autobiographical episodic memory based training for the treatment of mood anxiety and stress related disorders a systematic review and meta analysis

Accepted Manuscript Autobiographical episodic memory-based training for the treatment of mood, anxiety and stress-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis Caitlin Hitchcock, Aliza Werner-Seidler, Simon E Blackwell, Tim Dalgleish PII: DOI: Reference: S0272-7358(16)30196-9 doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.12.003 CPR 1575 To appear in: Clinical Psychology Review Received date: Revised date: Accepted date: 23 May 2016 28 September 2016 15 December 2016 Please cite this article as: Caitlin Hitchcock, Aliza Werner-Seidler, Simon E Blackwell, Tim Dalgleish , Autobiographical episodic memory-based training for the treatment of mood, anxiety and stress-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis The address for the corresponding author was captured as affiliation for all authors Please check if appropriate Cpr(2016), doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.12.003 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Autobiographical episodic memory-based training for the treatment of mood, anxiety and stress-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis Caitlin Hitchcock1 Simon E Blackwell1, NU SC Tim Dalgleish1,4 RI PT Aliza Werner-Seidler2 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK The Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK MA Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany ED Correspondence to: AC CE PT Caitlin Hitchcock: Caitlin.hitchcock@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT We review evidence for training programmes that manipulate autobiographical processing in order to treat mood, anxiety, and stress-related disorders, using the GRADE criteria to judge evidence quality We also position the current status of this research within the UK Medical Research Council‘s (2000; 2008) framework for the development of novel interventions A literature search according to PRISMA guidelines identified 15 studies that RI PT compared an autobiographical episodic memory-based training (AET) programme to a control condition, in samples with a clinician-derived diagnosis Identified AET programmes NU SC included Memory Specificity Training (Raes et al., 2009), concreteness training (Watkins et al., 2009), Competitive Memory Training (Korrelboom et al., 2009), imagery-based training of future autobiographical episodes (Blackwell & Holmes, 2010), and life review/reminiscence therapy (Arean et al., 1993) Cohen‘s d was calculated for between- MA group differences in symptom change from pre- to post-intervention and to follow-up We also completed meta-analyses for programmes evaluated across multiple studies, and for the ED overall effect of AET as a treatment approach Results demonstrated promising evidence for AET in the treatment of depression (d = 0.32), however effect sizes varied substantially (from PT -0.18 to 1.91) across the different training protocols Currently, research on AET for the AC CE treatment of anxiety and stress-related disorders is not yet at a stage to draw firm conclusions regarding efficacy as there were only a very small number of studies which met inclusion criteria AET offers a potential avenue through which low-intensity treatment for affective disturbance might be offered Key words; autobiographical memory; episodic memory; memory training; depression; anxiety; posttraumatic stress ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT International guidelines for the development of novel psychological interventions emphasize the need for such complex interventions to be derived from theory and experimental science (Medical Research Council [MRC], 2000; 2008) Autobiographical episodic memory-based training (AET) paradigms are a prototypical example of interventions developed from basic science showing a robust relationship between psychological symptoms RI PT and biases in the processing of autobiographical memory Such chronic and maladaptive patterns in remembering are common across mood, anxiety, and trauma- and stress-related NU SC disorders Although dysfunction may be experienced in multiple memory systems (e.g., recognition memory, Brand, Jolles, & Gispen-de Wied, 1992; working memory, Christopher & MacDonald, 2005), the biased processing of personal (autobiographical) memories, particularly those of an emotional nature, is a core feature of mood, anxiety, and stress- MA related disorders (Beck, 1967; Coles & Heimberg, 2002) Disturbance in the processing of emotional personal memories plays a key role in maintaining current symptoms (Morgan, ED 2010; Sumner, Griffith, & Mineka, 2010), and can also persist during remission, increasing the risk for relapse (Gotlib & Joormann, 2010) As such, targeting maladaptive PT autobiographical memory processing patterns may reduce current symptoms, as well as AC CE reduce the risk of relapse Autobiographical Processing in Mood, Anxiety, and Stress-related Disorders Autobiographical memory comprises a personal store of life experiences that is critical in shaping our sense of self According to dominant theoretical models (e.g., Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000), the process of recalling personal memories involves a search of autobiographical knowledge hierarchically arranged from broad, general, summarized autobiographical information down to event-specific detail This allows an individual to retrieve memories at different levels of abstraction ranging from generalizations (e.g., enjoying picnics on summer days), which provide broad summaries of the self and world, to C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT specific, single episode memories that are rich in detail (e.g., the day we had a picnic in last summer‘s heat wave) In affective disorders, the search process becomes disrupted when attempting to retrieve personal memories Several different mechanisms have been proposed to cause such disruption These include the selective recall of information that is consistent with current mood (i.e., mood-congruent retrieval; Matt, Vazquez, & Campbell, 1992), and RI PT disruptions in the mechanisms governing the retrieval process (e.g., executive control; Dalgleish et al., 2007) For a theoretical account of these mechanisms, see Williams et al NU SC (2007) Disruption in autobiographical retrieval creates a bias toward overgeneral processing of autobiographical information, along with bias in the emotional valence of retrieved information, and we consider each of these in turn Overgeneralization MA Mood and stress-related disorders are associated with the systematic retrieval of autobiographical information in an abstract and overgeneral manner (Sumner et al., 2010; ED Watkins et al., 2012; Williams et al., 2007) When the hierarchical search of autobiographical information is interrupted prior to reaching event-specific information, general summaries AC CE compromised PT will dominate retrieval, such that the recall of individual autobiographical episodes is Such impoverished recollection which lacks specific, detailed emotional information may directly impact mood, but can also perpetuate symptoms through intermediate processes that influence symptoms For example, the recall of emotional memories in an overgeneral and abstract manner can promote abstract rumination, which can worsen symptoms of anxiety and depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Starr & Davila, 2012) Overgeneral recall also appears to have a negative impact on social functioning, as reduced specificity can impair social problem solving (Jing, Madore, & Schacter, 2016), and the sharing of specific personal experiences is a key influence on feelings of social closeness (Beike, Brandon, & Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Cole, 2016) A predisposition toward broad and general summary memories is also associated with generalised views of the self and world (Watkins, Baeyens, & Read, 2009), which anchor disorder-related schemata For example, repeated recall of summaries of threatening events may perpetuate the belief that the world is an unsafe place (Bryant, Sutherland, & Guthrie, 2007; Sumner et al., 2010) Finally, overgeneralization may not only RI PT affect past autobiographical memories, but also future projections, as the skills that underlie recall of past autobiographical episodes also underlie the ability to imagine future events NU SC (Addis, Hach, & Tippett, 2016; Schacter & Addis, 2007; Williams et al., 2007) This is particularly evident in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Kleim et al., 2014) and complicated grief (Robinaugh & McNally, 2013) Reduced positivity MA Mood, anxiety, and stress-related disorders are not only related to disruptions in the specificity of memory recall, but also to biases in the valence of retrieved information, ED particularly in the form of relatively reduced access to positive autobiographical memories For example, studies have shown that negative material is more easily activated in depressive PT disorders (Gotlib & Joormann, 2010), while bias toward threat-relevant meaning is AC CE characteristic of anxiety and stress-related disorders (Coles & Heimberg, 2002; Morgan, 2010) Reduced memory positivity is not only reflected by reduced salience of positive meanings, but also by diminution of the positive affect that can be derived from the memory For example, positive autobiographical episodes are reported as less vivid in both mood (Werner-Seidler & Moulds, 2011) and anxiety disorders (Moscovitch, Gavric, Merrifield, Bielak, & Moscovitch, 2011), and this extends to future episodes (Holmes et al., 2016) Recollection of positive episodes can also have little or limited beneficial impact on affect for those experiencing psychological disorders (Joormann, Siemer, & Gotlib, 2007; WernerSeidler & Moulds, 2012) As recall of positive memories is a widely-used mood regulation Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT technique (Joormann, Siemer, & Gotlib, 2007), this reduced salience of positive autobiographical episodes can impair efforts to regulate negative moods and thus maintain symptoms of affective and stress-related disorders Rationale for autobiographical episodic training As the nature of these autobiographical processing biases is now well established (for RI PT reviews see Dalgleish & Werner-Seidler, 2014 and Coles & Heimberg, 2002), novel cognitive interventions have been developed to specifically target and modify these biases NU SC We define such autobiographical episodic training (AET) as any training protocol that targets either retrieval of past autobiographical episodes or projection of future autobiographical episodes, with the aim of modifying processing biases (e.g., overgeneralization, reduced salience of positive material) While traditional cognitive therapies target the content of MA autobiographical material to reduce symptoms, AET seeks to modify the processing of autobiographical information In this way, AET interventions not focus on restructuring ED the specific appraisals attached to an event (as in cognitive restructuring), or on reducing distress caused by the memory of that event (e.g., through exposure), but rather on modifying AC CE first place PT the processing disturbances of biases that lead an individual to recall these memories in the The development of AET paradigms represents a prototypical example of translation of basic science into novel clinical interventions Recommendations (MRC, 2000; 2008) for the development and dissemination of complex interventions encourage an iterative phasebased approach in which experimental findings are translated into clinical techniques, which are then evaluated in pilot trials, before progressing to efficacy trials in comparison to existing gold-standard interventions, and thereafter to larger definitive and pragmatic trials of treatment effectiveness (see Figure 1; MRC, 2000) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT In terms of this evolutionary trajectory, drawing on experimental evidence that processing of autobiographical episodes is malleable to manipulation, researchers developed clinical techniques to improve retrieval of specific autobiographical episodes (Debeer, Raes, Williams, & Hermans, 2011) and vivid, positive memories (Dalgleish et al., 2013) These techniques were subsequently translated into clinical interventions that promote repeated RI PT retrieval or projection of specific autobiographical episodes, or used repeated engagement in positive emotion attached to autobiographical episodes to strengthen positive representations NU SC in memory (e.g., Raes, Williams, & Hermans, 2009) Small, uncontrolled proof-of-principle trials of these interventions provided initial evidence that AET was able to influence symptoms, and served as a foundation for subsequent controlled pilot and efficacy trials that sought to further evaluate the promise of AET as a treatment approach (MRC, 2000; 2008) MA In this review, as well as synthesising the currently available controlled trial data for AET we will also reflect on the current status of each of the key interventions with respect to ED this translational trajectory of complex intervention development (MRC, 2000; 2008) More formally, we will evaluate the controlled trials evidence for each AET intervention against PT the set of established GRADE criteria (Balshem et al., 2011), to provide an indication of AC CE whether further, later-stage trials of treatment efficacy and effectiveness are warranted Our review summarizes the literature on AET programmes that target the processing of either past or future autobiographical episodes, with the aim of treating symptoms of mood, anxiety, and stress-related disorders There are previous opinion pieces and reviews of the nature of autobiographical deficits (Dalgleish & Werner-Seidler, 2014) and of memory training for depression (Becker, Vanderhasselt, & Vrijsen, 2015) However, these articles are narrative summaries of the principles behind training, are restricted to depression, and not provide a systematic synthesis of the data Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT There are currently a number of studies that have explored the effect of AET on psychological symptoms, but not yet enough to allow for comprehensive quantitative metaanalysis of each separate AET paradigm (i.e., only one study has been identified for several of the AET paradigms) We therefore only present meta-analytic data for those paradigms that have been examined in two or more controlled studies Cochrane guidance suggests that RI PT quantitative meta-analysis may produce misleading results when there is a large degree of heterogeneity between studies Our review of the literature indicated that observed NU SC heterogeneity between studies was not sufficient to preclude a cross-paradigm meta-analysis of the efficacy of AET However, because of this issue, and as Cochrane guidance advises transparency in the decision to complete meta-analysis, we emphasize the diversity between the analysed studies, and present the overall analysis only to inform the estimate of the likely MA effect size of AET as a treatment approach In circumstances of inconsistency in effect size between studies, separate subgroup analysis should be considered (Gugatt et al., 2011), and in Method PT Protocol and Registration ED discussing and evaluating the evidence, we refer to the effect sizes for the individual studies AC CE This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009), and the review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/index.asp), registration number CRD42015027445 Eligibility Criteria We include studies that have examined the effect of an AET protocol on a primary outcome of clinical symptoms of diagnosed mood, anxiety, or stress-related psychiatric disorders, in samples with a clinician-made diagnosis Due to our emphasis on the treatment efficacy of training, we not include studies that only include samples with subclinical symptoms While studies using subclinical samples are valuable in establishing proof-of- Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT principle prior to trials in clinical populations, and treating subclinical symptoms is a valuable aim in itself, our aim was to investigate treatment efficacy in clinical populations rather than investigate broader questions about the efficacy of procedures in targeting mechanisms of interest Further, there is considerable variation across subclinical studies in terms of their aims and the kinds of outcome measures used (e.g., ranging from low level symptoms of RI PT anxiety to changes on bespoke visual analogue scales) such that attempting to compile effect sizes across clinical and subclinical samples would not provide a clear picture Consequently NU SC we chose to restrict our analyses to clinical samples to provide a clearer indication of the current treatment efficacy of these programmes Training may have been directed at processing of previous experiences, or at futureoriented autobiographical episodes We elected to also include those programmes that MA explicitly target the projection of future episodes as there is good evidence that the same processing skills are used in the recall and projection of autobiographical episodes, and their ED adaptive functions are closely linked (e.g Schacter, Addis, & Buckner, 2007) As we were interested in the training of autobiographical processing skills, we excluded studies that PT focused on the recall of only one (or a discrete set of) prior episode(s), as is common in CBT) AC CE exposure-based treatments for trauma (e.g., trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Studies also needed to include a randomisation procedure and a control condition Exclusion criteria were therefore uncontrolled studies/trials, samples without a primary diagnosis of a mood, anxiety or stress-related disorder, and primary outcome measures that were not symptoms of a mood, anxiety, or stress-related disorder Studies were required to be published in the English language in peer-reviewed journals Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 47 Schacter, D L., Addis, D R., & Buckner, R L (2007) Remembering the past to imagine the future: The prospective brain Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 657-661 doi:10.1038/nrn2213 *Schneider, B C., Wittekind, C E., Talhof, A., Korrelboom, K., & Moritz, S (2015) Competitive Memory Training (COMET) for OCD: A self-treatment approach to RI PT obsessions Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44, 142-152 doi: 10.1080/16506073.2014.981758 NU SC *Serrano, J P., Latorre, J M., Segura, L R., Bravo, B N., Aguilar Corcoles, M J., Ricarte, J J., & Gatz, M (2012) Life review therapy using autobiographical retrieval practice for older adults with clinical depression Psicothema, 24, 224-229 Starr, L R., & Davila, J (2012) Responding to anxiety with rumination and hopelessness: MA Mechanism of anxiety-depression symptom co-occurrence? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 321-337 doi: 10.1007/s10608-011-9363-1 ED Sumner, J A., Griffith, J W., & Mineka, S (2010) Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: A meta-analysis Behaviour Research and PT Therapy, 48, 614-625 doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013 AC CE *Torkan, H., Blackwell, S., Holmes, E., Kalantari, M., Neshat-Doost, H., Maroufi, M., & Talebi, H (2014) Positive imagery cognitive bias modification in treatment-seeking patients with major depression in Iran: A pilot study Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 132-145 doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9598-8 Watkins, E R., Baeyens, C B., & Read, R (2009) Concreteness training reduces dysphoria: proof-of-principle for repeated cognitive bias modification in depression Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 55-64 doi: 10.1037/a0013642 *Watkins, E R., Taylor, R., Byng, R., Baeyens, C., Read, R., Pearson, K., Shadish, W (2012) Guided self-help concreteness training as an intervention for major depression Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 48 in primary care: A Phase II randomized controlled trial Psychological Medicine, 42, 1359-1371 doi: 10.1017/S0033291711002480 Werner-Seidler, A., & Moulds, M L (2011) Autobiographical memory characteristics in depression vulnerability: Formerly depressed individuals recall less vivid positive memories Cognition & Emotion, 25, 1087-1103 doi: RI PT 10.1080/02699931.2010.531007 Wessel, I., Meeren, M., Peeters, F., Arntz, A., & Merckelbach, H (2001) Correlates of NU SC autobiographical memory specificity: The role of depression, anxiety and childhood trauma Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 409-421 doi: 10.1016/S00057967(00)00011-5 *Williams, A D., Blackwell, S E., Mackenzie, A., Holmes, E A., & Andrews, G (2013) MA Combining imagination and reason in the treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial of internet-based cognitive bias modification and internet-CBT for doi:10.1037/a0033247 ED depression Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 793–799 PT *Williams, A D., O'Moore, K., Blackwell, S E., Smith, J., Holmes, E A., & Andrews, G AC CE (2015) Positive imagery cognitive bias modification (CBM) and Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT): A randomized controlled trial Journal of Affective Disorders, 178, 131-141 doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.026 Williams, J M G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E R., & Dalgleish, T (2007) Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder Psychological Bulletin, 133, 122-148 doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122 *Yiend, J., Lee, J.-S., Tekes, S., Atkins, L., Mathews, A., Vrinten, M., Ferragamo, C., & Shergill, S (2014) Modifying interpretation in a clinically depressed sample using Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 49 ‗Cognitive Bias modification-Errors‘: A double blind randomised controlled trial AC CE PT ED MA NU SC RI PT Cognitive Therapy Research, 38, 146-159 doi: 10.1007/s10608-013-9571-y Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 50 Identify active components of the intervention and their likely clinical effect through smallscale pilot studies Compare a fully defined intervention to an appropriate alternative (most usually an active intervention control) in a large-scale adequately powered trial ED MA Pre-clinical stage of establishing the theoretical basis to suggest the intervention should have the expected effect Develop a feasible protocol and assess evidence of its effect relative to a control condition such as, in order of rigor, a wait list, treatment-asusual, a placebo or sham comparator, or an active clinical intervention RI PT Theory Determine whether others can reliably replicate the intervention and establish real-life effectiveness of the intervention NU SC Modelling (Phase I) Exploratory Trial (Phase II) Definitive Randomized Controlled Trial (Phase III) Long-term implementation PT CONTINUUM OF EVIDENCE AC CE Figure Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for development and evaluation of complex interventions Adapted from MRC (2000) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 51 650 records identified through database searches additional records identified through other sources Cites an identified study, n = In reference list of identified study, n = 244 duplicates removed MA 413 records screened NU SC RI PT 657 records PT ED 41 full-text articles assessed for eligibility AC CE 15 studies included for synthesis 372 records excluded based on title and abstract 26 full-text articles excluded No formal diagnosis of depression or anxiety, n = 15 No comparison condition, n = Not autobiographical episodic memory training, n = Did not measure symptoms at posttreatment, n = Only reported cross-over results, n = Figure PRISMA flow chart Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 52 Table GRADE criteria for rating the quality of a body of evidence - Inconsistency in effect size between studies - Indirectness in measurement of the outcome variables - Imprecision in data analysis and treatment of missing data PT ED - Publication bias + All plausible confounds increase confidence in the estimate of effect RI PT - Risk of bias Rating is increased Quality of a body of evidence by point for a rating of large and points for a rating of very large; + Effect size High (four points) Further research is very unlikely + Dose response is to change our confidence in the evident estimate of the effect Moderate (three points) Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of the effect, and may change the effect NU SC Rating is reduced by point for a serious rating, and points for a very serious rating of; MA Initial quality of a body of evidence for randomised trials High + + + + (four points) Low (two points) Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of the effect, and may change the effect Very Low (one point) Any estimate of effect is very uncertain AC CE Note Adapted from Balshem et al (2011) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 53 Table Study characteristics and effect sizes for reviewed studies Authors Arean et al (1993) Disorder MDD Training n Comparison group (type) n Process measure (bias type) Process d at post 95% CI for d Reminiscence therapy 28 Problem solving therapy (active) 19 - - - Waitlist control Blackwell et al (2015) Ekkers et al (2011) MDD MDD Imagery CBM COMET (worry and rumination) 76 53 Control CBM (sham training) 74 A Korrelboom et al (2012) MDD COMET (self-esteem) 31 TAU (specified) 30 95% CI for d Risk of bias -0.18 [-0.79, 0.43] -?+-? 3m 0.13 [-0.48, 0.74] Post 0.71 [0.09, 1.32] Post -0.03 [-0.36, 0.29] 1m 0.08 [-0.25, 0.41] 3m 0.05 [-0.28, 0.41] 6m -0.02 [-0.35, 0.31] Geriatric Depression Scale Post 0.60 [0.16, 1.03] ? BDI-II Post 0.62 [0.08, 1.15] ?-? C S U 20 40 Outcome d BDI Assessed at Post T P RI Positive vividness on Prospective Imagery Test (P, S) D E T P E CC TAU (specified) Outcome measure Negative responses on SST (N) 0.31 [-0.02, 0.64] BDI-II N A M -0.05 [-0.39, 0.29] Rumination on Sadness Scale (N) 0.58 [0.14, 1.02] Ruminative Response Scale (N) The Self-Esteem Rating Scalepositive subscale (P) 0.51 [0.07, 0.95] 0.44 [-0.08, 0.97] Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn - C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 54 Korrelboom et al (2014) Lang et al (2012) Panic MDD COMET (panic) Imagery CBM 70 13 Applied Relaxation (active) 73 Control CBM (sham training) 13 Rosenberg SelfEsteem Scale (P) 1.01 [0.46, 1.57] Rumination on Sadness Scale (N) - 0.70 [0.16, 1.23] Negative responses on SST (N) ED Moradi et al (2014) PTSD NeshatDoost et al (2013) MDD Schneider et al (2015) OCD MEST MEST COMET (obsessions) 12 T P E C C No intervention control A 12 34 Response to Intrusions Questionnaire (N) Specific memories to positive cues (P, S) 12 No intervention control 11 Waitlist control 31 Specific memories (S) - T P RI [0.00, 1.71] 0.93 [0.07, 1.80] 2.28 [1.17, 3.39] 1.36 Post -0.23 [-0.56, 0.11] ???-? BDI-II Post 0.66 [-0.18, 1.50] -??+? 2w 0.38 [0.44, 1.20] Impact of Events ScaleRevised Post 6.37 [4.19, 8.55] 3m 6.05 [3.96, 8.13] MFQ Post 0.26 [-0.62, 1.14] 2m 0.80 [-0.11, 1.71] Post 0.11 [-0.39, 0.62] C S U N A M 0.85 Panic Appraisal InventoryCoping with panic [0.38, 2.34] Y-BOCS Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn - ? ? C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 55 Serrano et al MDD (2012) Torkan et al (2014) MDD Life review therapy Imagery CBM 13 Supportive therapy (active) Control CBM (sham training) No intervention control Watkins et al (2012) MDD Concreteness training 40 13 Specific memories (S) 13 Relaxation training (active) A 39 [-0.72,1.64] Negative responses on SST (N) 1.44 Ruminative Response Scale (N) 1.38 VVIQ (S) Negative responses on SST (N) 0.58 1.29 [-0.26, 1.41] [0.38, 2.19] Ruminative Response Scale (N) 1.58 [0.64, 2.53] VVIQ (S) Observer rating of concreteness (S) 0.82 0.79 [0.18, -1.68] [0.31, 1.26] Negative overgeneralisation on ASQ (N, S) 0.73 [0.26, 1.20] Ruminative Response Scale (N) 0.60 [0.13, 1.06] D E T P E CC 0.46 [0.52, 2.36] Geriatric Depression Scale -0.12 [-1.16, 0.91] 6w -0.60 [-1.66, 0.46] 6m -0.26 [-1.30, 0.78] Post 0.91 [0.05, 1.77] 2w 1.10 [0.22, 1.98] Post 1.91 [0.59, 3.23] Post 0.31 [-0.15, 0.77] 6m 0.06 [-0.39, 0.52] T P RI BDI-II C S U [0.47, 2.30] Post N A M BDI-II Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn -? ? -??-? - C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 56 TAU (nonspecified) Williams et al (2013) MDD Imagery CBM 38 Waitlist control 42 31 Observer rating of concreteness (S) 0.57 Negative overgeneralisation on ASQ (N, S) 0.66 [0.20, 1.12] Ruminative Response Scale (N) Positive responses on AST (P) 0.76 [0.30, 1.22] 0.71 [0.18, 1.25] Negative responses on SST (N) 0.15 [-0.36, 0.67] 0.89 [0.35, 1.43] 0.04 [-0.42, 0.51] Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (N) Positive responses on SST (P) 0.11 [-0.36, 0.58] 0.53 [-0.14, 1.19] Negative responses on SST (N) 0.56 [-0.10, 1.22] ED Williams et al (2015) MDD Imagery CBM 36 T P E C C Control CBM (sham training) 39 A Yiend et al (2014) MDD CBM for interpretation (imagery of future episodes component) 17 Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (N) Positive responses on AST (P) Control CBM (sham training) 19 [0.11, 1.03] Post 0.96 [0.49, 1.43] 6m 0.61 [0.15, 1.07] T P RI SC BDI-II Post 0.66 [0.14, 1.19] -? ? BDI-II Post 0.29 [-0.18, 0.76] - BDI-II End of CBM session - - ? 0.06 [-0.62, 0.75] U N MA Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 1m C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 57 Note Process measure is the measure of specificity (S), positive bias (P), or negative bias (N) through which the intervention was proposed to influence symptoms All Cohen's ds are for the intent-to treat, between-group difference in change from pre- to post-intervention (and from pre- to follow-up when completed), and is in favour of the treatment condition, except when value is negative Type of comparison group; no intervention control, waitlist control (in which participants expected to receive treatment at a later date), sham training/ placebo control (where the control mimicked the experimental treatment but lacked the proposed active ingredients, thus aiming to control for non-specific treatment effects), non-specified treatment as usual (TAU; which was overseen by a GP and may or may not have involved active psychological and/or pharmacological treatment), specified TAU (active psychological and/or pharmacological treatment provided by a psychiatric service) and active control (in all cases a non-formulation driven psychological intervention, such as relaxation or problem solving therapy) OCD = Obsessive compulsive disorder; PTSD = Posttraumatic stress disorder; MEST = Memory specificity training; COMET = Competitive memory training, SST = The Scrambled Sentences Task (Rude et al., 2002); AST = Ambiguous Sentences Task (Berna et al., 2011); BDI = Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961); BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory- Second Edition (Beck et al., 1996); ASQ = Attributional Style Questionnaire (Peterson et al., 1982); VVIQ = Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (Marks, 1973); Y-BOCS = YaleBrown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Goodman et al., 1989); MFQ = Mood and Feeling Questionnaire (Messer et al., 1995); w = week follow-up; m = month follow-up For risk of bias, - = low risk of bias, + = high risk of bias, and ? = unclear risk of bias on the following indices: random sequencing, allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, and selective reporting T P RI C S U D E T N A M P E CC A Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 58 Autobiographical episodic memory-based training for the treatment of mood, anxiety and stress-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis Caitlin Hitchcock1 NU SC Aliza Werner-Seidler2 RI PT Supplementary material Simon E Blackwell1, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK The Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust AC CE PT ED MA Tim Dalgleish1,4 Correspondence to: Caitlin Hitchcock: Caitlin.hitchcock@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 59 Funnel Plot of Standard Error by Std diff in means 0.0 0.2 0.3 RI PT Standard error Standard Error 0.1 0.4 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 NU SC 0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Cohen’s d Std diff in means AC CE PT ED MA Figure S1 Funnel plot of standard error by Cohen‘s d for pre-post training effects on depression symptoms Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT NU SC RI PT 60 AC CE PT ED MA Figure S2 Forest plot of Cohen‘s d for the between-group difference in change on depression symptom measure from pre- to post-intervention LRT = life review/reminiscence therapy; CT = concreteness training; MEST = Memory Specificity Training; COMET= Competitive Memory Training; PI-CBM= Positive Imagery CBM; CBM-I = CBM for interpretation Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn