Kreitzer - Reforming Mary. Changing Images of the Virgin Mary in Lutheran Sermons of the Sixteenth Century (OUP)

Reforming Mary OXFORD STUDIES IN HISTORICAL THEOLOGY Series Editor David C Steinmetz, Duke University Editorial Board Gerhard Sauter, Rheinische FriedrichIrena Backus, Universite de Gene`ve Wilhelms-Universitaăt Bonn Susan E Schreiner, University of Robert C Gregg, Stanford University Chicago John Van Engen, University of Notre George M Marsden, University of Notre Dame Dame Wayne A Meeks, Yale University Geoffrey Wainwright, Duke University Robert L Wilken, University of Virginia THE GOSPEL OF JOHN IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY The Johannine Exegesis of Wolfgang Musculus Craig S Farmer THE CONFESSIONALIZATION OF HUMANISM IN REFORMATION GERMANY Erika Rummell PRIMITIVISM, RADICALISM, AND THE LAMB’S WAR The Baptist-Quaker Conflict in SeventeenthCentury England T L Underwood THE PLEASURE OF DISCERNMENT Marguerite de Navarre as Theologian Carol Thysell HUMAN FREEDOM, CHRISTIAN RIGHTEOUSNESS Philip Melanchthon’s Exegetical Dispute with Erasmus of Rotterdam Timothy J Wengert CASSIAN THE MONK Columba Stewart IMAGES AND RELICS Theological Perceptions and Visual Images in Sixteenth-Century Europe John Dillenberger THE BODY BROKEN The Calvinist Doctrine of the Eucharist and the Symbolization of Power in Sixteenth-Century France Christopher Elwood WHAT PURE EYES COULD SEE Calvin’s Doctrine of Faith in Its Exegetical Context Barbara Pitkin THE UNACCOMMODATED CALVIN Studies in the Foundation of a Theological Tradition Richard A Muller REFORMATION READINGS OF THE APOCALYPSE Geneva, Zurich, and Wittenberg Irena Backus WRITING THE WRONGS Women of the Old Testament among Biblical Commentators from Philo through the Reformation John L Thomspon THE HUNGRY ARE DYING Beggars and Bishops in Roman Cappadocia Susan R Holman RESCUE FOR THE DEAD The Posthumous Salvation of Non-Christians in Early Christianity Jeffrey A Trumbower AFTER CALVIN Studies in the Development of a Theological Tradition Richard A Muller THE POVERTY OF RICHES St Francis of Assisi Reconsidered Kenneth Baxter Wolf REFORMING MARY Changing Images of the Virgin Mary in Lutheran Sermons of the Sixteenth Century Beth Kreitzer Reforming Mary Changing Images of the Virgin Mary in Lutheran Sermons of the Sixteenth Century beth kreitzer Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sa˜o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright 䉷 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kreitzer, Beth Reforming Mary : changing images of the Virgin Mary in Lutheran sermons of the sixteenth century / Beth Kreitzer p cm.—(Oxford studies in historical theology) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-19-516654-X Mary, Blessed Virgin, Saint—Sermons—History and criticism Lutheran Church—Sermons—History and criticism Sermons, German—History and criticism Sermons, Latin—History and criticism Mary, Blessed Virgin, Saint—History of doctrines—16th century Lutheran Church—Doctrines—History—16th century Reformation I Title II Series BT610.K74 2003 232.91'088'241—dc21 2003051789 To my parents This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments I have many people I wish to thank and to whom I must express a debt of gratitude Many thanks to the members of my dissertation committee at Duke: Elizabeth Clark, Susan Keefe, Kalman Bland, and Thomas Robisheaux I would especially like to thank David C Steinmetz for his guidance and his example, as well as for his work on my behalf This study could not have been completed without the help and support of numerous people and organizations I have used the collections of various libraries and received vital help from their staffs: Roger Loyd and the staff of the Duke Divinity School Library; the Rev Terrance Dinovo at the Luther Seminary Library, who helped with the Lutheran Brotherhood microfiche collection; Dustin Strong and Ros Parnes, the intrepid interlibrary loan staff at the Bellarmine College Library, Louisville, Kentucky; and the library staff at the Southern Baptist Seminary library in Louisville A special note of thanks goes to Gillian Bepler and the staff at the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbuăttel: their help and access to their collections was a necessity for my research Funding for this research and writing was given to me by the following: the Duke University Graduate School; the Graduate Program in Religion; the Center for International Studies at Duke; the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Duke; and the Institut fuăr Europaăische Geschichte in Mainz Funding along with emotional and mental support were also provided by my husband, Lucas Lamadrid, who read and commented on the majority of this study This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Abbreviations, xi Introduction, The Annunciation, 27 The Visitation, 47 The Purification of Mary, or Candlemas, 65 Mary in Luke 2:41–52: A Family Visit to Jerusalem, 79 The Wedding at Cana, 93 Other Marian Holidays and Herrenfesten, 109 Conclusion, 133 Appendix: Biographies of Lutheran Preachers, 143 Notes, 153 Bibliography, 209 Index, 225 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index Abel, 121 Adam, Christ’s humanity vs., 111 adoration, of Virgin Mary, movements to diminish, 3–4, 38–39, 44–45, 53, 62–63 Alberus, Erasmus, 3–4, 101, 143 Ambrose, 37, 40, 71, 117 Anabaptists opposition to: in Christmas story, 110, 114; in Visitation, 48, 57, 59 rejection of Jesus, 99, 115 Andreae, Jakob, 118, 143 angel(s), in Annunciation, 28–31, 38 Mary’s response to, 28–30, 36, 39, 43 animation, conception and, 205n.94 Anna (Mary’s mother), 31 Anna (prophet), as model of moderation, 23, 60, 73–75 Annunciation, 27–45 angel narrative in, 28–31, 38 Ave Maria, Catholic errors in use, 29, 32–36, 44; Luther’s views on, 30–31 faith examples in, 27, 29, 31, 36, 39–43 Luther’s sermons on, 29–31 virtue examples in, 29, 31, 39– 43 anti-Catholic polemic, in Visitation, 60–63 apparitions, medieval belief in, 17 Aquinas, Thomas, 14, 117 Artopoeus, Johannes, 82–83, 86, 144 Ascension of Christ into heaven, 13, 15 as medieval ritual, 16 asceticism, female Christian, 37 Mary as model for, 12–13, 25 Assumption, of Mary abandonment of holiday for, 122, 127–129 declaration of, 7, 122 as holiday, 16, 22, 24, 48 Augustine, 37, 40, 84, 95, 117 authority as central Lutheran issue, 23, 79– 82, 88 of God (see divine authority) Ave Maria Catholic errors in its use, 29, 32– 36, 44 reformers’ views on, 30–31, 135 rosary devotion in, 17, 33 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 226 index Basel resolution, on immaculate conception, 14 Baumgarten, Johann, 103, 144 Becker, Johannes, 82–83, 86, 144 beguines, 75 Bible See Scripture(s) Birth as Marian holiday, 16, 22, 24; 16th century abandonment of, 122, 125– 127 “Blasius lights,” in purification ritual, 69, 181n.25 blessedness of marriage, 96–98, 100–101 of Mary, 38–40, 54, 125; Lutheran pastors application of, 43–45, 52, 62– 63, 76–77 sermons on raising children for, 84– 87 blessings, heaped upon Mary from God, 16, 36–38, 47 doubt and suffering associated with, 18– 19, 71–73 Magnificat as song praising, 52–54, 56– 57, 61–62 Brenz, Johannes on Annunciation, 32, 38 influence of, 7, 73, 85, 116, 128, 136, 144 on Visitation, 55, 59–60 on wedding at Cana, 100, 103 bridal imagery, medieval origin of, 17, 40 Bucer, Martin, Bugenhagen, Johannes, 82, 144 Cain, 121 Calvin, John, 7–9, 11 Cana See wedding at Cana Candlemas, as Marian feast, 22–23, 181n.25 candles, blessed, in purification ritual, 65– 70, 179n.4 Canisius, Peter, carelessness, as Mary’s sin, 88–91 catechism(s) presentations of Mary in, 4, 34–35 social expectations for obtaining, 34, celebrations, of Mary See Marian festivals celibacy See also chastity; virginity Catholic views on, vs marriage, 22, 28, 36–37, 95 Luther’s views on, 94–98 reformers’ view on, 37, 95, 101, 136 censorship, in 16th century published sermons, 4–5 chastity See also celibacy Mary as model for, 128–129, 140; in Annunciation, 29, 37, 42–43, 45; in Visitation, 50–52, 56–58, 63, 172n.31 Chemnitz, Martin, 41, 70, 75, 106, 144– 145 childbirth/childbearing churching ritual surrounding, 23, 66– 70 Jewish law on impurity of, 67–69 pain with, 68, 110; as curse from God, 37 children, obedience of in post-1570 sermons, 87–90 Christ’s example of, 79–80, 83 development of Mary’s image, 90–92 Lutheran importance of, 23–24, 82, 118–119, 130 mid-century sermons on, 84–87 Christ See Jesus Christ Christian church, caring for as “mother,” 119–120 Christmas Mary’s role in, 22, 24, 109–110; Christology and, 110–112, 129; as exemplary figure, 112–114 as medieval ritual, 16, 65, 122 social issues addressed by, 110, 129– 130 Christocentrism, of Luther, 9–10 Christology festivals important to, 28, 57 heresy regarding, 12, 17, 31, 40–41 impact on Marian devotion, 7–9, 12; in Annunciation, 29; in Christmas story, 110–112; during later medieval period, 12–13, 15 church(es) Christian, as “mother,” 119–120 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an index church year, in medieval period, 16, 122 churching ritual, surrounding childbirth, 23, 66–67 preachers’ support of, 67–70, 76 circumcision, of Christ, 24, 109, 114–115 Claius, Johannes, 145 co-savior, Mary as, 90, 119, 126, 128 co-suffering, by Mary at Christ’s cross, 18–19, 23–24 gospels mentioning, 116–118, 201n.54 as sorrowing mother, 120–122, 130 communio sanctorum, 7, 10 “comparative rule,” for sermons discussing Mary, 15 compassion Marian holiday celebrating, 118–119 in Mary’s cooperation with Christ, 15, 117–118 conception eternal, holiday for honoring, 123, 204n.87 of Mary (see immaculate conception) physical: animation vs., 205n.94; as Mary’s connection to Christ, 123– 125 concupiscence (lust), 111, 124 confessional writings Lutheran, 155n.19 presentations of Mary in, 4, 83 confinement, for pregnancy and childbirth, 66–67 preachers’ support of, 67–70, 76 confraternities, in medieval piety, 17–18, 159n.89 coredemptrix, 9, 18–19, 109, 117–118, 130 Corpus Christi, feast of, in medieval piety, 16 Corvinus, Anton influence of, 82, 84, 145 in Visitation, 55, 57, 61 in wedding at Cana, 101, 111, 113, 116, 127 courage, of Mary, as sorrowing mother, 121–122, 130 Culmann, Leonhard, 41, 56, 58, 85, 105, 112, 145 curse, of God, on women, 37–38 227 death and dying Ave Maria idolatry at time of, 34–35 of Mary, abandonment of holiday for, 127–129 as medieval rite of passage, 16, 18 purification ritual for, 66–67 devil See Satan devotional literature, presentations of Mary in, 4, 126 devotional objects, in medieval rituals, 15– 17 Dietrich, Veit, 59, 61, 87, 145 diligence, lack of, as Mary’s sin, 88–91 Dinah (Jacob’s daughter), rape of, 57–58 discipline, 88–90, 92 disobedience, of children, with parental opposition to God’s will, 84, 86–87, 91–92 divine authority, 70, 113, 115, 127 parental authority vs., 81–82, 90–92 divine transcendence, of Jesus, during wedding at Cana, 94, 104–107, 137, 139 divorce, Protestant view on, 96, 191n.14 domesticity, 16th century notions of Anna as model for, 23, 60, 74–75 as female vocation, 57–59, 63, 136, 140 in Lutheran sermons, 43, 45, 47, 50– 51, 169n.106 marriage as supporting, 95–96 Mary as model for, 31, 39, 42–43, 136, 140 doubt, Mary’s, Simeon’s prophecy of, 66, 71–73 Drach, Johannes, 38, 119, 146 drinking, at weddings, Luther’s views on, 96–97 dying See death and dying Easter, as medieval ritual, 16, 122 Eber, Paul, 74, 146 education, of children, mid-century sermons on, 84–87, 89–90, 92 Egypt, Mary and Joseph’s flight to, 115– 116 election, of Mary in Annunciation, 39–40, 44 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 228 index Elizabeth (Mary’s elderly relative) in Annunciation, 28, 35 in first council of new church, 47, 55, 60, 125 in Visitation, 47, 49–50, 54, 56, 61 endelich, 50, 63 engagement, marital, Protestant view on, 95–96, 191n.14 Epiphany Mary’s role in, 22, 24, 109, 115 as medieval ritual, 16, 82 Eve Christ’s humanity vs., 111 loss of sons, 121 Mary as second, 13, 19, 22, 70, 135, 138; in Annunciation, 29, 36–39, 44–45; in Christmas story, 111; in Luke 2:41– 52, 84, 88, 91 evil forces See also Satan in female sin parallels, 36–39 idolatry as work of, 34, 54, 62 exorcisms, with Marian feasts, 16 faith Anna as model of, 23, 60, 73–75 festivals for celebrating, 57 Mary as model for, 13, 15, 141; in Annunciation, 27, 29, 31, 36–43, 45; anti-Catholic polemic view of, 60– 63; in Christmas story, 112–114; in immaculate conception, 123–125; in Luke 2:41–52, 80–87; Lutheran pastors application of, 43–45, 52, 62– 63, 76–77; Simeon’s prophecy of doubt, 66, 71–73; as sorrowing mother, 120–122, 130; too zealous and problematic, 103–107; in Visitation, 49–51, 55–56, 61, 172n.31; in wedding at Cana, 94, 97–100, 102, 107, 139 family relationships/values Christian protection of, 23–24, 118– 119 Christ’s example of, 79–80 Mary’s image: conclusions about, 133– 141; development of, 90–92, 99 mid-century sermons on, 84–87 feasting, at weddings, Luther’s views on, 96–97 female role Anna as model for, 23, 60, 71–75, 77 Mary as model for, 23, 25, 140–141; in Annunciation, 29, 42–45; in Visitation, 48, 54 feminine behavior 16th-century social norms for, 42–45, 48 Catholic promotion of “proper,” 66, 69–70 Christian ideas of, 48, 50–51 as subordination: churching ritual support of, 70, 76–77; to pastors, 23; Marian cult impact on, 12–13, 15 first council of new church, 47, 55–57, 59– 60 forgiveness by God, 57 Mary’s association with, 15, 18–19, 127, 129 fourth commandment, 24, 99, 105, 118– 119, 130 freedom(s), Christian Luther’s promotion of, 113 for purification practices, 69, 76 functiones sacrae, in medieval rituals, 16– 17 Gabriel, role in Annunciation, 28, 31, 38 Mary’s response to, 28–30, 36, 39, 43 Garden of Eden, 106–107 See also Eve Geiler, John in Annunciation, 28–29 influence of, 22, 80, 104, 112, 118, 127– 128 in Purification, 71–72 gender separation, during Jewish worship, 89 gender symbols See also female role in religion, 20, 23, 54, 125 Genesis 3, in Annunciation, 36, 38 Genesis 34, in Visitation, 57–58 German language Ave Maria translations, 32 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an index gift(s) from God, 33–34, 37, 57 from Mary, 42, 53; Lutheran pastors application of, 43–45, 52, 62–63 from wise men, 115–116 God Anna’s praise of, 23, 60, 73–75 benefits from, through prayer, 55, 62 curse on women, 37–38 divine authority of, 70, 113, 115, 127; vs Mary’s power, 3–4, 38–39, 44–45, 53, 126 gifts from, 33–34, 37, 57 (see also blessings) grace from, through Christ, 31–33, 35, 38 Jesus’ obedience to vs to parents, 84, 86–87, 91–92; during wedding at Cana, 94, 104–107, 139 Simeon’s hymn of praise to, 65–66, 71– 73 trust in, 81–82 God’s will, parental opposition to, children’s obedience and, 84, 86– 87, 91–92 God’s word, Mary’s reliance on, 128 in Annunciation, 29–30, 42–43 in Christmas story, 114 in Luke 2:41–52, 81–83 in Visitation, 59–60 “good girl,” Mary as, 50–51, 56, 69, 127 in Christmas story, 112–114 good-neighborliness, 55–57, 126 good works Anna as model for, 23, 60, 73–75 anti-Catholic polemic view of, 61–63 gospel See Scripture(s) gossiping, 50, 58 grace, associated with Mary Catholic teachings on, 32–33, 35 in immaculate conception, 124–125, 204nn.94–96 Luther’s view on, 31, 49–50, 125–126 Magnificat as song praising, 52–54, 56– 57, 59, 61–62 through cooperation with Christ, 15, 38– 40, 105, 119 229 gratiosa, 32, 35, 44 Greser, Daniel, 33, 146 happiness from domesticity, 57 unhappiness included with, 71–72 Heerbrand, Jakob, 146 Heidenreich, Esaias, 146 Hemmingsen, Niels in Annunciation, 34, 39 influence of, 57, 146–147 in Jerusalem visit, 88–89 in wedding at Cana, 102–103 herbs, in purification ritual, 69–70 heresy impact on Mariology, 12, 17, 31, 40–41 as purpose for Marian holidays, 125 Herod, 116 Herrenfest (festival of the Lord), 16 purification festival as, 65, 76 Hesshusen, Tilemann, 6, 35, 41, 69, 147 Heune, Johannes, 34, 38, 42, 120–121, 147 holdselige, 7, 32, 35, 38–39, 44 Holy Spirit purifying force in, 41–42, 50, 52, 59, 69 role in conception, 28, 36–37, 40, 47, 124, 205n.95 holy water, in purification ritual, 67 honor Mary as deserving of, 125–127, 129 of parents by children: in post-1570 sermons, 87–90; Christ’s example of, 79–80, 82; commandment for, 23–24, 118–119, 130; Mary’s image, 90–92; mid-century sermons on, 84– 87 honorable behavior Mary’s example of, 48, 50–51, 55–57, 63 sermons on raising children for, 84– 87 sixteenth-century social norms for, 42– 45, 48, 57–58, 172n.31 hope See faith housework See also domesticity Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 230 index housework (continued ) Annunciation, 31, 39, 42–43, 169n.106; in Visitation, 47, 51–52, 54, 58–59 Huberinus, Caspar in Annunciation, 38, 40, 43 influence of, 59, 85, 101, 112–113, 115, 124–125, 136, 147 humanity of Christ: received from Mary, 109–111; as medieval debate, 12–13, 17; vs divine role of, 94, 104–106, 139 of Mary, 30–31, 33, 41–42, 44; abandonment of holidays for, 123, 127; association with weakness, 83– 84, 88–91 humility of Anna, 23, 60, 73–75 of Mary: in Annunciation, 29–31, 40; in cooperation with Christ, 15, 18–19; Magnificat as song praising, 52–54, 56–57, 62; in Purification, 67–69, 76–77; as role model, 23, 42–43, 91, 140; as sorrowing mother, 88, 120– 122, 130; in Visitation, 48–49, 51, 55, 57, 170n.15; anti-Catholic polemic view of, 60–63 hymn’s and hymnody, related to Mary See also Magnificat in Annunciation, 27–28, 33 to honor her birth, 125–126 Magnificat as praise to God, 52–54, 56– 57, 61–62 during medieval period, 10, 13–14, 18 Simeon’s praise to God, 65–66, 71–73 in Visitation, 47–48, 52 idolatry See “papist” idolatry images, religious in early medieval period, 10–11, 17–19, 159n.92 Mary’s: conclusions about, 133–141; symbolic meaning of, 12, 18–21, 51, 56, 125 immaculate conception Holy Spirit role in, 28, 36–37, 40, 47, 124, 205n.95 of, 7, 12–13, 122; as holiday, 13–14, 16, 22, 24, 122–123; in Jewish theology, 12, 23; Luther’s stance on, 8, 123–124, 205n.94; medieval debate about, 13–14, 16, 136–138, 158n.73; original sin debate about, 29, 37, 40–41, 123, 167n.86; parallels of Eve, 36–39, 44–45, 138; sermon narratives on, 28, 36, 124– 125 incarnation, of Jesus, Mary’s role in in Annunciation, 27–29, 31, 44 early public preaching of, 47–48, 60, 171n.15 sin and, 12, 22–23, 124, 205n.99 incense, in purification ritual, 67 Innocents holiday, Mary’s role in, 22, 109, 115 intercession, with Christ Catholic teachings on, 33–35, 100 as Mary’s power source, 13, 15, 18–19, 44, 62, 115; rejection of, 32, 135–136 invocation, of Mary, as idolatry, 33–35, 54 Isaiah 7, on Mary’s virginity, 111 Jerome, 36–37 Jerusalem, family visit to See Luke 2:41– 52 Jesus Christ circumcision of, 24, 109, 114–115 as distributor of grace: Catholic views on, 32–33, 35; Mary’s association with, 15, 31, 38–40, 119 divine function of: vs Mary’s function, 13, 15, 18, 70, 113, 115, 127; vs obedience to Mary, 94, 104–107 as God-Man, 15, 19 humanity of: as medieval debate, 12– 13, 17; vs divine role of, 94, 104– 106, 139 incarnation of: in Annunciation, 27– 29, 31, 44; early public preaching of, 47–48, 60, 171n.15; Mary’s sin and, 12, 22–23, 124, 205n.99 infancy narratives on, 114–116 loss of in temple, 12, 22–23; as Mary’s cross to bear, 79–80, 82, 84–85 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an index obedience dilemma of, 84, 86–87, 91– 92; in wedding at Cana, 94, 104– 107, 139 parents of, 6, 9, 12, 80, 90–92 purification festival for, 65–66 suffering by: gospels mentioning Mary and, 116–118, 201n.54; Mary as sorrowing mother for, 120–122, 130; Mary’s sharing of, 18–19, 71–72, 76 as teacher, 84–87 Jewish scriptures on purification, 67–69 representations of Mary in, 12, 23, 36, 89 Joachim (Mary’s father), 31 John 2, Mary’s role in, 22 John the Baptist as bridegroom at Cana, 97–98, 102 Mary’s association with, 18, 24, 118, 130; in first council of new church, 47–48; as nurse-maid, 51, 54, 56 Joseph family visit to Jerusalem (see Luke 2:41– 52) flight to Egypt, 115–116 as Jesus’ father, 6, 9, 12, 66, 72, 115 as Mary’s husband, 22, 28, 37, 45 as Mary’s traveling companion, 50, 71, 113 judgement, Christ’s association with, 15, 17 Kantz, Kaspar, 119, 147 Keller, Andreas, 32–33, 36, 40, 147 kindbettnerin, churching and purification theme, 66–70 kreuzstehung, 19 laity, during Reformation clergy complex interaction with, 6, 43– 45 Lutheran lessons for, 43, 52, 62–63, 138; Mary as model for, 138–139; for women, 140–141 moral instruction of, 138–141 support of purification rituals, 70, 75– 76 231 Lent, as medieval ritual, 16 liturgy and liturgical materials Mary’s changing relationship in context of, 3–4, 7; medieval piety and, 15–19 postils compiled and translated as, 5–6 saints’ role in: during medieval period, 11–12; as Reformation issue, 10 love, Mary’s association with, 15, 18–19 in Annunciation, 31 in Christmas story, 113 as too zealous and problematic, 103– 107 in Visitation, 49–51, 56 in wedding at Cana, 94, 99, 102–104, 107, 136, 139 Luke as Christmas story, 109–114 concerning Anna, 73 Mary’s role in, 12, 22, 79–92 Simeon’s praise to God in, 65–66 Luke 2:41–52, Mary in earliest Lutheran postils on, 81–84 focus in post-1570 sermons, 87–90 mid-century sermons on, 84–87 overview of, 12, 22, 79–80 parent vs mother images of, 90–92 Lupercalia (pagan festival), 65, 179n.4 lust (concupiscence), 111, 124 Luther, Martin Christocentrism of, 9–10 as reformer, 4, 7, 11, 136, 148 sermons of: on abandonment of festivals, 122–123; on Annunciation, 29–31; on immaculate conception, 8, 123–124, 205n.94; on marriage, 94– 96; published, 4–6; on Visitation, 49–54; on wedding at Cana, 96–99, 139 teachings about Mary, 6–11; as queen, 8, 25, 53, 126 Lutheran Mary complete picture of, 24–25, 62–63, 73, 90–92, 129–131 conclusions about, 133–141 Lutheran preachers application of Mary’s teachings, 43–45, Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 232 index Lutheran preachers (continued ) biographies of, 143–152 on Christ’s divine transcendence, 94, 104–107, 137 major role in Reformation, 5–6, 50 marriage and family views of, 100– 102 support of churching and confinement, 67–70, 75–76 theological virtue model by, 102–104, 139 Lutheran Reformation See Reformation Lutheran sermons complete picture of Lutheran Mary in, 24–25, 62–63, 73, 90–92; conclusions about, 129–131 on Mary’s role: the Annunciation, 27– 45; conclusions about, 133–141; in Luke 2:41–52, 79–92; overview of, 6, 21–25; pertaining to holidays, 109– 131; the Purification, 65–77; the Visitation, 47–63; in wedding at Cana, 99–106 as postil literature, 4–6 research situated in, 6–10; conclusions about, 133–141; limitations of, 20–21 Lutherans defining book of confessions for, 155n.19 position on Mary as saint, 4, 6–11, 83 Magi, visit to Mary, 115 magic, in medieval rituals, 16–17 Magnificat Luther on, 21, 47, 49–54 as Mary’s song of praise, 52–54, 56–57, 61–62 medieval importance of, 11, 23, 47–48 Major, Georg, 29, 55, 148 male authority churching ritual support of, 70, 76–77 marriage as supporting, 96, 107 of pastors, 23, 70; Marian cult impact on, 12–13, 15 as purification theme, 68 Mariale super missus est, 117 Marian cult Marian devotion Christology impact on, 4, 7–9, 12; in Annunciation, 29; in Christmas story, 110–112 fluctuations of reformers’, 6–11 in medieval period: earlier, 10–11; later, 12–15; presence in church life, 15–19 paraliturgical aspects of, 16–17, 22 Marian festivals See also specific festival medieval importance of, 11, 16–17 reformers’ views on, 8–9, 57, 136 retained after Reformation, 22, 24 sermons and readings for, 22–25 Marian holidays, 109–131 See also specific holiday abandonment in 16th century, 122– 129 Catholic celebration of, 24, 48, 120 Christmas story as, 109–114 in infancy narratives, 114–116 Lutheran importance of, 16, 109, 129– 131 in passion narratives, 116–122 sermons and readings for, 22, 24, 109 “mariological rules,” for 15th-century sermons, 15 Mariology(ies) appearance of, 7, 155n.20 Christology challenge to, 7–9 reformers’ continuing orthodoxy of, 11– 13, 25, 29, 41 marital engagement, Protestant view on, 95–96, 191n.14 marriage Catholic views on, 69, 94–95; vs celibacy, 22, 28, 36–37, 95 Jewish law on impurity of, 68–69 as medieval rite of passage, 16, 128– 129 in Protestant movement: as center of, 93–96, 106–107, 190n.12, 191n.14; reformers view of, 37, 43, 45, 83; sermons on, 100–102, 134–135; vs celibacy, 37, 95, 101 as social conservatism, 97, 99, 101– 102, 106–107 Martha (sister of Lazarus), 127–128 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an index Mary and Joseph as, 116, 120–122, 129– 130 Mary, Saint birth of as holiday, 16, 22, 24; abandonment of, 122, 124–127 consent to conceive Jesus, 28–30, 36, 39 (see also immaculate conception) death of, 34–35, 127–129 (see also Assumption) divine function of, vs Christ’s function, 13, 15, 18, 70, 113, 115, 127 family visit to Jerusalem (see Luke 2:41– 52) in first council of new church, 47, 55– 57, 59–60 flight to Egypt, 115–116 God’s blessings to, 36–38, 47 “heavenly status” of, 13, 15, 32, 53; in Assumption gospel, 127–128; as bride, 17, 40 humanity of, 30–31, 33, 41–42, 44; abandonment of holidays for, 123, 127; association with weakness, 83– 84, 88–91 lineage of, 10, 12, 31, 52, 125 as parent vs mother, 80, 90–92 reformers’ teachings on: to lay audiences, 43–45, 52, 62–63 religious symbolism of, 12, 19–21, 125 as role model (see role model) as savior, 90, 119, 126, 128 as “second Eve,” 13, 19, 22, 70, 135, 138; in Annunciation, 29, 36–39, 44–45; in Luke 2:41–52, 84, 88, 91 seven great feasts of, 16–17 (see also specific event) sixteenth-century power of, 3, 11–12, 54, 125; abandonment of holidays’ impact on, 122–131; decline of, 3–4, 38–39, 44–45, 53, 62–63 Mary (name), Hebrew meaning of 30, 3, 11–12 Mary (sister of Lazarus), 127–128 Mary Magdalene, as bride at Cana, 97– 98, 102 Mary’s Conception See immaculate 233 Mathesius, Johannes, 6, 68–69, 74, 86, 148 mediator, abandonment of Mary as, 119, 126, 128, 131 mediatrix, Mary as, 9, 15, 62 Catholic teachings on, 33–35 medieval period See Middle Ages Melanchthon, Philipp influence of, 7–9, 37, 136–137, 148 in Jerusalem visit, 83–84, 90–91 menstruation, churching ritual surrounding, 67–70 mercy Mary’s association with, 15, 18–19, 127, 129; in wedding at Cana, 94, 98, 136, 139 as shown by God, 57 merit, deserved by Mary, 125–127 Messiah See Jesus Messianic prophecies, 36, 42–43 Middle Ages beliefs during, 16–18, 65, 82, 122, 159n.89 humanity of Christ debate, 12–13, 17 Magnificat importance during, 11, 23, 47–48 representations of Mary: early, 10–11, 17–19, 159n.92; later, 11–19, 34; as piety destroyed, 3, miracles in Annunciation, 28 Jesus’ birth as, 112, 116, 130 medieval belief in, 17 in wedding at Cana, 93–94, 97, 101– 102, 104, 106 moderation, Anna as model of, 23, 60, 73–75 modesty of Anna, 75 as Mary’s virtue, 43, 63, 128, 140 monks celibacy of, 37, 98, 101 “papist” belief of, 34–35 value of work of, 114 morality Christian renewal of, 4, 138 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 234 index morality (continued ) as model for all, 138–139; as special model for women, 140141; in Visitation, 48, 5051, 53, 56, 63, 172n.31 Moărlin, Joachim, 4, 21, 39, 148–149 Moses, purification laws of, 65, 67–68, 74 motherhood Christian church as, 119–120 of Mary: in Annunciation, 32, 42–43; conclusions about, 133–141; idolatry of, 32–35, 54; medieval origins of, 12– 13, 15, 17, 159n.92; as role model, 23, 25, 42; sacrificial images of, 18–19, 31, 95, 105; in Visitation, 48; vs parental role, 80, 90–92 multiplicity, of religious symbols, 1921 Musaăus, Simon, 68, 149 mystics, in medieval piety, 17 negligence, as Mary’s sin, 83–85, 88–90 New Year’s Day, as Christ’s circumcision festival, 109, 114–115 Nicene Creed, in Christmas story, 110 nuns, celibacy of, 37 nursery-maid, Mary as, 51, 54, 56 obedience of Anna, 23, 60, 73–75 of children: in post-1570 sermons, 87– 90; Christ’s example of, 79–80, 83; in development of Mary’s image, 90– 92, 99; Lutheran importance of, 23– 24, 82, 118–119, 130; mid-century sermons on, 84–87 as Jesus’ dilemma, 84, 86–87, 91–92; in wedding at Cana, 94, 104–107, 139 Mary as model for, 140–141; in post1570 sermons, 87–90; in Annunciation, 29, 42–45; in Christmas story, 110, 112–114, 129; in infancy narratives, 115–116; in Luke 2:41–52, 80, 82–83, 91; in Purification, 67–69, 76–77; as sorrowing mother, 120–122 orthodoxy, impact on Mariology, 11–13, 25, 29, 41 Osiander, Andreas, 100, 105, 149 pagan festivals, for purification, 65–67, 179n.4 pagan government influence on marriage, 94–95 Mary’s obedience to, 113 pain with childbirth, 37, 68, 110 suffered by Mary: at Jesus’ death, 71– 72, 76, 116–118, 201n.54; as sorrowing mother, 120–122, 130 Paltz, Johann von, 18–19, 160n.100 Pankratius, Andreas, 149 “papist” idolatry See also pope of celibacy, 98–99, 102 of Mary as mother, 32–35, 54, 90, 131 of praying to saints, 103 paraliturgical aspects, of Marian devotion, 16–17 parental authority/duty Lutheran importance of, 23; development of Mary’s image, 90– 92; in Luke 2:41–52, 79–80, 82, 85, 89 over Jesus: as divine dilemma, 81–87, 90–92; in wedding at Cana, 94, 104– 106, 139 parents, children’s honoring of in post-1570 sermons, 87–90 Christ’s example of, 79–80, 82 commandment for, 23–24, 118–119, 130 development of Mary’s image, 90–92, 99 mid-century sermons on, 84–87 parturition, religious rituals surrounding, 23, 66–70 passion, suffered by Christ on cross, 18 gospel mentioning Mary and, 116–118, 201n.54 Mary as sorrowing mother for, 120– 122, 130 Mary’s association with, 18–19, 22, 24 Passover, trip to Jerusalem See Luke 2:41– Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an index patriarchy See male authority Paul, prophecy on marriage, 100 Pauli, Simon, 57, 59, 149 Pentecost, as medieval ritual, 16 Peter (disciple), 122 physical conception animation vs., 205n.94 as Mary’s connection to Christ, 123– 125 piety Anna as model of, 23, 60, 73–75 of Jesus, 118 Mary’s relationship in context of, 3, 7, 9; in Annunciation, 29, 42–43; in Luke 2:41–52, 80–87; during medieval period, 15–19, 120, 140; in Purification, 68–70, 72–73, 76; in Visitation, 49, 56, 58 of saints: during medieval period, 11– 13; as Reformation issue, 10, 85 pilgrimage, in medieval piety, 4, 17 Pomarius, Johann, 144 pope See also “papist” idolatry on impurity of pregnancy and childbirth, 66–70 Mary idolatry related to, 32–35, 54, 90, 131 Visitation association of fighting, 48, 61–62 postil literature definition of, 5, 153n.7 Lutheran sermons as, 5–6 postilla, 5, 153n.7 postpartum recovery, religious rituals surrounding, 23, 66–70 poverty, associated with Mary in Annunciation, 31, 39, 42–43 in Christmas story, 110, 112–113, 129– 130 in infancy narratives, 115–116 in Luke 2:41–52, 86–88 in Visitation, 52–53, 63 prayer(s) Ave Maria as: as Catholic threat to Annunciation, 29, 32–36, 44; reformer’s view on, 30–31, 135; rosary devotion in, 17, 33 235 medieval period, 13–14, 16–18; in Visitation, 55; in wedding at Cana, 103–104, 136, 139 preacher(s) Anna as, 23, 60, 73–75 authority of, 23, 70, 119–120; Marian cult impact on, 12–13, 15, 88; vs gospel, 81–82, 91–92 Lutheran (see Lutheran preachers) major role in Reformation, 5–6 Mary as, 48, 52, 54, 59–63; antiCatholic polemic view of, 60–63; in Egypt, 116 preaching manuals See also sermons postils compiled and translated into, “preaching revival,” during Reformation, 5–6 Presentation in the Temple, as Marian feast, 16, 127 pride behind Catholic practices, 54 Mary’s lack of, 49, 51, 56, 61–62 priests, celibacy of, 98, 101 privileges, of Mary, medieval origin of, 17, 159n.92 procreation, 95 See also motherhood propriety See social propriety; virginity Psalms, expectations to learn, 48 pulpit, as major communication means, 5–6 Purification, 65–77 Anna’s words as example for, 66, 73– 75 churching and kindbettnerin theme of, 66–70 as Marian feast, 16, 22–23, 65, 75–76, 122, 179n.4 preachers’ application of, 75–77 sinlessness debate about, 40–41, 124, 167n.86, 205n.99 sword piercing soul theme of, 66, 71– 73, 76–77, 87, 117, 135 text for, 65–66 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn queenship, of Mary in Ave Maria, 33 Luther’s stance on, 8, 25, 53, 126 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 236 index reason and reasoning Elizabeth’s faith vs., 49 Mary as model for, 29–30, 41–42, 50; faith vs., 114 redemption of female sin, in Annunciation, 29, 36– 39 Mary’s association with, 13–15, 158n.73; as Christ’s mother, 9, 18–19, 33; early theologians’ views, 117–118; as passive role, 38–39, 44–45 Reformation Marian festivals retained after, 22, 24, 57 marriage as central issue of, 93–96, 106–107, 190n.12, 191n.14; preachers’ views on, 37, 43, 45, 83, 100–102; vs celibacy, 37, 95, 101 Mary in context of, 4, 7–11 “preaching revival” of, 5–6 saints as issue during, 10–11 religious laws, Mary’s obedience to, 80, 82–83, 87 religious symbols in early medieval period, 10–11, 17, 159n.92 gendered, 20, 23, 54, 125 from images of Mary, 19–21, 51, 56, 125, 133–134; continuity with tradition, 134–135; developments during this period, 136–138; as model for women, 140–141; moral instruction of laity, 138–139; rejection of past, 135–136 polysemic multiple meanings of, 19– 21 repentance, 57 respectability Mary as model for, in Visitation, 49– 51, 56–58, 172n.31 sermons on raising children for, 84–87 Rhegius, Urbanus, 149–150 ritual(s), religious gender symbols in, 20, 125 Mary’s presence in medieval, 16–17 role model, Mary as for faithful believers, 13, 15, 44, 55–57, Annunciation, 29, 42–45; in Visitation, 48, 54 Roman Catholics and Catholicism as authors of sixteenth-century sermons, 5, 136 celebration of Marian holidays, 24, 48, 120 Lutheran authority over, 80, 90–92 Mary’s changing relationship with, 3– 4, 10, 54, 62, 137 as perceived threat to Annunciation, 29, 32–36, 44 position on Mary as saint, 7, 9–10, 155n.20 on proper feminine behavior, 66, 69– 70 views of marriage, 69, 94–95; vs celibacy, 22, 28, 36–37, 95 views on churching and confinement, 66–70 views on domesticity, 57 rosary medieval origins of, 16–18, 159n.89 as misleading faith, 33 rose garland, as symbol of Mary’s virtues, 51, 56 sacrifice, Mary’s association with Christ’s, 18–19, 31 saint(s) Catholic position on, 7, 9, 54, 155n.20 festivals for celebrating, 28, 57, 126 fifteenth-century power of, 15 invocation of, as idolatry, 33–35, 54 as Lutheran Reformation issue, 10–11 Mary’s relationship in context of, 3, 6, 9–10, 54 Protestant position on, 7, 155n.19 as sinners, 91 sixteenth-century power of, 11–12, 125; picture of Lutheran Mary, 24–25, 62– 63, 73, 129–131; decline of, 3–4, 54; ritual practice associated with, 16– 17 saints’ day, in Reformation, 28 saints’ feast, as medieval ritual, 16 salvation Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an index through Mary: in Annunciation, 29– 31, 36; doubt and suffering associated with, 18–19, 71–73, 90; during medieval period, 13–15, 18– 19, 158n.73 Salve Regina, 16, 33–34, 126 Satan See also evil forces idolatry as work of, 34 Mary’s power over, 126 in opposition to marriage, 96, 101 pregnancy as increasing susceptibility to, 67, 69–70 as temptation source, 38, 41 savior, Mary as, 90, 119, 126, 128 “school of Mary,” 48, 52, 54 Scripture(s), See also specific book as authority on Mary, 4, 7, 9, 128; 15thcentury rules on, 15; Jewish, 12, 23, 36 clerical authority vs., 81–82, 91–92 Marian holidays not attested by, 22, 24 “Second Eve,” Mary as, 13, 19, 22, 70, 135, 138 in Annunciation, 29, 36–39, 44–45 in Luke 2:41–52, 84, 88, 91 seed, female as battling evil, 36, 38–39, 44 Christ from, 112 Seehofer, Arsacius, 68, 83, 150 self-confidence, vs trust in God, 81–82, 90 Selneccer, Nicolaus, 29, 34, 89, 106, 150 sermons Lutheran (see Lutheran Sermons) as sixteenth-century media publications, 4–6 service Anna as model for, 23, 60, 73–75 in celibacy vs marriage debate, 98– 99 Mary as example of, 61; Christian, 55– 57, 63; in Christmas story, 113–114; to elders, 58 sexuality, associated with sin, 37, 43 shepherds, obedience of, in Christmas 237 Simeon, prophecy of, 23, 60, 87, 116–117, 135 in purification ritual, 65–67, 71–73 sinlessness of Christ, 124, 205n.99, 205nn.94–96 of Mary, 90; in Annunciation, 29, 37, 40–41, 44, 167n.86; with conception, 123–124, 137, 205n.94 sins and sinners of Mary, 14, 158n.73; in Annunciation, 29, 31, 33, 36–39; in Christmas story, 111; conception debate about, 39–43, 123–125, 137, 167n.86, 205nn.94–96; negligence as, 83–85, 88–90; as “second Eve,” 13, 19, 22, 44–45, 70, 84, 88, 91, 135, 138 Mary’s pardon of: as passive role, 38– 39, 44–45; vs God’s pardon, 13–15, 17–18 “world” vs God’s view of, 83–84 social propriety Mary’s example of, 48–51, 55–57, 63 period of confinement for, 69–70 sixteenth-century norms for, 42–45, 48, 102, 172n.31 social responsibility, issues addressed on in Annunciation, 27, 43–45 in Christmas story, 110, 129–130 in Luke 2:41–52, 91–92 in Visitation, 48, 55–58, 61, 63 in wedding at Cana, 95, 100–101, 106– 107, 139 songs See hymns and hymnody sorrow of Mary as mother, 117–118, 120–122, 130; in post-1570 sermons, 87–90 in medieval piety, 18, 71–72, 76 Spangenberg, Cyriacus, 101, 120–121, 150– 151 Spangenberg, Johann, 4, 39, 113, 136, 151 Spindler, Georg, 35, 151 spirituality Christian renewal of, 4, 10 Luther’s preaching on, 50 star, as symbol of Mary’s virtues, 125– 126 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 238 index subordination, female churching ritual support of, 70, 76–77 to pastors, 23; Marian cult impact on, 12–13, 15 suffering as comforting, 113 Mary’s association with: of Christ’s, 18– 19, 23; at the cross, 116–118, 201n.54; of Jesus’ death, 71–72, 76; with lost Jesus, 79–80, 82, 84–85, 88; as sorrowing mother, 120–122, 130 “superlative rule,” for sermons discussing Mary, 15 superstition(s) Anna’s rejection of, 73–75 behind purification ritual, 69–70, 76 sword, as piercing Mary’s soul, 66, 71– 73, 76–77, 87, 117, 135 symbols/symbolism See religious symbols teacher Anna as, 23, 60, 73–75 Mary as, 48, 52, 54, 59–63, 69 temple festival for Christ’s presentation to, 65– 66 God’s word as, 84 Ten Commandments, applications of first, 34 fourth, 24, 99, 105, 118–119, 130 Theotokos, Mary as association with humility, 44–45 in Christmas story, 109–112, 129 debate over use as title, 12–13, 45, 62 ritual celebration of, 23–24 titles, of Mary in Annunciation, 32–34, 44–45 medieval origin of, 13, 15, 17, 159n.92 Theotokos debate, 12–13, 45, 62 tradition(s), as authority on Mary, 7, 15, 22 Lutheran model, 24–25 transcendence, Jesus’ divine, during wedding at Cana, 94, 104–107, 137, 139 travel trust, in God, 81–82 Turks, Visitation association of fighting, 48, 61–62 veneration, of Mary See Marian devotion vespers, with Marian feasts, 16 vigils, with Marian feasts, 16 Virgin Mary See Mary, Saint virginity See also celibacy of Eve, 36–37, 111 of Mary, 6, 10, 12, 85; in Annunciation, 28, 30, 36–38, 45, 162n.15; in Christmas story, 110– 112; as continuity with tradition, 134– 136; as paradoxical, 12–13, 127–129, 141; in Visitation, 53–54, 57–59, 62– 63 protection of female, 23 virtue(s), associated with Mary, 13–15, 128 in Annunciation, 29, 31, 39–43 conclusions about, 138–141 in Luke 2:41–52, 80–87, 90 in Visitation, 48–57, 172n.31 in wedding at Cana, 102–104, 136, 139 Vischer, Christoph influence of, 43, 115, 119–121, 151 in Jerusalem visit, 87–88 in Purification, 69, 72 in Visitation, 58, 62 in wedding at Cana, 102, 104 Visitation, 47–63 in later Lutheran traditions, 55–63 Luther’s preaching on, 49–54 as Marian feast, 16, 22–23, 47–48, 122 preaching/teaching role, 48, 52, 54, 59– 60; anti-Catholic polemic perspectives, 60–63 virginity perspectives, 53–54, 57–59 virtue examples in: as Christian role model, 55–57; Lutheran notions about, 48–54 voll gnaden, 32 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn Walther, Georg, 61, 89–90, 151 wedding at Cana, 93–107 Luther’s sermons on, 96–99 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn