(Luận văn) factors affecting job performance, an investigation of employees in the vietnamese banking industry

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY t to International School of Business ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th NGUYEN THI NGOAN yi pl n ua al va n FACTORS AFFECTING JOB PERFORMANCE: AN INVESTIGATION OF EMPLOYEES IN THE VIETNAMESE BANKING INDUSTRY ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va MASTER OF BUSINESS (Honours) y te re th Ho Chi Minh City – Year 2012 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY t to International School of Business ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th NGUYEN THI NGOAN yi pl al n ua FACTORS AFFECTING JOB PERFORMANCE: AN INVESTIGATION OF EMPLOYEES IN THE VIETNAMESE BANKING INDUSTRY n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm ID: 60340102 n a Lu n va th Ho Chi Minh City – Year 2012 y SUPERVISOR: DR NGUYEN THI MAI TRANG te re MASTER OF BUSINESS (Honours) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to give my gratefulness to my research instructor, Dr Nguyen Thi t to ng Mai Trang for her intensive support, valuable suggestions, instructions and hi encouragement during the time of doing my research ep I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Nguyen Dong Phong, w n Professor Nguyen Dinh Tho, Dr Tran Ha Minh Quan for their valuable time as the lo ad members of the proposal examination committee Their comments and meaningful ju y th suggestions were contributed great help for my completion of this research yi My sincere thanks are given to all of my teachers at International Business pl during my MBA course n ua al School – University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City for their teaching and guidance va n In addition, I would like to special express my thanks to all of my classmates, fu ll my colleagues at JSC Bank for Investment and Development of Viet Nam, my friends m oi who are working in some banks in Ho Chi Minh City: Ms Pham Thi Thu Ha (Techcom at nh Bank), Ms Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao (Asia Commercial Bank), Mr Luong Thi Ngoc z Tram (Sacombank), Ms Le Thi Viet Ha (Eximbank) for their support and z ht vb encouragement during the time I was doing my research k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re t to ng TABLE OF CONTENTS hi ep ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEMS 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND SCOPES 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES 2.1 POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL 2.1.1 Self – efficacy 11 2.1.2 Optimism 12 2.1.2 Hope 14 2.1.2 Resilience 16 2.2 QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE 16 2.3 JOB PERFORMANCE 19 2.4 THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL AND HYPOTHESES OF THE RESEARCH 20 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 22 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 22 3.1.1 Qualitative Research 25 3.1.2 Quantitative Research 25 3.2 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD 29 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND DATA RESULT 30 4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH SAMPLES 30 4.2 THE RELIABLITY TEST: THE CRONBACH’S ALPHA TEST 32 4.3 EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS 36 4.4 MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS 38 4.5 THE FINAL MODEL FOR THE RESEARCH 41 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 44 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 45 5.2 MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS 45 5.2.1 Belonging needs 45 w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re th t to ng hi ep 5.2.2 Hope 46 5.2.3 Knowledge needs 48 5.2.4 Resilience 47 5.3 LIMITATIONS 49 REFERENCES 50 APPENDICES APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX D APPENDIX E APPENDIX F w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re th LIST OF FIGURES t to Figure 2.1 Conceptual Model ng hi Figure 3.1 Research processes ep Figure A1 Top 10 countries with highest asset growth of banking sector w n lo Figure A2 Top 10 countries with highest asset growth of banking sector ad y th Figure A3 ATM, POS and issued cards during 2007 -2010 ju yi pl Figure E1 Histogram of Job performance ua al Figure E2 Normal Plot of Job performance n va n Figure E3 Scatter Plot of Job performance ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Summary Result of Delivery Questionnaire t to ng Table 4.1 Sample Characteristics hi ep Table 4.2 Reliability Test Results w Table 4.3 Total Variance Explained of Independent Variables n lo ad Table 4.4 Rotate Factor Matrix of Independent Variables y th Table 4.5 Factor Matrix of Dependent Variable ju yi pl Table 4.6 Correlations Matrix al n ua Table 4.7 Model Summary When Adding Gender As An Independent Variable va Table 4.8 Model Summary When Adding Age As an Independent Variable n ll fu Table 4.9 Final Model Summary oi m z Table 4.11 Coefficients Result of Final Model at nh Table 4.10 Anova Result of Final Model z vb k jm Variable ht Table F1 Summary of Coefficients When Adding Gender and Age as an Independent om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re ABSTRACT t to Viet Nam has reached many achievements in developing its country since the ng hi time the economy has been opened In 2010, while the global economy has recovered ep slowly, Asia economies, especially Viet Nam, has done particular well Viet Nam w economy’s growth continues to be impressive and become the third fastest growing n lo economy after China, India ad Vietnam has crowded population, with more than 86 millions, the third in Asia y th ju and the thirteenth in the world In addition, the income level of population is likely to yi rise strongly over years However, the population still is under – banked Since, pl ua al Vietnam is really a potential market for developing the banking industry Among many industries, banking industry is the most important industry that extremely n n va contributes to the development of Vietnamese Economic fu Nowadays, because of the quickly change in business environment and the ll more competition in banking industry, the bank’s managers have put more efforts to m oi improve bank’s performance with other competitors The employee takes a key factor nh at to the bank’s performancce So, the bank’s managers are required to understand and to z z investigate whether their employees are satisfied with their job or not Only if they are vb satisfied, they will contributie a higher job performance Go along with the higher job ht gm the capacity of competiveness of their banks k jm performance, the employees will project a positive image of the organization as well as l.c As a result, the purpose of this research is to identify factors that affect the job n a Lu belong to psychological capital and quality of working life om performance of employees in the Vietnamese banking industry, specify to factors that n va y te re Key words: Psychological capital, quality of working life, job performance, banking industry performance, human resource of banking industry CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION t to 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND ng hi The recently financial crisis is one of the most pressing challenges facing ep countries and businesses in today's global business environment It is required most w countries in the world to make suitable changes to improve and overcome this n lo difficult period ad y th Vietnam is in the case of developing country, globalization poses distinct ju yi challenges to governments, the private sector and organized labor These pl challenges, which must be addressed through a strategic approach to human al n ua resource management, include (1) Partnership in economic recovery especially in va Vietnam (2) Dealing with the large foreign companies (3) Concerns over possibility n of fraud in E-commerce (such as issues of confidence and trust) and (4) fu ll Implementing prescriptions for recovery and growth taking in to consideration the m oi development agenda and unique circumstances of individual area at nh At present, senior executives in Vietnamese companies have become more z z strategic in their thinking about the human capital Human capital is becoming a vb ht main power for the success of any organizations Unfortunately, the competiveness jm and the quality of the human resources of Vietnamese companies are in low position k om l.c Nam stated that: gm in comparing with other countries The report of Labor and Social trends in Viet Despite some advantages, the labor force of Viet Nam remains mostly a Lu n unskilled as nearly two-third did not have any technical education The y increase the labor productivity and enhance competitiveness of labor force te re equal to only 61.4% of the average of Asia countries Viet Nam has to n va country‟s productivity of Viet Nam remains low in absolute terms and was if the country desires to move up in regional and global production networks In order to reach the goal of the economic growth as well as the t to ng higher quality of labor force, Viet Nam must address many issues, hi ep especially in human resources (International Labor Organization Report, w 2010) n lo ad 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEMS ju y th yi Banking industry is the heart of any economies Firstly, banks act as pl delegated monitors and ensure that firms use the resources allocated to them al ua effectively Secondly, banks also play an important role as tool for executing macro n – economic policies Go along with the quickly changes in business environment, va n the banking industry has renewed itself to catch up with the requirements of bank‟s fu ll users Almost banks are offering many kinds of valuable services for customers m oi besides its traditional services in order to upgrade the satisfaction of the bank‟s nh at customers Consequently, beyond the normal expectation of providing excellent z customer service, the bank‟s employees are also required to sell various added value z ht vb services jm The quality of banking services has been moved on strongly improvement k gm over the last few years, it is still in its infancy The old banking systems and the old l.c habit of local Vietnamese resident were two major obstacles to access to finance for om Vietnam‟s large population of bankable but under-banked households and a Lu enterprises In the future, the Vietnamese banks have to their businesses in n competitive environment not only with local banks but also with a lot of foreign – Appendix A) y services of banks (See more information about Vietnamese Banking Industry in te re suitable services for their customers and attract more customers to use more n va owned banks The banks need employees with high knowledge to advise more 55 Parker, S (1998) Enhancing role-breath self efficacy: The roles of job enrichment t to and other organizational interventions Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, ng hi 835-852 ep Peterson, C (2006) A Primer in Positive Psychology New York, NY: Oxford w n Press lo University ad ju y th Nguyen, Thanh N (2012-October) The trend of human resources of Vietnamese yi Banking Industry in 2012/13 Nhip cau dau tu, p.10 pl Warm Fuzzines American Psychologist, 56(3), 250-263 n va and n ua al Schneider, Sandra L.(2001) In Search of Realistic Optimism Meaning, Knowledge, ll fu Schachtel, E (1959) Metamorphosis New York: Basic Books m oi Seligman, M.E.P (1998) Learned optimism New York, NY: Pocket Books at nh Scheier, M.F., & Caver, C.S (1985) Optimism, coping, and heath: Assessment and z z ht vb implications of generalized outcome expectancies Healthy Psychology, 4, k jm 219-247 Measure l.c gm Sirgy, M Joseph., David Efraty., Phillip Siegel., & Dong-Jin Lee (2001), „„A New of Quality of Work Life (QWL) Based on Need Satisfaction om Social Indicators Research, 55 (3), 241-302 n a Lu and Spillover Theories”, n va Snyder, C R., Kevin L Rand., & David R Sigmon (2002) HopeTheory: A Positive Psychology Family In C R Snyder and Shane Positive Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Psychology (pp 257 -276) y J Lopez (Eds.), Handbookof te re Member of the 56 Snyder, C R.,Harris, C., Anderson, J.R., Holleran, S.A., Irving, L.M., Sigmon, S.T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P (1991).The will and the t to ng ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hi ep hope Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570-585 w n Stajkovic, Alexander D & Fred Luthans (1998) Self-Efficacy and Work-Related lo ad Performance: A Meta Analysis Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 240-261 y th ju Stajkovic, A., & Luthans, F (1998b) Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy yi pl OrganizationalDynamics, 26, 62-74 ua al n Youssef, C.M., & Luthans, F (2007) Positive organizational behavior in the impact of hope, optimism, and resilience Journal of n The va workplace: ll fu oi m Management, 33, 774-800 at nh Youssef, C.M., & Luthans, F (2008) Leveraging psychological capital in virtuous z organizations: Why and how In C Manz, K Cameron, K Manz, & R Marx z vb The virtuous organization (pp 131-162) Hackensack, NJ: k Publishers jm World Scientific ht (Eds.), gm l.c Youssef, C.M., & Luthans, F (2009) An integrated model of psychological capital om in the workplace In A Linley (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology and Oxford University Press n a Lu work New York: n va Vaez, Marjan, Margareta Kristenson & Lucie Laflamme (2004) Perceived Quality (2), 221-234 Their WorkingPeers” Social Indicators Research, 68 y Comparison with te re of Life and Self-Rated Health among First-Year University Students: A 57 APPENDICES Appendix A Summary information of the Vietnamese Banking Industry t to ng hi ep w n lo ad y th Figure A1 Top 10 countries with highest asset growth of banking sector ju yi Source: www.thebankerdatabase.com pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z vb ht Figure A2 Top 10 countries with highest asset growth of banking sector k jm Source: www.vcbs.com om l.c gm n a Lu n va y Source: Vietnam Bank Card Association te re Figure A3 ATM, POS and issued cards during 2007 -2010 58 Appendix B Guideline for qualitative in-depth interview t to ng hi ep w Measure scales Comments Self-efficacy ( Parker.,1998) You feel confident of analyzing a long-term All interviewees expressed problem to find a solution that they fully understood the meanings of the scales You feel confident of presenting your work However, the interviewees area in meetings with senior management suggested that the author You feel confident of contacting people should change the noun outside the company "You" to "I" for all items because this scale was You feel confident of presenting information measure by self to a group of colleagues evaluation of interviewees Optimism (Carver & Scheier.,2002) interviewees In uncertain times, you usually expect the best The suggested to change item " You always expect things go to my way In uncertain times, you Overall, you expect more good things to usually expect the best" by happen to you than bad "I always expect the best" Hope (Synder, Rand and Sigmon.,2002) At the present time, you are energetically Totally agreed, except pursuing your goals change “ You” by “I” There are a lot of ways around any problems that you are facing 10 You can think many ways to reach your current goals Resilience (Block & Kremen.,1996) 11 You quickly get over and recover from being Totally agreed, except startled change “ You” by “I” 12 You are generous with your colleagues n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm gm You get over your anger at someone reasonably quickly Survival needs (Sirgy et al.,2001) 14 Your job provides good health benefits 15 You are satisfied with what you are getting paid for your work 16 Your job does well for your family Totally agreed, except change “ You” by “I” Belonging needs (Sirgy et al.,2001) 17 You have good friends at work 18 You have enough time away from work to Totally agreed, except change “ You” by “I” om l.c 13 n a Lu n va y te re 59 enjoy other things in life 19 t to ng hi ep w You feel appreciated at work Knowledge needs (Sirgy et al.,2001) 20 You feel that your job allows you to realize Totally agreed, except your full potential change “ You” by “I” 21 Your job allows you to sharpen your professional skills 22 Your job helps you develop your creativity Job performance (Staples, Hulland & Higgins.,1999 and Rego & Cunha.,2008) 23 You believe you are an effective employee Totally agreed, except change “ You” by “I” 24 You are happy with the quality of your work output 25 Your manager believes you are an efficient worker 26 Your colleagues believe you are a very productive employee n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re 60 Appendix C Questionnaire in English Dear participants, t to ng I am a member of Master of Business Class, a Master Program in English of hi University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City At the present, I have been doing a ep research to indentify some factors that impact on job performance of employees in w banking industry Please kindly share your own thinking on the issues given in this n lo questionnaire All your ideas will help for the success of my research ad I CONTENT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE: y th ju Please express the degree of your agreement with statements given below yi (Indentify your rating by circling the number) pl ua al Rating scale: Strongly disagree to Strongly agree n ll oi m I feel confident of analyzing a long-term problem to z I feel confident of presenting my work area in z at find a solution nh Your rating fu Self-efficacy n va Scale jm I feel confident of contacting people outside the k gm company I feel confident of presenting information to a group a Lu Optimism om of colleagues l.c ht vb meetings with senior management In uncertain times, I usually expect the best I always expect things go to my way 7 Overall, I expect more good things to happen to me n y te re Hope va than bad n 61 At the present time, I am energetically pursuing my goals t to There are a lot of ways around any problem that I am ng hi facing ep 10 I can think many ways to reach my current goals w n Resiliency lo ad ju y th 11 I quickly get over and recover from being startled yi 12 I am generous with my colleagues pl al n va Survival needs n ua 13 I get over my anger at someone reasonably quickly ll fu 14 My job provides good health benefits at Belonging needs 7 nh 16 My job does well for my family oi m 15 I am satisfied with what I‟m getting paid for my work z z ht vb 17 I have good friends at work jm 18 I have enough time away from work to enjoy other k om l.c Knowledge needs 19 I feel appreciated at work gm things in life a Lu n 20 I feel that my job allows me to realize my full va n potential 22 My job helps me develop my creativity y te re 21 My job allows me to sharpen my professional skills 62 Job performance t to ng hi ep 23 I believe I am an effective employee 24 I am happy with the quality of my work output 25 My manager believes I am an efficient worker 26 My colleagues believe I am a very productive w n employee lo ad y th II INDIVIDUAL INFORMATION: ju yi Please kindly provide some information about yourself and your career: pl 1/ At present, your job at your bank is ua al  Teller n  Credit officer (Individual credit officer and corporate credit officer) n va  Back officer ll fu  Others m oi 2/ What kinds of the ownership of your bank? z n y te re  6- 10 years va  2- years n 40 l.c 31-40 25-30 gm 10 years 5/ Your net income per month: t to < millions VND ng hi  5- 11 millions VND ep  12 – 20 millions VND >20 millions VND w  Male n 6/ Your gender:  Female lo ad III Other contributions: y th Besides factors that given in my research, you have any ideas about other factors ju yi that affect to your job performance, please given in the blanks given below pl al n ua n va Thank you for your cooperation and contribution! ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re 64 Appendix D Questionnaire in Vietnamese BẢNG KHẢO SÁT t to Xin chào anh/chị, sinh viên lớp MBUS Chương trình thạc sĩ ng hi đào tạo Tiếng anh Trường ĐH Kinh Tế TP.HCM ep Hiện nay, thực nghiên cứu nhân tố tác động đến w kết cơng việc, từ nghiên cứu mối liên hệ kết công việc chất n lượng sống nhân viên ngành Ngân hàng lo ad Rất mong anh/chị dành thời gian thực bảng khảo sát bên Tất y th ý kiến anh/chị có ý nghĩa với thành cơng nghiên cứu ju yi I PHẦN NỘI DUNG CHÍNH pl Xin anh/chị vui lòng cho biết mức độ đồng ý phát biểu al n ua với quy ước (Đánh dấu chéo vào ô anh/chị lựa chọn) va Hồn tồn khơng đồng ý; Hơi không đồng ý; Không đồng ý; Trung hịa n (khơng có ý kiến); Đồng ý; Hơi đồng ý; Hoàn toàn đồng ý ll fu at nh Tôi cảm thấy tự tin việc phân tích vấn đề dài z Mức độ đồng ý oi Sự tự tin lực thân m Các tiêu đánh giá z ht Tôi cảm thấy tự tin việc thuyết trình cơng gm Tôi cảm thấy tự tin việc giao lưu với om người bên ngồi cơng ty l.c k việc họp với cấp jm vb hạn để tìm hướng giải Tôi cảm thấy tự tin việc truyền đạt thông tin cho n a Lu nhóm bạn đồng nghiệp Tôi luôn mong muốn việc diễn theo cách mà Tôi mong muốn y Tôi mong muốn điều tốt đẹp te re n va Sự lạc quan sống 65 Nói chung, Tơi mong muốn điều tốt đẹp xảy 7 với Tôi điều không may t to Niềm hy vọng sống ng Hiện tại, Tôi hào hứng theo đuổi mục tiêu hi ep Tơi khó khăn mà Tơi phải đối mặt w Tơi nghĩ có nhiều cách giải vấn đề n lo ad 10 Tôi suy nghĩ nhiều hướng khác để chinh phục y th mục tiêu Tôi ju yi Khả phục hồi/cân sống pl 11 Tơi nhanh chóng vượt qua hồi phục từ cú al ln rộng lượng/ hào phóng với đồng n fu nghiệp Tôi va 12 Tôi n ua sốc sống ll 13 Tôi vượt qua giận với cách nhanh oi m chóng at nh Những nhu cầu thiết yếu sống z 14 Công việc mang đến cho Tôi sức khỏe tốt z jm Tôi ht vb 15 Tơi hài lịng với mức lương trả cho công việc k 16 Cơng việc Tơi giúp ích cho sống gia đình om l.c a Lu 17 Tơi có người bạn tốt nơi làm việc Tôi Những nhu cầu tinh thần sống gm Tơi n 18 Ngồi cơng việc, Tơi có đủ thời gian để hưởng thụ n 20 Tôi cảm thấy công việc Tôi giúp Tôi nhận y Những nhu cầu học hỏi sống te re 19 Tôi cảm thấy coi trọng nơi làm việc Tôi va thứ khác sống 66 cách đầy đủ khả tiềm ẩn 21 Cơng việc cho phép Tôi đào sâu kỹ t to chuyên môn thân ng hi 22 Công việc giúp Tôi phát triển khả sáng tạo ep thân w Kết công việc n lo 23 Tôi tin Tôi nhân việc làm việc hiệu ad 24 Tôi cảm thấy hài lịng với chất lượng cơng việc y th ju yi 25 Cấp Tôi tin rẳng Tôi người nhân viên pl làm việc hiệu al n ua 26 Đồng nghiệp Tôi tin Tôi người nhân ll fu II THÔNG TIN CÁ NHÂN n va viên làm việc suất đánh dấu “” vào ô tương ứng: oi m Xin anh/chị vui lòng cung cấp số thông tin chung cá nhân cách at nh z z 1/ Công việc bạn bạn Ngân hàng: ht vb  Giao dịch viên n y te re  Chi nhánh ngân hàng nước Việt Nam va  100% vốn nước n  Liên doanh a Lu  Cổ phần om  Nhà nước l.c 2/ Loại hình ngân hàng bạn làm:  Khác gm  Bộ phận hỗ trợ kinh doanh k nghiệp) jm  Nhân viên tín dụng (cán tín dụng cá nhân cán tín dụng doanh 67 3/ Độ tuổi bạn: 40 4/ Thâm niên bạn: w n < =1 năm lo ad  2- năm ju y th  6- 10 năm yi >10 năm pl 5/ Thu nhập bạn tháng: n  12 – 20 triệu đồng va  - 11 triệu đồng n ua al  < triệu đồng m  Nữ oi at nh III Các ý kiến đóng góp khác: ll 6/ Giới tính:  Nam fu  >20 triệu đồng z Ngoài nội dung nêu bạn cho thêm số ý kiến đóng góp z ht vb nhân tố tác động đến kết công việc là: jm k om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re 68 Appendix E Histogram, Normal Regression & Scatter plot of Dependent Variable: Job performance t to ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl al n ua Figure E1 Histogram of Job performance n va ll fu oi m at nh z z ht vb k jm om l.c gm Figure E2 Normal Plot of Job performance n a Lu n va y te re Figure E3 Scatter Plot of Job performance 69 Appendix F Control Variable Test Results t to Table F1 Summary of Coefficients when adding the gender and age as an independent variable ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl Tolerance 0.927 0.747 1.079 1.339 0.127 0.026 0.237 4.946 0.000 0.862 1.16 0.103 0.197 0.06 0.122 0.569 0.088 0.172 0.031 0.033 0.03 0.029 0.26 0.026 0.03 0.163 0.29 0.098 0.21 0.001 0.000 0.045 0.000 0.030 0.001 0.000 0.837 0.849 0.841 0.811 1.195 1.178 1.189 1.234 0.157 0.301 3.341 5.997 2.017 4.24 2.186 3.361 5.807 0.911 0.743 1.098 1.345 0.236 4.869 0.000 0.845 1.184 0.163 0.29 0.098 0.209 0.005 3.334 5.973 2.013 4.224 0.103 0.836 0.847 0.841 0.809 0.96 1.196 1.18 1.189 1.235 1.042 0.914 0.746 1.094 1.34 n ll Collinearity Statistics 0.127 0.026 0.103 0.197 0.06 0.122 0.004 0.031 0.033 0.03 0.029 0.039 0.579 0.087 0.172 0.266 0.026 0.03 0.156 0.3 2.177 0.031 3.335 0.001 5.807 0.000 0.127 0.026 0.237 4.936 0.000 0.102 0.031 0.162 3.297 0.001 0.197 0.033 0.289 0.06 0.03 0.122 -0.006 0.029 0.042 oi m at nh z z 0.001 0.000 0.045 0.000 0.918 VIF ht vb k jm 1.16 0.827 1.21 5.954 0.000 0.844 a Lu 0.098 2.016 0.045 0.84 1.19 0.209 -0.007 4.224 0.000 -0.148 0.883 0.81 0.953 1.235 1.049 l.c 0.862 om gm 1.185 n n va y te re Resilience Age of Respondent va Optimism n Hope ua al t Sig 2.203 0.029 3.385 0.001 5.828 0.00 fu Model (Constant) Self-efficacy Belonging needs Knowledge needs Survival needs Hope Optimism Resilience (Constant) Self-efficacy Belonging needs Knowledge needs Survival needs Hope Optimism Resilience Gender of Respondent (Constant) Self-efficacy Belonging needs Knowledge needs Survival needs Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients Std B Error Beta 0.571 0.259 0.087 0.026 0.156 0.172 0.03 0.3