(Luận văn) determinants of household healthcare expenditure, an analysis in vietnam by using of vhlss 2006

n Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 I t to INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM ng hi ep J ; VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS w n lo ad ju y th ,f' · ; r· yi pl DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD HEALTHCARE al EXPENDITURE: AN ANALYSIS IN VIETNAM n ua f va n BY USING OF VHLSS 2006 ll fu oi m at nh z BY z I k jm ht vb LE PHUONG THAO om l.c gm MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS I a Lu I, I n va ~- - -~ - -~ - 1/79 VNP Class 13 t re - -··· · n HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2011 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS t to UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM ng hi ep w VIETNAM- NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS n lo ad ju y th yi DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE: AN ANALYSIS IN VIETNAM BY USING OF VHLSS 2006 pl n ua al n va ll fu A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of oi m MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS at nh z z By k jm ht vb LE PHUONG THAO om l.c gm Academic Supervisor: DR LE THI THANH LOAN n a Lu n va VNP re HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2011 Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS t to Foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the ng possibility to complete this thesis hi ep I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof Le w Thi Thanh Loan for the continuous support of my study and research, for her n lo patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge Her guidance helped me ad in all the time of research and writing of this thesis And my sincere thanks also go to y th Associate Professor Dr Nguyen Trong Hoai, Co- Director of Vietnam - The ju yi Netherlands Program for M.A in Development Economics, who has always given me pl his encouragements and kindly during the course of my study and thesis research ua al n I wish to thank my close friend, Pham Tien Thang, who supported me in va n finding working papers for references ll fu oi m Lastly, I owe my loving thanks to my parents and my husband Without their at work nh encouragement and understanding, it would have been impossible for me to finish this z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 DECLARATION t to I declare that "Determinants of household healthcare expenditure: An ng hi analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006" is my own work, that it has not been ep submitted to any degree or examination at any other universities, and that all the sources used or quoted are indicated and acknowledged by complete references w n lo ad Ho Chi Minh City, November 2011 y th LE PHUONG THAO ju yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 ABSTRACT t to The main purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of household ng hi healthcare expenditure in Vietnam The main source data for the analysis are from ep Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2006 (VHLSS 2006) The analysis uses statistic analysis and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimates to find out the w n determinants of healthcare expenditure First, statistic analysis gives us an overview lo ad of household healthcare expenditure situation in Vietnam Second, we estimate the y th parameters of household healthcare expenditure model by using the Ordinary Least ju yi Squares (OLS) estimates pl ua al The statistic results indicate that in the total of household expenditure, the n household healthcare expenditure made up only 6.37% and in total of household va healthcare expenditure, 72.53% is used in paying user fees at health facilities (health n ll fu expenditure for having treatment) The results also present that household healthcare oi m expenditures differ by expenditure quintiles, health status, health insurance status, at nh education of household head, gender of house head and ect, z The regression results bring out some findings First, household healthcare z ht vb expenditures and household income (that household expenditure is a proxy) have jm significant relationship Second, important determinants of household healthcare k expenditure were household expenditure, household size, health status and health gm l.c insurance The age and education of household head are also important, but their effects on household healthcare are small Moreover, there were statistically om significant differences in household healthcare expenditure across regions an Lu Key words: households; healthcare expenditure, household expenditures, Vietnam n va re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS t to Page TABLE OF CONTENTS ng hi ACKNOWLEGEMENTS ep DECLARATION w ABSTRACT n lo LIST OF TABLES ad LIST OF FIGURES y th 10 LIST OF APENDIXS ju 11 INTRODUCTION yi CHAPTER I pl 11 1.1 Problem statements al 14 15 17 va 1.3 Research questions n n ua 1.2 Objectives of the study LITERATURE REVIEW Healthcare oi 2.1.1 17 m 2.1 Definitions ll fu CHAPTER 17 nh 2.1.2 Household Healthcare expenditure at 18 z Theoretical framework for Household Healthcare z Expenditure Function 18 k jm Households and utilization of health care ht 2.2.1 18 vb 2.2 Community characteristics and household healthcare expenditure An overview of the Empirical studies relates to 22 an Lu 2.3 om 2.2.3 20 l.c expenditure gm Household characteristics and household healthcare 2.2.2 23 n va household healthcare expenditure re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 35 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SET CHAPTER3 t to ng 3.1 Econometric Model of the study 35 3.2 Data set 38 hi ep 3.2.1 Data Source 38 3.2.2 Some definitions ofVHLSS 2006 39 40 w 3.3 Methodology n lo 41 3.3.1 Descriptive statistics ad 41 RESEARCH FINDINGS FOR HOUSEHOLD HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURES IN VIETNAM pl 43 Overview household healthcare expenditure in Vietnam ua al 4.1 43 yi CHAPTER4 ju y th 3.3.2 Estimation strategy Healthcare expenditure and household expenditure structure n in Vietnam 43 n va 4.1.1 46 ll fu 4.1.2 Household characteristics and healthcare expenditure 54 oi m 4.1.3 Community characteristics and healthcare expenditure 4.2 Estimated results and Explanation CHAPTERS at nh 56 67 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS z 68 k jm ht REFERENCES vb 5.2 Policy recommendations 67 z 5.1 Conclusions 71 om l.c gm n a Lu n va re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 LIST OF TABLES t to Page ng LIST OF TABLES hi Household characteristics 46 Table 4.2 Income and household healthcare expenditure 48 Healthcare expenditure by Education of head of household 49 Table 4.4 Healthcare expenditure by gender ofhead of household 50 Table 4.5 Healthcare expenditure by age of head of household 51 Healthcare expenditure by health status 52 ep Table 4.1 w n Table 4.3 lo ad i ju y th Table 4.6 52 Table 4.8 Healthcare expenditure by household size 53 Table 4.9 Community characteristics Table 4.10 Healthcare expenditure by urban/rural Table 4.11 Healthcare expenditure by regions 55 Table 4.12 Variables - their definitions and expected signs 56 pl Healthcare expenditure by Insurance fu yi Table 4.7 ua al n 54 va 55 n ll oi m Regression results of the determinants of household nh Table 4.13 59 at healthcare expenditures z Regression results of the determinants of household z 64 vb Table 4.14 k jm ht healthcare expenditures with significant variables om l.c gm an Lu n va re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 LIST OF FIGURES t to ng LIST OF FIGURES Page hi ep Structure of sources of health expenditures in VietNam, Figure 4.1 43 2006 w n Figure 4.2 lo ad Figure 4.3 Household expenditure structure in year 2006 44 Household Healthcare expenditure structure in year 2006 45 ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va t re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 APPENDIXS t to ng LIST OF APPENDIXS hi Appendix Page ep Inter-correlation matrix of all the independent variables 75 Correlation between household expenditures on Appendix 76 w healthcare and independent variables n Appendix lo Checking for Multicollinearity ad Regression of the model with dependent variable 1s y th Appendix4 77 78 ju Household per capita healthcare expenditure yi The best model: Regression of the model with dependent 79 pl Appendix n ua al variable is Household per capita healthcare expenditure n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va t re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 regression results of these variables are not different from the results in Table 13 so that we can explain similar before t to ng Beside, we also regress the model with dependent variable is household per hi ep capita healthcare expenditure (HHEXP_PC) The regression results are given in Appendix and Appendix 5, the results also depict that household expenditure and w n health status had most impact on household healthcare expenditure And insurance lo ad status, education of household head and regions are significant impact on household ju y th healthcare expenditure We can see that the results are not different from the regression results with dependent variable is household healthcare expenditure yi pl ua al Briefly, household healthcare expenditure is a function of many household n characteristics and community characteristics variables The robust estimates of OLS n va regression equations of some major household characteristics and community oi m following conclusions: ll fu characteristics variables that may effect on healthcare expenditure lead us to the healthcare expenditures are highly at Household nh • elastic to household z expenditures as a proxy of household income z vb Household expenditure, household size, health status and insurance status are jm ht • major determinants of household healthcare expenditure k gm Age of household head and education level of household head are also l.c • important factors, but their effects on household healthcare are small om In general, gender is considered as a significant determinant of household an Lu • healthcare expenditure However, in this case, it is not true The results show n va re VNP 1J I Clo.ss 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 that gender has not any clear and meaningful pattern m the influence on household healthcare expenditure t to ng • Area of resident variable (urban/rural) presented a surprise result that hi ep household healthcare expenditure of rural household is higher than which of urban household w n The region variables are also important determinant of household expenditures lo • ad on healthcare There were statistically significant differences in household y th ju healthcare expenditure across regions (except in the case ofNorth East region) yi pl Some of these results and their implications are discussed in Chapter n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va re VNP J • I I Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations t to ng In this chapter, the main findings and results in the thesis will be summarized hi m order to give some conclusions Based on these conclusions, the thesis will ep suggested some policy recommendations w n 5.1 Conclusions: lo ad ju y th Conclusions from the results of the analysis were as follows: yi The descriptive analysis for household healthcare expenditures presented pl several important findings First, in total national healthcare expenditures, household al n ua healthcare expenditures made up 63% This rate is high and it means that healthcare household expenditures, spending for healthcare made up only 6.37% while spending n va expenditures are burden of households, especially poor households Second, in total fu ll for food and drink made up to 52.76% This implied that the living standard of m oi households was still low Third, in total of household health care expenditures, nh at payment of medicines in self-treatment was still high, it accounted for around z 22.39% Forth, the average household healthcare expenditures in 2006 was 1,344.51 z ht vb thousand VND and there were 20.25 percent of9189 households that had member got jm illness/injury in the last week The inequity in healthcare expenditure among k households had different characteristics on region, area of residence, mcome, education levels and age of household head groups l.c gm • om In the model for estimating the determinants of household healthcare in an Lu Vietnam, there are some important findings The factors that influenced household healthcare expenditures were regions, area of residence and some household's n va characteristics as household size, household income, health status, education of t re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 household head, age of household head and health insurance coverage Healthcare t to expenditure was higher in the households with characteristics as follows; higher ng expenditure quintile, larger household size, the household head was older, lower hi education level of household head, less health insurance coverage, had member that ep get illness/injury and living in Mekong river Delta (compared with other regions) w n Household healthcare expenditures were highly elastic to household lo ad expenditures Household per capita expenditure measured the living standard that is a y th key determinant of household healthcare expenditure Therefore, household ju yi healthcare expenditures vary across expenditure quintiles The households in higher pl expenditure quintile spend more for health care than the lower while the lower is al n ua more likely to get sick Besides, health insurance was also an important determinant of household healthcare Health insurance had negative relatively to household va n healthcare expenditure It help to reduce household out-pocket healthcare ll fu expenditures oi m at nh 5.2 Policy recommendations: z In order to improve the quality of health care and reduce healthcare z ht vb expenditures for households, especially for poor households, households in difficultly k problems and policies as below: jm regions (North West, North East ); the government should focus more on some l.c gm First, the Government needs to continue increasing state budget spending for om healthcare and using it more effectively to ease the cost burden of households on an Lu healthcare The health care system in rural areas and difficult regions also should be invested The government should equip commune health centers with health care n va equipments and support the health care facilities in training professional staff And re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 by implementing these policies, the overload problem in high level hospitals will be also solved t to ng Second, to reduce household out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures, especially hi ep for poor, near-poor households, we need have more financial assistance policies for healthcare for the poor and other social welfare target groups The forms of pre- w n payment for all groups in society, especially in the form of health insurance should be lo ad more diversify The procurement of health insurance for the poor, near-poor and other ju y th social welfare target groups also need to be supported (Example: now, Ho Chi Minh city issues free health insurance cards to poor households that have income per capita yi pl less or equal million VND/ year, and support 50% fee for buying health insurance al ua cards if households have income per capita from to 10 million VND /year) Health n insurance level needs to increase to ensure covering rising cost of services Besides, va n the new voluntary health insurance program should be extended because it can help fu ll the poor, near-poor households and for all households to reduce burden of healthcare oi m expenditure nh at Third, the high rate of self - treatment expenditure indicates that there were z z inefficient health seeking and utilization behavior of households Self-medication and vb k jm ht self- treatment are very dangerous for the health so that we need to popularize the significance of safe drug usage, especially in difficult regions where the health care om l.c prescription drugs without a prescription gm information Therefore, the government should restrict self-medication and sales of 5.3 Suggestions for further study a Lu n The thesis also have some limitations and because we lack the information on n va health such as the information of and price of medical care, the thesis is still not a re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 comprehensive analysis of determinants of health care expenditure And extent the model with some other household characteristics, community characteristics that may t to ng effect on household healthcare expenditure in Vietnam as number of inpatient visits, hi outpatient visits, over-counter visits for self-treatment, number of children, and ep number of elderly persons in household, ethnic status, distance to nearest healthcare w facility A further study of the determinants of household healthcare expenditure n lo should be done in order to follow-up and monitor the impact of changes in population, ad and socio-economics due to the development of the country ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 REFERENCES t to ng hi Bolin K, Jacobson L, Lindgren B, 1999, The family as the health producer When spouses are Nash-bargainers, Studies in Health Economics 30, Department of Community Medicine, Lund University, Lund ep Becker G, 1964, Human capital, New York: Columbia University Press w n !' lo Behrman J R, Pollak R A, Taubman P, 1982, Parental preferences and provision for progeny, Journal of Political Economy, 90(1), 52-73 ad y th ju Blanchard Janice C., 2005, "Discrimination and Health Care Utilization", Published 2006 by the RAND Corporation yi pl n ua al Catharina Hjortsberg, 2000, Determinants Of Household Health Care Expenditure -The case of Zambia va n Chiappori, D A, 1988, Rational Household labour supply, Econometrica, 56(1 ), 63-89 ll fu oi m Currie J, Gruber J, 1996, "Health insurance eligibility, utilization of medical care, and child health", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111:431-466 at nh z CCSE- WHO group and Ministry of Health group, 2006, "Catastrophic health expenditure in Vietnam 2002", the project Development of Health Sector m Vietnam, CCSE-WHO, 2006-2008 z k jm ht vb l.c gm Grossman M 1972, The demand for health: a theoretical and empirical investigation, NBER Occasional Paper 119, New York om Gertler P, van der Gaag J 1990, The willingness to pay for medical care, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press n a Lu n va Grossman, M., 2000, "The human capital model of the demand for health", in Handbook of Health Economics, A.Culyer and J Newhouse (eds), Elsevier r VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 Gao M, Yao Y., 2006, "Gender gaps in access to health care in rural China", Economic Development and Cultural Change 55(1): 87-107 t to ng hi ep Himanshu, 2006, Influence of income and Education on household Health expenditure: the case of Tribal Orissa; MPRA Paper No 6511, posted 31 December 2007 I 20:39; Online at http:llmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.del6511/ w Himanshu, 2006, Gender inequality in Household health Expenditure: the case of Urban Orissa; MPRA Paper No 6544, posted 03 January 2008 I 03:36; Online at http:llmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.del65441 n lo ad y th ju Ha.N, Peter B and Ulla L., 2002, Household utilization and expenditure on private and public health service in Vietnam, Health policy and planning; 17 (1 ): 61-70 yi pl n ua al Hesketh T, Ye X, Li L, Wang H., 2008, "Health status and access to health care of migrant workers in China", Public Health Reports 123(2): 189-198 va n Ichoku H.E, Leibbrandt M., 2003, "Demand for healthcare services in Nigeria: A multivariate nested logit model" African Development Bank: 396424 ll fu oi m at nh Jacobson L, 1999, The family as producer of health, -An extended Grossman model, Departments of community medicine and economics, Lund University, Malmo/Lund, Sweden z z vb k jm ht Kooreman P, 1990, Househld Labor force participation as a cooperative game: An emprircal model, Journal of Human Resources 24(4), 584-98 Le Grand J,1982, The strategy of equality: Redistribution and the social services~ Allen and Unwin, London l.c gm r om Lundberg S, Pollak A, 1996, Bargaining and Distribution in Marriage, Journal ofEconomic Perspectives, 10:139-158 n a Lu n va Lindelow M., 2004, "Health care decisions as a family matter: Intrahousehold education externalities and the utilization of health services", World Bank Policy Research Working PaperSeries: 3324 t re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 t to Muurinen J M, 1982, Demand for health: A generalised Grossman model, Journal ofEconomics 1, 5-28 ng hi ep McElroy M B, 1990, The Empirical content of Nash-bargained household behavior, Journal ofHuman Resources 25(4), 559-50 w n Manser M, Brown, 1980,Marriage and household decision making: A bargaining analysis, International Economic Review, 21 ( 1), 31-44 lo ad y th ju Margherita and Theodore, 2002, The regional impact of health care expenditure: the case ofItaly, Applied Economics, 14, 1829±1836 yi pl Ministry of Health Vietnam, 2008, "Joint annual Health review 2008 - Health Financing in VietNam", Hanoi, November, 2008 n ua al n va Maathai K Mathiyazhagan, 2003, "Rural Household Characteristics and Health Expenditure in India: An Analysis", Journal of Social and Economic Development Vol No January- June 2003 ll fu m oi Makinen M, Waters H, Rauch M, Almaganbetova N, Birtran R, Gilson L, Mcintyre D, Pannorunothai S, Prieto A.L, Ubilla G, Ram S., 2000, "Inequalities in health care use and expenditures: Empirical data from eight developing countries and countries in transition", Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78(1): 55-65 at nh z z ht vb k jm Nghi dinh 299-HBBT, 1992, "Ban himh aiJu 1¢ biw hi'dm y fi", cua H(>i d6ng b(> tru&ng ban hfmh 15/08/1992 gm om l.c Pravin K Trivedi, 2002, Patterns of Health Care Utilization in Vietnam: Analysis of 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standards Survey Data an Lu ParkerS W, Wong R, 1997, Household income and health care expenditures in Mexico, Health Policy 40, 237-255 re Class 13 n VNP va Quy~t dinh s6 139/2002/QB-TTg, 2002, "vJ vi¢c kham chua b¢nh cho nguai ngheo", cua Thu tu6ng chinh phu ban hfmh 15110/2002 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 t to Reinhardt U.E, 2000, "Health care for the aging baby boom: Lessons from abroad", Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(2): 71-83 ng hi ep Samuelson, P, 1956, Social indifference curves Quarterly Journal ofEconomics, 70, 1-22 w Sen B and Himanshu ,2007, Determinants of Household Health Expenditure: Case of Urban Orissa; MPRA Paper No 6489, posted 31 December 2007 I 21 :08; Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6489/ n lo ad y th ju Sommer A.S, 2006-2007, "Access to health insurance, barriers to care, and service use among adults with disabilities", Inquiry 43(4): 393-405 yi pl n ua al Thomas, D, 1990, "Intra Household Resource allocation: an inferential approach", Journal of Human Resources, 25(4), 635-664 n va Wagstaff A, 1986, The demand for health: Some new empirical evidence, Journal of Health Economics 5, 195-233 ll fu oi m World Bank, 1993, "Investing in Health - World Development Report", Washington D.C.: Oxford University Press nh at Woottipong Satayavongthip, 2001, "Determinants of and inequity in household expenditure on health care in Thailand'', Thesis was submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Demography) z z k jm ht vb World Development Report", om l.c gm World Bank, 2001, "Attacking povertyWashington D.C.: Oxford University Press n a Lu n va re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 Appendix 1: Inter-Correlation matrix of all the independent variables EXPEND 1.0000 INS 0.0208 1.0000 0.0109 -0.0103 1.0000 0.1638 0.0218 0.0393 1.0000 0.0235 0.0372 -0.0177 -0.0521 1.0000 0.1210 -0.0356 -0.0703 -0.0388 0.0747 1.0000 -0.2046 0.0509 0.0381 -0.0099 -0.1159 -0.3104 ng EXPEND t to Variables hi ep SEX w i n EDU lo ad HESTA ju HHSIZE y th AGEhh INS EDU SEX HESTA HHSIZE AGEhh 1.0000 yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb gm ~ l.c ~ om n a Lu n va re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 Appendix 2: Correlation between Household healthcare expenditure and t to Independent variables ng hi Variables HHEXP ep HIIEXP w n lo ad EDU HESTA AGEhh 0.2871 1.0000 -0.0246 0.0208 1.0000 -0.0073 0.0109 -0.0103 1.0000 0.1638 0.0218 0.0393 1.0000 0.0235 0.0372 -0.0177 -0.0521 1.0000 0.1210 -0.0356 -0.0703 -0.0388 0.0747 1.0000 0.0509 0.0381 -0.0099 -0.1159 -0.3104 y th EDU SEX ua SEX INS HHSIZE 1.0000 EXPEND INS EXPEND 0.0249 ju AGEhh 0.0325 HHSIZE 0.0514 pl al 0.0715 yi HESTA -0.2046 1.0000 n va n • ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm an Lu n va re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 Appendix 3: Checking for Multicollinearity t to ng Variables hi EXPEND ep EDU w HHSIZE lNIF 1.61 0.619904 1.20 0.831212 1.16 0.860187 1.07 0.935559 1.00 0.995357 1.03 0.974956 1.05 0.952736 1.33 0.752099 6.90 0.144873 6.63 0.150822 n VIF ad y th SEX lo AGE ju HESTA yi INS pl Mekong River Delta n va 5.82 0.171746 North central 4.79 0.208566 North East 4.32 Central Coast 3.64 Central Highlands 2.88 Mean VIF 2.96 ll South East fu n Red River Delta ua al AREA oi m at nh 0.231614 0.274394 z z 0.347719 k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va re VNP Class 13 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 Appendix 4: Regression of the model with dependent variable is Household per t to capita healthcare expenditure ng Dependent variable: LN (HHEXP_PC) hi ep Explanatory Variables Coef I Std Err I P>ltl I Household' characteristics: w 1.027886 0.0325512 0.000* -0.0083092 0.0022934 0.000* -0.1004739 0.0324439 0.002** -0.0237285 0.0315362 0.452 0.0039667 0.0007744 0.000* 0.6250354 0.0373241 0.000* -0.0073179 0.0106489 0.492 0.0414647 0.000* 0.0826514 0.017 n LN(EXPEND) lo ad EDU n va HHSIZE n ua al HESTA pl AGEhh yi SEX ju y th INS fu AREA -0.197538 Red River Delta 0.1981882 North East 0.2132056 ll Communities' characteristics: oi m at nh 0.015 z z -0.0751996 0.0846044 Central Coast 0.1960487 0.0893739 Central Highlands 0.3264841 0.0963288 South East 0.2928127 0.0891608 Mekong River Delta 0.3780431 0.081759 -4.18889 0.2768638 0.374 ht k jm 0.028 l.c gm om Number of obs = 8789; F( 15, 8773) = 135.10; Prob > F 0.001 * 0.000* l> Constant 0.001 * 0.000 = 0.0000; R-squared = 0.23 VNP Class 13 n ~ va *: significant at the percent; **:significant at the percent;***: significant at the 10 percent, Omitted region is Northwest an Lu North central vb • 0.0877627 Determinants of household health care expenditure: An analysis in Vietnam using of VHLSS 2006 Appendix 5: The best model: Regression of the model with dependent variable is t to Household per capita healthcare expenditure ng hi ep Dependent variable: LN (HHEXP_PC) Explanatory Variables w Coef Std Err P>ltl n lo Household' characteristics: ad 0.9699452 0.0295856 0.000* EDU -0.008251 0.0023024 0.000* -0.1080591 0.322785 0.001 * 0.0040379 0.0007557 0.000* 0.6280211 0.374743 0.000* 0.0513898 0.000* 0.0610435 0.000* 0.622788 0.000* ju y th LN (EXPEND) yi n ll fu Communities' characteristics: va HESTA n ua al AGEhh pl INS 0.2685221 North central 0.2791466 Central Coast 0.2437715 Central Highlands 0.3610007 0.728343 0.000* South East 0.3194286 0.062093 ht 0.000* Mekong River Delta 0.4474105 0.0508001 0.000* Constant -3.855089 0.2381539 oi m Red River Delta at nh z z vb I k jm Number of obs = 8789; F( 11, 8777) =177 48; Prob > F = 0.0000; R-squared = 0.2271 n ' *: significant at the percent; **: significant at the percent;***: significant at the 10 percent a Lu n va om l.c gm 0.000* VNP Class 13