 00 11 028 18.836 00 01 09 05 26 58 14 00 00 10 20 16 12 011 29.662 98 07 02 01 05 13 13 02 04 20 00 00 a Dependent Variable: Mixed income