(Luận văn) maternal education, women’s access to information and childhood development a case of lao pdr

Ministry of Education and Training t to University of Economics Hochiminh City ng hi _ ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al va n CHANTHAVONG SOMSANOUK ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb “Maternal Education, Women’s Access to Information and Childhood k jm Development: A Case of Lao PDR” om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re MASTER DEGREE THESIS IN ECONOMICS HOCHIMINH CITY, VIETNAM Ministry of Education and Training t to University of Economics Hochiminh City ng hi _ ep w n lo ad CHANTHAVONG SOMSANOUK ju y th yi “Maternal Education, Women’s Access to Information and Childhood pl n ua al Development: A Case of Lao PDR” n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb jm MAJOR: ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT k (Research-Oriented Programme) om l.c gm CODE: 8310105 n a Lu y te re HOCHIMINH CITY, VIETNAM n ACADAMIC ADVISOR: VO TAT THANG va MASTER DEGREE IN ECONOMICS DECLARATION t to ng I certify that, All contents of this dissertation have never been submitted for any other hi ep degree and has never been currently submitted for any other degree I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and helps from the advisor in preparing this dissertation w and all sources used, have been acknowledged in this dissertation.” n lo ad y th ju Signature yi pl n ua al va n CHANTHAVONG SOMSANOUK ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re iii t to ng ACKNOWLEDGEMENT hi ep First and foremost, I would like to express my highest appreciation for my thesis supervisor Dr Vo Tat Thang for his valuable suggestions and encouragements during w n my study and doing research at the University of Economics Hochiminh City (UEH) lo ad My highest gratitude also goes to all instructors, lecturers who provide me valuable y th ju knowledge especially Prof Dr Pham Khanh Nam who compliments and provides yi best viewpoints on my thesis proposal; my friends in class who are actively discussed pl ua al and commented on my thesis n My research would not have been possible without the permission from UNDP’s va n survey data who formally provided data needed for the qualitative analysis part which fu ll are indeed valuable information that useful in this study m oi My best sincere appreciation also goes to the People’s committee of Hochiminh city nh at who provide and grant aid as exchange scholarship, especially the Lao student z Dormitory in Hochiminh City where provide facilities and the best living condition z vb during my study I also would like to express my best gratitude to the Postgraduate ht k gm providing guidelines during my study in UEH jm Institute of University of Economics Hochiminh City that helps facilitate and l.c Finally, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my parents, sibling, wife and the dearest three om sons of mine for support, love and encouragement, this dissertation is dedicated to n a Lu them n va y te re t to TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION iii ng hi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ep TABLE OF CONTENT v LIST OF TABLES vii w n LIST OF FIGURES viii lo ad List of abbreviations ix y th Abstract .x ju yi Introduction pl 1.1 Research Problem .1 al n ua 1.2 Some fact on Lao social, economic Status va 1.2.1 Government policy on gender n 1.2.2 Mechanism fu ll 1.2.3 Education policy toward women empowerment m oi 1.2.4 Government policy on education nh 1.2.5 Literacy status of Lao people .7 at z 1.3 Research objective and Research question .11 z ht vb 1.4 Scope of the Study 12 jm 1.5 Contribution 12 k 1.6 Thesis structure .12 gm Chapter 1: Literature review 14 om l.c 1.1 Theoretical background 14 1.2 Empirical review .18 a Lu 1.2.1 The impact of maternal education on early childhood development .21 n 1.2.2 The role of mother’s education and women access to information impact on early childhood development 24 y Chapter 2: Research Methodology and Data Resources 27 te re 1.3 Summary 25 n va 1.2.3 The effect of development economics on health .24 2.1 Conceptual framework 27 t to 2.2 Analytical model and data processing: 31 ng 2.2.1 Model .31 hi ep 2.2.2 Estimation method 34 2.2.3 Variable definitions 34 w n 2.3 Data: 40 lo ad 2.3.1 LSIS I .40 y th 2.3.2 LSIS II 43 ju Chapter Empirical result .45 yi pl 3.1 Data description 45 ua al 3.2 Emperial result 47 n 3.2.1 Maternal education and early childhood development 49 va 3.2.2 Women access to information and early childhood development 49 n ll fu 3.2.3 Regional Effect 49 oi m 3.2.4 Wealth Quintile Index 50 nh 3.2.5 Ethnicity effect 50 at 3.2.6 Clean water using and toilet using 50 z z 3.2.7 Household Member and number of children under 51 vb ht 3.2.8 Age of mother 51 k jm 3.2.9 Child’s gender: 51 gm Chapter Conclusion 52 l.c 4.1 Conclusions .52 om 4.2 Policy implications 53 a Lu 4.3 Limitation of the study 53 n REFERENCES I va APPENDIX IV n y te re LIST OF TABLES t to ng Table1.1: Attendance of students by Education Level in 2014-2015 hi ep Table 1.2: Mean primary school enrollment rates (in %) for children aged 6-12 (2002- w 2003) n lo ad Table 2.1 Detail description of the variables y th Table 3.1 Descriptive statistic of variables used in the regression model ju yi Table 3.2 Logit estimation result pl al n ua Table 3.3 Average Marginal Effect result n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re LIST OF FIGURES t to ng hi ep The diagrams for the determinants for early childhood development The Development progress of children in different age ranges w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re List of abbreviations t to ng hi ep The Convention of the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination CRC: Right of the Child ECD: Early Childhood Development CEDAW: w n Lao PDR: lo ad LWU: Lao Women’s Union y th GRID: Lao People’s Democratic Republic Gender Resource Information and Development Center ju yi Lao NCAW: Lao National Commission for Advancement of Women pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re Abstract t to Maternal Education, Women’s Access to Information and Childhood Development: ng A Case of Lao PDR hi ep Chanthavong Somsanouk The Lao People Democratic Republic (PDR), a transitional economy, and one of least w n developed economics in Southeast Asia region, After its opening the country and an lo ad economic pathway of its development following the semi-market economy system, y th the GDP of Laos during last decade growth with an average rate of 7%, which is a ju high rate compared to many countries in the region In the long run, to guarantee the yi pl sustainable growth and development of the country, to raise the productivity, the need ua al for human resource becomes one of the main focuses in the 8th Social Economic n Development Plan This paper examines the impact of maternal education and va n women’s access to information on probability of the outcomes of early childhood fu ll development as expectedly that the healthier children will eventually to provide m oi higher labor productivity and guarantee the sustainable development of the country at nh By using the Logit regression model, the measurement of health status of children z called Early Childhood Development (ECD) this fills the gaps and make it more z diversity in research on the determinant of the child’s health vb ht The result of the study shows that maternal education is confirmed to have a positive jm k effect on children well being Children whose his or her mother has more years of gm school are more likely to be properly developed At the same time, Women access to significance for the likeliness that her children are properly developed om l.c information also found to have a positive effect with a satisfactory level of statistical a Lu The suggestions on implication of the theoretical and the finding of the research are n the scientifically advanced for the policy makers for setting up guidelines for y Key words: Maternal Education, Women’s access to Information, Early Childhood Development, Lao PDR te re empowerment through education and access to information n va sustainable development strategies, particularly in aspect of women and child 44 The survey also sampled men (age 15-49), but required only a subsample All men (age 15-49) were identified in every other household 12,694 men (age 15-49 years) were t to listed in the household questionnaires Questionnaires were completed for 12,017 ng eligible men, which corresponds to a response rate of 95 percent within eligible hi interviewed households ep There were 11,812 children under age five listed in the household questionnaires w n Questionnaires were completed for 11,720 of these children, which corresponds to a lo ad response rate of 99 percent within interviewed households y th ju A sub-sample of children 5-17 years were used to administer the questionnaire for yi children of 5-17 years Only one child has been selected randomly in each household pl ua al interviewed, and there were 31,339 children (5-17 years) listed in the household questionnaires Of these, 15,494 children (5-17 years) were selected, and questionnaires n ll fu the interviewed households n va were completed for 15,435 which correspond to a response rate of 99.6 percent within m oi In this research, the combination two sets of the data on Early Childhood at nh Development from LSIS I and LSIS II are used to make the larger samples Children z at age between 2-4 years are the main targets, detail as table below: z k jm ht vb gm 2-4 years Male l.c Number of children LSIS I 4426 2269 2157 LSIS II 4881 2499 2381 Total 9307 4768 2538 Female om an Lu n va ey t re 45 Chapter Empirical result t to 3.1 Data description ng In this study dataset is obtained from the MICS, which are the collected set of data from hi ep MICS and MICS6 MICS5 is the survey completed in the year 2011-2012; MICS6 is the survey completed in the year 2016-2017 w n Total number of children age ranges from 2-5 years, in the collection of two lo ad times of surveys is 8.269 children, 4.080 are female child Variables ju y th Table 3.1: Descriptive statistic for variables used in the regression model Means Standard Min Max yi pl Deviation ua al Dependent Variable 854275 DM1 220462 DM2 98186 1334659 DM3 8790664 3260698 DM4 9494498 2190907 n ECD 3528516 va n 4145833 ll fu oi m 1 1 at nh z Independence variable 3.838076 ACINFOR 5158438 4997857 MAGE 29.49825 6.523034 15 CHGEN 5065909 4999868 CLEANWT 7360019 4408249 HHMEM 6.409602 2.690935 34 UNDER5 1.61652 8029776 ht om an Lu n va ey t re Khmer 49 l.c 1: Lao-Tai k 0: Other 2: Mon- jm ETNGROUP 24 vb 6.108598 gm z MEDU 46 Hmongmien t to Chines-T ng WINDEX poorest hi Second ep Middle w Upper n lo Richest ad 7555932 4297609 1 ju y th OWNLPLOT yi North pl REGION ua al Central n South n va Number of Observation: 8.269 ll fu Dependent Variable: oi m at nh Early childhood development: in the sample, there are 8.269 observations, while those are properly developed are 7.082 people, or about 85,65%, this shows that in entire view most of Lao children are properly developed z z jm ht vb Domain 1: Literacy and Numeracy: out of 8.268 children, there are only 1.823 children are properly developed, while another 77,95% are poorly developed k Domain 2: Physical: almost all children have proper physical development, only 1% found to be poorly developed l.c gm om Domain 3: approaches to learning: there are over 7000 children are properly developed, only 5% are found to be poorly developed an Lu Domain 4: Social-Emotional Development: children who are not properly developed account for only 15% out of the whole samples n ey t re School year of mother school: the highest level of school is 22 years, while the lowest is no illiteracy mother The total number of mothers in the sample is 5,693 persons, in average Lao mother give birth to 1.45 children And most of the mothers are primary school graduate which is accounted for 1,491 persons va Independent variables: ad ju y th 47 yi pl ua al 3.2 Emperial result n Table 3.2 Logit estimation result (P-value) DM2 (P-value) DM3 (P-value) DM4 (P-value) (0.000) (0.000) (0.006) (0.016) 0082 2680 -.0346 -.1689 (0.854) (0.396) (0.258) (0.623) 0101 3538* 0061 -.3392* (0.692) (0.041) (0.641) (0.032) 0191 0396 0167* -.2333* (0.144) (0.696) (0.041) (0.014) z DM1 m ll -.5265 -.0737 -.0146 -.2954 (0.302) (0.852) (0.844) (0.249) -.0191 -.1073 -.0474 -.0732 (0.918) (0.574) (0.156) (0.526) 2288 1847 -.0045 0496 (0.062) (0.193) (0.854) (0.549) 1.2191** 7274 8950 (omitted) (0.005) (0.089) (0.059) 7089 5400 8341 0211 (0.116) (0.236) (0.077) (0.967) (0.005) (0.000) 0591 5817*** (0.601) (0.000) -.3001* 0335 (0.013) (0.811) -.3261*** -.6464*** (0.000) (0.000) at nh z (0.467) (0.390) -.1051 (0.586) 5486* (0.046) 7441* (0.035) 9366* (0.019) 0405 (0.842) 2.7401*** (0.000) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 Obs = 4,688 n y te re -.0235 (0.880) -.1969 (0.279) -.3130 (0.122) -.3704 (0.108) -.0961 (0.412) 7095 (0.191) Prob > chi2 = 0.0001 Obs = 4,720 ac th si 0887 (0.831) 3494 (0.583) -.3285 (0.608) 9901 (0.240) 3901 (0.331) 4.6095 (0.004) Prob > chi2 =0.0037 Obs = 4,614 -.6258** -.8128*** va 0977 (0.468) 6434*** (0.000) 8754*** (0.000) 1.199*** (0.000) -.0943 (0.246) -2.543*** (0.000) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 Obs = 4,720 3553 4004 an eg cd -.1824 (0.184) 0162 (0.926) -.0406 (0.841) 1028 (0.666) -.0220 (0.854) 9536 (0.093) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 Obs = 4,720 Note: *p