(Luận văn) the impact of education on unemployment incidence, micro evidence from vietnam

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS t to hi ng ep VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS n w lo ad yi ju y th pl THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON UNEMPLOYMENT INCIDENCE: MICRO EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM n ua al n va n oi m ll fu BY tz LE THI YEN THANH z k jm ht vb gm om l.c MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS an Lu n va y te re HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2012 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS t to hi ng VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ep n w lo ad ju y th yi THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON UNEMPLOYMENT INCIDENCE: MICRO EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM pl n ua al n va A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of fu tz n oi m ll MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS z k jm LE THI YEN THANH ht vb By gm om l.c an Prof Dr PHAM KHANH NAM Lu Academic Supervisor: n va y te re HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2012 CERTIFICATION t to “I certify that the work of this thesis has not already been submitted for any degree and has hi ng not been currently submitted for any other degree ep I certify that to the best of my knowledge and any help received in preparing this thesis, and all sources used, have been acknowledged in this thesis.” n w lo ad yi ju y th LE THI YEN THANH pl n ua al n va tz n oi m ll fu z k jm ht vb gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I would like to send my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Pham Khanh t to Nam for his kindest help to my thesis I thought I might have given up due to the busy hi ng activity at work Thank to his motivation, patience and enthusiasm, I could continue and ep complete my thesis on time He spent his precious time helping me search for materials, books and studies related to my thesis My thesis could not have been completed without his n w support, guidance, advice and comments With all my heart, I gratefully send my sincere lo thanks for all he did to help me to complete this thesis ad Besides my supervisor, my best gratitude also goes to Dr Nguyen Van Chon who y th ju provided me with valuable advice and comments during the time I wrote the thesis yi I also take this chance to express my sincere thanks to Dr Nguyen Trong Hoai who pl tightly monitored my thesis schedule and encouraged me to complete this thesis on time n ua al In addition, I would like to thank my friends, Anh Khang, Huyen, Binh, Hong and all n va classmates of MDE 16 for their kind help and assistance during my thesis Finally, I would like to thank my parents, my boyfriend and my young sister for all fu December 2012 tz Le Thi Yen Thanh n oi m ll their support and encouragement during the time I was doing my research z k jm ht vb gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re ABSTRACT Unemployment is one of the major challenges which lead to the unsustainability in t to our economy and society To deal with high unemployment, education is considered as one hi ng of the best solutions because it reduces the unemployment probability by preparing ep knowledge and skills for people before they participate in the labor market This thesis aims to analyze the link between education and unemployment by examining the impact of n w educational attainment on unemployment probability when considering other control lo ad variables at the micro level such as gender, age, marital status, health status, regional level y th and family economic condition, using the secondary data from Vietnam Household Living ju Standards Survey 2008 (VHLSS2008) The analysis is conducted by running logit model yi The findings confirm that educational attainment has a significantly negative effect on pl n ua al unemployment risk The thesis also points out that women are more likely to enter unemployment spell than men at the same educational level In addition, age, ethnic, health n va status, marriage, being household head, geographic location, household expenditure and number of young children also play a statistically important role on unemployment From fu tz n oi m ll the results, the study gives some policy recommendation z k jm ht vb gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re ABBREVIATIONS t to hi ng ep : Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey FDI : Foreign Direct Investment GSO : General Statistics Office MOLISA : Ministry of Labor – Invalids and Social Affairs OR : Odds Ratio VHLSS n w lo ad yi ju y th pl n ua al n va tz n oi m ll fu z k jm ht vb gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION hi ng ep 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Research Questions Research Scope Problem Statement n w t to 1.1 1.4 lo ad 1.5 Structure of the Thesis y th yi ju CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .5 Theoretical Background 2.2 Review of Empirical Studies 2.3 Chapter Summary 17 pl 2.1 n ua al n va fu m ll CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18 Conceptual Framework 18 3.2 Data Source .19 3.3 Variables Description .19 3.4 Econometric Model .22 3.5 Chapter Summary 24 tz n oi 3.1 z k jm ht vb gm 4.1 om l.c CHAPTER FOUR: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS .25 Labor Force and Unemployment Situation of Vietnam 25 Lu 4.1.1 Labor Force in Vietnam 25 4.4 Interpretation and Discussion 42 4.5 Chapter Summary 51 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn y Regression Results 41 te 4.3 re Descriptive Statistics .33 n va 4.2 an 4.1.2 Unemployment in Vietnam 28 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 53 Conclusion 53 5.2 Policy Recommendation 54 5.3 Research Limitations and Further Research Suggestions .55 t to 5.1 hi ng ep REFERENCES 56 n w APPENDIX 62 lo ad yi ju y th pl n ua al n va tz n oi m ll fu z k jm ht vb gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Summary of dependent and independent variables 20 Table 4.1: Structure of unemployed population by the highest educational attainments and t to hi ng by gender in 2010 and 2011 (%) .31 ep Table 4.2: Regression results of the logit models 41 n w Table 4.3 The estimation of unemployment probability, given initial probalibity P0 42 lo Table 4.4 Odds ratio and unemployment probability of women at different educational ad ju y th attainments with initial probability at 10%, 50% and 90% .44 Table 4.5 Odds ratio and unemployment probability of men at different educational yi pl attainments with initial probability at 10%, 50% and 90% .45 n ua al Table 4.6 Odds ratio and unemployment probability of men and women with initial n va probability at 10%, 50% and 90% at the same educational attainment 45 n oi m ll fu LIST OF FIGURES tz Figure 3.1 Conceptual framework of the study .18 z ht vb Figure 4.1: The share of labor force by residence from 2000 to 2011 (%) .25 k jm Figure 4.2: The share of labor force by gender from 2000 to 2011 (%) 26 gm Figure 4.3: Age structure of labor force by residence in 2011 (%) 27 om l.c Figure 4.4: Share of labor force by education/training levels in 2011 by residence 27 Figure 4.5: Rate of trained labor force by gender in 2011 (%) 27 Lu Figure 4.6: Structure of trained labor force by regions in 2011 (%) 28 an Figure 4.9: Age structure of unemployed population by residence in 2011 (%) 30 Figure 4.10: Unemployment rate by the educational attainment in 2010 and 2011 31 Figure 4.11: The unemployment rate by regions during the period of 2008-2011 32 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn y te re Figure 4.8: Age structure of unemployed population by gender in 2011 (%) 29 n va Figure 4.7: Unemployment rate by age groups in 2010 and 2011 (%) .29 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Figure 4.12: Unemployment rate by educational attainment in 2008 (%) 33 Figure 4.13: The share of Labor force by educational attainment interacted with gender in 2008 (%) 34 t to hi ng Figure 4.14: Unemployment rate by educational attainment interacted with gender in 2008 ep (%) .35 Figure 4.15: Unemployment rate by age groups in 2008 (%) 36 n w lo Figure 4.16: Unemployment rate by gender in 2008 (%) 36 ad Figure 4.17: The share of labor force by regions in 2008 (%) 37 y th yi ju Figure 4.18: Unemployment rate by regions in 2008 (%) 37 pl Figure 4.19: Unemployment rate by urban/rural residence in 2008 (%) 38 n ua al Figure 4.20: Unemployment rate by married status in 2008 (%) 38 n va Figure 4.21: Unemployment rate by ethnic in 2008 (%) 39 m ll fu Figure 4.22: Unemployment rate by household head status in 2008 (%) 39 tz n oi Figure 4.23 Unemployment rate by number of children aged below 16 in 2008 (%) .40 z LIST OF APPENDICES vb jm ht Appendix 1: The share of labor force by gender and by residence from 2000-2010 .62 k Appendix 2: Age structure of labor force in urban/rural residence by gender in 2011 62 gm Appendix 3: Structure of labor force by level of education and vocation training in 2011 om l.c (%) .63 an Lu Appendix 4: Rate of trained labor force by residence and gender in 2011(%) 63 Appendix 5: Rate of trained labor force by education levels in 2011 (%) 63 n va Appendix 6: Unemployment rate by age groups in 2010 and 2011 (%) 63 Appendix 8: Unemployment rate by the educational attainment in 2010 and 2011 64 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn y (%) .64 te re Appendix 7: Age structure of unemployed population by residence and by gender in 2011 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 10: Descriptive statistic t to hi ng ep Mean Std Dev Min Max unemployment Impendent variables Educational variables 0.081 0.273 Secondary level 0.405 0.491 Professional vocation level 0.072 0.259 University level or above 0.062 0.242 Primary vocation level Interaction variables: 0.007 0.084 Male*secondary 0.217 0.412 Male*profession vocation 0.033 0.178 0.042 0.202 Male*primary vocation Individual characteristics 0.004 0.067 Male 0.506 0.500 0.275 0.446 0.299 0.458 0.183 0.386 0.807 n w Variable Dependent variable lo ad yi ju y th Male*university or above pl n ua al n va Age30-39 Age40-49 fu m ll Age50+ Married 0.143 0.350 Ill days 0.674 9.089 365 Inactive days 2.129 15.853 365 Kinh Hoa 0.835 0.371 Household head Household characteristics 0.375 0.484 Household expenditure 34.171 26.589 Log of household expenditure Regional characteristics 3.329 0.618 0.76 Urban 0.271 0.445 Red River Delta 0.196 0.397 Northwest 0.053 0.224 North Central 0.097 0.296 South Central Coast 0.091 0.288 Central Highlands 0.066 0.249 Southeast 0.139 0.346 Mekong Delta 0.211 0.408 Sample 18,640 tz n oi 0.394 Illness z jm ht vb 2.13 399.88 k 5.99 gm om l.c n va y te re 65 an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Lu Source: Author’s calculation from the data VHLSS 2008 (N=18,640) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 11: Testing relationship between unemployment and educational level Educational level Secondary level Professional Vocation University level & above Primary Vocation 7,827 6,845 1,239 1,083 130 17,124 92.68% 90.60% 92.19% 93.12% 97.74% 91.87% 618 710 105 80 1,516 % within level 7.32% 9.40% 7.81% 6.88% 2.26% 8.13% Count 8,445 7,555 1,344 1,163 133 18,640 % within level 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% t to hi ng Unemployed ep Employed Count % within level n w Total Total Primary level & less Count lo ad Pearson chi2(4) = 32.4657 Pr = 0.000 y th ju Ho: there is no relationship between unemployment probability and educational level yi Pearson Chi-Square=32.4657, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no pl n ua al relationship between unemployment and educational level n va Appendix 12: The relationship between gender and education (%) Professional vocation University or above Primary vocation 4,540 3,509 553 550 50 9,202 49.34% 38.13% 6.01% 5.98% 0.54% 100% 3,905 4,046 791 613 83 9,438 41.38% 42.87% 8.38% 6.50% ht 0.88% 100% 8,445 7,555 1,344 1,163 133 18,640 45.31% 40.53% 7.21% 6.24% 0.71% 100% z vb gm Ho: there is no relationship between gender and educational level om l.c Pearson chi2 (4) = 136.6969 Pr = 0.000 k jm Total Secondary level tz Male Count % within level Count % within level Count % within level Total Primary level or less n oi Female m ll fu Gender Education attainment an relationship between gender and educational level Lu Pearson Chi-Square=136.6969, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no n va y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 66 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 13: Testing relationship between unemployment and gender interacted with education (%) t to Female hi ng ep Employed n w Unemployed lo ad Count % within level Count % within level ju y th Total Count % within level Male*Education attainment Total All levels Primary level or less Secondary level Professional vocation University or above Primary vocation 8,302 3,740 3,697 730 573 82 17,124 48.48% 21.84% 21.59% 4.26% 3.35% 0.48% 100% 900 165 349 61 40 1,516 59.37% 10.88% 23.02% 4.02% 2.64% 0.07% 100% 9,202 3,905 4,046 791 613 83 18,640 49.37% 21% 22% 4% 3% 0% 100% yi Pearson chi2 (5) = 122.1905; Pr = 0.000 pl n ua al Ho: there is no relationship between unemployment and interaction variable between gender and educational level n va Pearson Chi-Square=122.1905, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no m ll fu relationship between unemployment and interaction variable between gender and educational level tz n oi Appendix 14: The share of labor force by Gender and educational attainment in z 2008 (%) vb ht Educational attainment Secondary Professional university level vocation level Primary level Female 24.36% 18.83% 2.97% 2.95% Male 20.95% 21.71% 4.24% 3.29% primary vocation k jm Gender gm 0.45% om l.c Source: Author’s calculation from VHLSS 2008 0.27% By educational attainment (%) 67 y Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Primary Vocation 4.00% 1.20% te University Level 7.27% 6.53% re Primary Secondary Professional Level Level Vocation Female 9.98% 10.29% 7.96% Male 4.23% 8.63% 7.71% Source: Author’s calculation from VHLSS 2008 n va Unemployment by Gender an Lu Appendix 15: Unemployment rate by Gender and educational attainment (%) C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 16: Testing relationship between unemployment and age groups Age groups t to hi ng Employed Age22-29 Age30-39 Age40-49 Age50+ Total 3,877 4,895 5,332 3,020 17,124 85.57% 95.59% 95.52% 88.67% 91.87% 654 226 250 386 1,516 14.43% 4.41% 4.48% 11.33% 8.13% Count 4,531 5,121 5,582 3,406 18,640 % within age 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Count ep % within age Unemployed Count n w % within age Total lo ad Pearson chi2(3) = 482.0451 Pr = 0.000 y th ju Ho: there is no relationship between unemployment probability and age group yi Pearson Chi-Square=482.0451, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no pl n ua al relationship between unemployment and age groups n va Appendix 17: testing relationship between unemployment and gender tz z ht vb Total 17,124 100% 1,516 100% 18,640 100% n oi Unemployed Count % within gender Count % within gender Count % within gender Total m ll fu Employed By Gender Female Male 8,302 8,822 48.48% 51.52% 900 616 59.37% 40.63% 9,202 9,438 49.37% 50.63% jm Pearson chi2 (1) = 66.0165 Pr = 0.000 k Ho: there is no relationship between unemployment probability and gender gm relationship between unemployment and gender om l.c Pearson Chi-Square=66.0165, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no an Lu n va y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 68 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 18: testing relationship between unemployment and regions By Regions t to hi ng ep Employed Count % within region n w Unemployed % within region lo Count ad Total Count y th % within region Red River Delta North East North West North Central South Central Coast Central High lands South East Mekon g Delta Total 3,394 2,609 957 1,660 1,554 1,165 2,251 3,534 17,124 19.82% 15.24 % 5.59% 9.69% 9.07% 6.80% 13.15% 20.64% 100% 261 138 28 143 146 72 336 392 1,516 17.22% 9.10% 1.85% 9.43% 9.63% 4.75% 22.16% 25.86% 100% 3,655 2,747 985 1,803 1,700 1,237 2,587 3,926 18,640 19.61% 14.74 % 5.28% 9.67% 9.12% 6.64% 13.88% 21.06% 100% ju Pearson chi2(7) = 186.3118; Pr = 0.000 yi Ho: there is no relationship between unemployment probability and regions pl n ua al Pearson Chi-Square=186.3118, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no relationship between unemployment and regions n va m ll fu Appendix 19: Relationship between unemployment and rural/urban residence Total tz n oi z 17,124 100% 1,516 100% 18,640 100% k Pearson chi2(1) = 346.3649; Pr = 0.000 jm ht vb Count % within residence Unemployed Count % within residence Count Total % within residence Employed By Residence Rural Urban 12,788 4,336 74.68% 25.32% 796 720 52.51% 47.49% 13,584 5,056 72.88% 27.12% gm Ho: there is no relationship between unemployment probability and urban/rural om l.c residence Pearson Chi-Square=346.3649, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no an Lu relationship between unemployment and residence n va y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 69 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 20: Testing the relationship between unemployment and married status t to hi ng By Marital Status Married Others 14,198 2,926 82.91% 17.09% 852 664 56.20% 43.80% 15,050 3,590 80.74% 19.26% Count % within marital status Unemployed Count % within marital status Count Total % within marital status ep Employed Total n w lo ad 17,124 100% 1,516 100% 18,640 100% ju y th Pearson chi2(1) = 639.0625; Pr = 0.000 Ho: there is no relationship between unemployment probability and marital status yi pl Pearson Chi-Square=639.0625, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no n ua al relationship between unemployment and marital status n va Appendix 21: Testing the relationship between unemployment and ethnic m ll fu By Ethnic Kinh Hoa Others 14,157 2,967 82.67% 17.33% 1,410 106 93.01% 6.99% 15,567 3,073 83.51% 16.49% z 17,124 100% 1,516 100% 18,640 100% jm ht vb Total tz Unemployed Count % within ethnic Count % within ethnic Count % within ethnic n oi Employed Total Pearson chi2(1) = 108.0338; Pr = 0.000 k gm Ho: there is no relationship between unemployment probability and ethnic relationship between unemployment and ethnic om l.c Pearson Chi-Square=108.0338, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no an Lu n va y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 70 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 22: Testing the relationship between unemployment and being household head t to hi ng Count % within household head Unemployed Count % within household head Count Total % within household head ep Employed n w lo ad Household head Household Others head 10,433 6,691 60.93% 39.07% 1,219 297 80.41% 19.59% 11,652 6,988 62.51% 37.49% Total 17,124 100% 1,516 100% 18,640 100% ju y th Pearson chi2(1) = 225.5792; Pr = 0.000 Ho: there is no relationship between unemployment probability and being household yi pl head n ua al Pearson Chi-Square=225.5792, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no relationship between unemployment and being household head n va fu m ll Appendix 23: Testing the relationship between unemployment and number of n oi children below 16 8,193 5,224 2,877 664 142 22 17,124 47.85% 30.51% 16.80% 3.88% 0.83% 0.13% 0.01% 100% 998 363 132 18 1,516 65.83% 23.94% 8.71% 1.19% 0.07% 0.00% 100% 9,191 5,587 3,009 682 146 23 18,640 49.31% 29.97% 16.14% 3.66% 0.78% 0.12% 0.01% 100% ht vb 0.26% k om l.c Pearson chi2(6) = 201.7513; Pr = 0.000 gm Total Count % within number of children Count % within number of children Count % within number of children z Unemployed 0 Total jm Employed tz Number of Children below 16 Ho: there is no relationship between unemployment probability and number of Lu an children below 16 years old y te re relationship between unemployment and number of children below 16 years old n va Pearson Chi-Square=201.7513, Pr=0.000 < 5% => Rejecting Ho => There is no Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 71 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 24: Descriptive statistics t to hi ng ep n w lo ad yi ju y th pl n ua al n va tz n oi m ll fu z Min Max 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 365 365 k jm ht vb 7.663424 12.89893 1 1 1 1 gm om l.c an Lu Variables Obs Mean Std Dev Dependent variable unemployment 18640 0.0813305 0.2733493 Independent variables Educational attainments Secondary level 18640 0.4053112 0.4909653 Professional vocation level 18640 0.0721030 0.2586653 University level or above 18640 0.0623927 0.2418739 Primary vocation level 18640 0.0071352 0.0841704 Interaction variable between gender and educational attainment Male*secondary 18640 0.2170601 0.4122549 Male*profession vocation 18640 0.0424356 0.2015863 Male*university or above 18640 0.0328863 0.1783437 Male*primary vocation 18640 0.0044528 0.0665823 Control variables Male 18640 0.5063305 0.4999733 Age30-39 18640 0.2747318 0.4463910 Age40-49 18640 0.2994635 0.4580353 Age50+ 18640 0.1827253 0.3864515 Kinh Hoa 18640 0.8351395 0.3710646 Married 18640 0.8074034 0.3943494 Illness 18640 0.1428112 0.3498896 Ill days 18640 0.6736588 9.0890460 Inactive days 18640 2.1286480 15.8526100 Household head 18640 0.3748927 0.4841082 Log of household expenditure 18640 10.2370000 0.6178310 Number of young children 18640 0.7704936 0.9171416 Urban 18640 0.2712446 0.4446140 Red River Delta 18640 0.1960837 0.3970432 Northwest 18640 0.0528433 0.2237266 North Central 18640 0.0967275 0.2955942 South Central Coast 18640 0.0912017 0.2879035 Central Highlands 18640 0.0663627 0.2489216 Southeast 18640 0.1387876 0.3457340 Mekong Delta 18640 0.2106223 0.4077615 n va y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 72 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 25: Correlation testing t to unemploymen t Secondar y level University level or above Professional vocation level Primary vocation level Male* profession vocation Male* secondary hi ng ep Unemployment Secondary level 0.038 Professional vocation level -0.003 -0.230 University level or above -0.012 -0.213 -0.072 Primary vocation level -0.018 -0.070 -0.024 -0.022 0.010 0.638 -0.147 -0.136 -0.045 Male*profession vocation -0.003 -0.174 0.755 -0.054 -0.018 -0.111 Male*university or above -0.011 -0.152 -0.051 0.715 -0.016 -0.097 -0.039 Male*primary vocation -0.017 -0.055 -0.019 -0.017 0.789 -0.035 -0.014 Male -0.060 0.048 0.046 0.011 0.020 0.520 0.208 -0.084 -0.043 -0.077 -0.018 0.016 -0.052 -0.064 -0.087 0.030 -0.001 -0.031 -0.017 0.005 -0.001 0.055 -0.017 0.029 -0.015 -0.009 0.029 0.040 0.076 0.144 0.045 0.081 0.022 0.084 0.031 -0.185 -0.006 -0.031 -0.066 -0.004 -0.008 -0.023 0.051 -0.042 -0.016 -0.041 0.007 -0.042 -0.016 0.109 -0.001 -0.007 -0.008 -0.002 0.004 -0.007 0.151 -0.010 -0.019 -0.022 -0.001 -0.009 -0.016 0.000 -0.049 0.015 0.251 0.049 Male*secondary n w lo ad ju Age40-49 y th Age30-39 Age50+ yi Kinh Hoa pl Married n ua al Illness Ill days Inactive days n va Household head Log of household expenditure -0.110 0.022 0.074 0.160 0.293 0.024 0.049 0.116 Number of young children -0.100 -0.077 -0.094 -0.016 -0.055 -0.074 -0.098 0.136 0.016 0.133 0.237 0.006 -0.014 0.085 Red River Delta -0.018 0.230 0.036 0.036 0.008 0.125 0.033 Northwest -0.046 -0.076 0.006 -0.024 -0.006 -0.039 0.010 North Central -0.002 0.096 0.004 -0.015 -0.011 0.059 -0.002 Urban -0.013 -0.007 0.037 -0.007 0.004 -0.008 -0.028 -0.013 -0.018 0.003 -0.017 -0.019 Southeast 0.071 -0.054 -0.015 0.045 0.023 -0.038 -0.015 Mekong Delta 0.035 -0.201 -0.072 0.003 -0.110 -0.051 Central Highlands z 0.005 -0.023 vb tz n oi South Central Coast m ll fu 0.106 -0.052 Central Highlands gm Urban Northwest South Central Coast North Central k Urban jm ht Red River Delta Southeast Mekong Delta Northwest -0.072 -0.117 North Central -0.061 -0.162 -0.077 South Central Coast 0.058 -0.157 -0.075 -0.104 Central Highlands 0.014 -0.132 -0.063 -0.087 -0.085 Southeast 0.196 -0.198 -0.095 -0.131 -0.127 -0.107 -0.048 -0.255 -0.122 -0.169 -0.164 -0.138 -0.207 n va Mekong Delta Lu -0.044 an om l.c Red River Delta y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 73 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Male*university or above Male*university or above Male*primary vocation Male Age30-39 Age40-49 Age50+ Kinh Hoa t to Male*primary vocation -0.012 0.182 0.066 Age30-39 -0.024 0.013 -0.041 Age40-49 -0.019 -0.012 -0.028 -0.402 Age50+ 0.013 -0.002 0.063 -0.291 -0.309 Kinh Hoa 0.061 0.012 -0.003 -0.018 0.017 0.055 Married -0.042 0.006 0.007 0.114 0.185 0.103 -0.061 Illness -0.033 0.000 -0.046 -0.023 0.039 0.088 0.001 Ill days 0.000 -0.001 0.011 -0.002 -0.011 0.024 0.001 -0.012 -0.005 -0.001 -0.020 0.010 0.029 0.000 0.017 0.036 0.489 -0.026 0.170 0.224 -0.013 hi ng Male ep n w lo ad Inactive days ju y th Household head Log of household expenditure Number of young children yi Urban pl Red River Delta 0.024 0.015 -0.081 0.002 0.018 0.309 -0.011 -0.029 0.357 0.050 -0.209 -0.153 0.172 0.001 -0.016 -0.033 0.012 0.024 0.199 0.023 0.004 -0.001 -0.026 0.015 0.043 0.210 -0.022 -0.005 -0.001 0.010 -0.005 -0.034 -0.415 -0.004 -0.011 -0.001 0.006 0.018 0.008 0.074 0.025 -0.002 0.005 0.001 0.004 -0.001 0.097 0.011 -0.005 0.010 -0.001 -0.018 -0.103 0.035 0.015 -0.007 0.005 -0.017 -0.003 0.136 -0.035 -0.003 0.001 0.005 -0.005 -0.006 0.143 n ua al 0.213 -0.070 Northwest North Central South Central Coast n va Central Highlands -0.007 Southeast Married Illness Ill days Inactive days Log of household expenditure Household head Number of young children tz Married n oi m ll fu Mekong Delta 0.029 Ill days -0.017 0.182 Inactive days -0.015 0.329 0.194 0.188 0.058 0.007 0.009 -0.011 -0.023 0.006 -0.025 -0.116 0.207 -0.001 -0.006 -0.014 0.083 -0.102 -0.074 -0.027 -0.016 -0.018 k 0.371 -0.099 Red River Delta 0.025 -0.053 -0.001 -0.003 0.017 0.023 -0.076 Northwest 0.041 -0.013 -0.001 -0.004 0.008 -0.123 0.063 North Central -0.001 -0.016 0.007 0.009 0.016 -0.084 0.058 South Central Coast -0.025 -0.022 0.000 -0.010 0.001 0.054 0.017 0.026 0.016 0.008 0.013 0.020 Southeast -0.082 0.014 0.001 -0.006 -0.033 0.209 Mekong Delta -0.023 0.059 -0.017 -0.005 -0.035 -0.011 Urban -0.038 gm om l.c Central Highlands jm Number of young children ht Log of household expenditure vb Household head z Illness 0.021 0.118 Lu -0.010 an -0.065 n va y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 74 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 26: Regression results Dependent Variable (Unemployment =1) t to hi ng ep Robust Std Err z P>z [95% Conf Interval] Secondary level -0.22160 0.08571 -2.59 0.010 -0.38960 -0.05360 Professional vocation level -0.93199 0.18389 -5.07 0.000 -1.29241 -0.57158 University level or above -1.38525 0.19136 -7.24 0.000 -1.76030 -1.01020 Primary vocation level -1.50435 0.73496 -2.05 0.041 -2.94484 -0.06385 Male*secondary 0.80051 0.13440 5.96 0.000 0.53708 1.06393 Male*profession vocation 1.04030 0.24635 4.22 0.000 0.55745 1.52315 Male*university or above 0.83208 0.26886 3.09 0.002 0.30512 1.35904 Male*primary vocation -0.04079 1.28547 -0.03 0.975 -2.56025 2.47868 Male -0.93513 0.10980 -8.52 0.000 -1.15033 -0.71993 -0.81981 0.09239 -8.87 0.000 -1.00089 -0.63873 -0.75073 0.09479 -7.92 0.000 -0.93651 -0.56494 0.29933 0.09105 3.29 0.001 0.12087 0.47779 0.29416 0.12708 2.31 0.021 0.04509 0.54323 -1.01397 0.06768 -14.98 0.000 -1.14662 -0.88133 0.13789 0.08613 1.60 0.109 -0.03093 0.30671 0.01984 0.03052 n w Coef lo ad ju y th Age30-39 Age40-49 yi Age50+ pl Kinh Hoa n ua al Married Illness 3.64 0.000 0.00917 0.01637 0.00167 9.82 0.000 0.01310 0.01964 Hhhead -0.60705 0.08493 -7.15 0.000 -0.77351 -0.44058 0.05588 6.97 0.000 0.28024 0.49929 0.04270 -3.28 0.001 -0.22360 -0.05620 0.06520 0.38977 Number of young children -0.13990 Urban 0.87702 13.45 0.000 0.74923 1.00480 Red River Delta 0.19938 0.12014 1.66 0.097 -0.03608 0.43485 Northwest -0.28173 0.22056 -1.28 0.201 -0.71402 0.15055 North Central 0.40680 0.13476 3.02 z 0.003 0.14269 0.67092 South Central Coast 0.25280 0.13709 1.84 0.065 -0.01590 0.52149 Central Highlands -0.06437 0.16093 -0.40 0.689 -0.37978 0.25104 Southeast 0.47663 0.12271 3.88 0.000 0.71713 Mekong Delta 0.54437 0.11723 4.64 jm 0.23612 0.000 0.31460 0.77414 _cons -5.75827 0.55154 -10.44 -4.67727 an Log pseudolikelihood - 4349.3519 Note: *significant at 5% level, ** significant at 1% level, *** significant at 0.1 level Lu 0.17260 -6.83927 om l.c Pseudo R2 0.000 gm 0.00000 k 1545.87000 Prob > chi2 ht 18640.00000 Wald chi2 (28) vb Number of observations tz Log of household expenditure n oi m ll fu 0.00545 Inactive days n va Ill days n va y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 75 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Appendix 27: Calculation of interaction variables between gender and educational attainments t to - Considering only variables of gender, educational attainment and interaction hi ng between gender and education attainment in the model: ep Empirical Model: n w  P ln  i   Pi lo ad    3.0659  0.9351 * Male  0.2216 * Secondary  0.932 * Pr ofessional Vocation   1.3853 * University  1.5043 * Pr imaryVocation  0.8005 * Male * Secondary  1.0403 * Male * Pr ofessional Vocation  0.8321 * Male * Univerysity yi ju y th In which: pl n ua al Pi = P (yi = 1): probability of unemployment n va Base category: female*primary fu Comparing female at primary level with female at higher educational For women with Secondary level, the odds of unemployment get multiplied by tz - n oi attainments: m ll e-0.2216=0.801 comparing with women at primary level z For women with Professional vocation training, the odds of unemployment get vb - jm ht multiplied by e-0.932=0.394 comparing with women at primary level For women with University degree or above, the odds of unemployment get k For women with Primary vocation, the odds of unemployment get multiplied by e-1.5043=0.222 comparing with women at primary level om l.c - gm multiplied by e-1.3853=0.250 comparing with women at primary level Lu an Assuming the initial unemployment probability of female*primary is P0 (%) = 10%, 50% or 90%, we can calculate the unemployment probability of n va Female at different educational levels as following: y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 76 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Table 4.4 Odds ratio and unemployment probability of women at different educational attainments with initial probability at 10%, 50% and 90% t to Unemployment probability (%) hi ng Educational attainment OR ep n w 50% 90% Secondary level 8.17% 44.48% 87.82% 0.801 Professional vocation level 4.19% 28.25% 77.99% 0.394 University level or above 2.71% 20.02% 69.25% 0.250 Primary vocation level 2.41% 18.18% 66.66% 0.222 lo 10% ad Source: Author’s calculation from results of logit model ju y th Comparing male at primary level with male at higher educational yi pl attainments: n ua al For men with Secondary level, the odds get multiplied by e-0.2216+0.8005=1.784 comparing with men at primary level n va - For men with Professional vocation training, the odds of unemployment get m ll fu multiplied by e-0.932+1.0403=1.114 comparing with men at primary level tz n oi For men with University degree or above, the odds of unemployment get multiplied by e-1.3853+0.8321=0.575 comparing with men at primary level z Assuming the initial unemployment probability of male*primary is P0 (%) = 10%, 50% or 90%, we can calculate the unemployment probability of Male at vb jm ht different educational levels as following: k Table 4.5 Odds ratio and unemployment probability of men at different gm educational attainments with initial probability at 10%, 50% and 90% n va 1.784 1.114 0.575 an y te re Source: Author’s calculation from results of logit model OR Lu Secondary level Professional vocation level University level or above Unemployment probability (%) 10% 50% 90% 16.54% 64.08% 94.14% 11.02% 52.70% 90.93% 6.01% 36.51% 83.81% om l.c Educational attainment Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 77 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Comparing male with female at the same educational attainment: t to hi ng ep At Primary level: the odds of unemployment of Males get multiplied by -0.9351 e =0.393 comparing with Females At Secondary level: the odds of unemployment of Males get multiplied by -0.9351+0.8005 e =0.874 comparing with Females At Professional vocational level: the odds of unemployment of Males get multiplied by e-0.9351+1.0403=1.111 comparing with Females At University level or above: the odds of unemployment of Males get multiplied by e-0.9351+0.8321=0.902 comparing with Females n w lo ad y th yi ju At each educational level, assuming the initial unemployment probability of Females is P0 (%) = 10%, 50% and 90%, we can calculate the unemployment probability of Males at the same levels as following: pl n ua al Table 4.6 Odds ratio and unemployment probability of men and women with n va initial probability at 10%, 50% and 90% at the same educational attainment OR n oi m ll 0.393 0.874 1.111 tz 0.902 z Primary level Secondary level Professional vocation University level or above Unemployment probability (%) 10% 50% 90% Male Female Male Female Male Female 4.18% 10% 28.19% 50% 77.94% 90% 8.85% 10% 46.64% 50% 88.72% 90% 10.99% 10% 52.63% 50% 90.91% 90% 9.11% 10% 47.43% 50% 89.03% 90% fu Educational attainment k jm ht vb Source: Author’s calculation from results of logit model gm om l.c an Lu n va y te re Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 78 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 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77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn