A survey on the difficulties in pronouncing english consonants of first year english majors at LHU

LAC HONG UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC: A SURVEY ON THE DIFFICULTIES IN PRONOUNCING ENGLISH CONSONANTS OF FIRST-YEAR ENGLISH MAJORS AT LAC HONG UNIVERSITY RESEARCHER: DONG NAI, June 2022 LAC HONG UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC: A SURVEY ON THE DIFFICULTIES IN PRONOUNCING ENGLISH CONSONANTS OF FIRST-YEAR ENGLISH MAJORS AT LAC HONG UNIVERSITY DONG NAI, June 2022 I, Nguyen Quynh Mai, declare that the submitted research paper entitled “A SURVEY ON THE DIFFICULTIES IN PRONOUNCING ENGLISH CONSONANTS OF FIRSTYEAR ENGLISH MAJORS AT LAC HONG UNIVERSITY” is my original work and no part of it has been published anywhere else in the past I take full responsibility, that if in future, the paper is found invalid according to basic rules, the last decision will be of the Authorities concerned Any form of plagiarism will lead to disqualification of the paper ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In order to carry out and complete this scientific research project, the researcher received assist from students of the English language department of Lac Hong University, 2021 cohort This scientific research is also completed with the help of teachers at the Faculty of English language, facilitating information and spiritual support for researcher The researcher would like to send a special thanks to Master - who directly guided the scientific research topic, always spent a lot of time and effort supporting us throughout the development of research process I am so grateful! The researcher also thank to Lac Hong University for launching a research movement, creating conditions for students to have a place to contribute our research to the community Despite extensive research, the work cannot be without flaws The researcher hope for favorable suggestions from teachers, experts, and any of us who are interested in the subject to assist improve the study C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of problem 1.2 Purpose of the study 10 1.3 Objectives of the study 10 1.4 Significance of the study 10 1.5 Research questions 11 1.6 Scope of the study 11 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1 Consonants in English 15 2.2 The differences in consonants between English and Vietnamese 16 2.3 Major influences on pronunciation performance of English learners 18 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 Research design 21 3.2 Population and sampling 22 3.3 Data collection 22 3.4 Procedure 24 3.5 Data analysis 24 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 26 4.1 The most common errors in English consonant pronunciation 27 4.1.1 Wrong pronunciation 27 4.1.2 Missing sounds 36 4.1.3 Redundancy 40 4.2 Students’ perceptions of difficulties in pronouncing English consonants 43 4.2.1 Mother tongue influences 43 4.2.2 Consonant variables 49 4.2.3 Inappropriate tongue position and lips shape 51 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 53 I Conclusion 54 II Recommendations 55 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an REFERENCES 56 APPENDICNES 58 LIST OF TABLES Chart: The articulatory system 13 Table 2.1: Manners and places of articulation 15 Table 2.2: English consonants 16 Table 4.1: Common errors in consonant pronunciation 28 Table 4.2: Errors in pronouncing initial consonants 29 Table 4.3: Errors in pronouncing medial consonants 31 Table 4.4: Errors in pronouncing final consonants 33 Table 4.5: Common missing medial consonant sounds 37 Table 4.6: Common missing final consonant sounds 38 Table 4.7: Common consonant/syllable redundancy 41 Table 4.8: Errors of consonant phoneme replacement 44 Table 4.9: Some errors of consonant/syllable redundancy 48 Table 4.10: Some common consonant spelling mistakes 50 Table 4.11: Common errors from wrong lip shapes and tongue positions 52 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 1.1 Statement of problem According to studies, the English language is spoken by twenty per cent of the world’s population Apart from being one of the most popular languages in the world, English is also the most commonly studied foreign language As a developing country, Vietnam currently has an pressing need for the global language English to draw overseas funding as well as step up the economy, particularly after becoming an official member of the World Trade Organization English, formerly included in the curriculum from the first year of middle school, is now officially taught for children from eight years old Foreign language centers are rapidly increasing in number, and English is the most popular foreign language offered for learners Vietnam has been increasingly emphasizing the special importance of English communication in many different areas, especially in the 4.0 technological period at the present Since English is one of the core subjects at school, more and more schools are teaching English to their students and English centers can be found popular in any cities in Vietnam, especially big cities Although English has grown to be an essential need for training, schooling and career opportunities, Vietnamese humans cannot pronounce English properly Many foreigners have commented “many Vietnamese speakers can speak English, but only a few have intelligible English pronunciation so that they can be understood easily in direct communication with foreigners” Learning to English pronunciation is perhaps as important as learning listening skill, speaking, and spelling Errors in English pronunciation can create many problems for English language learners in their works Since the late 1980s, the course of teaching and learning English in Vietnam has undergone many changes, particularly when the communicative approach became a buzzword among language educators As a result, the English curriculum has become more focused on communication Most people hoped that by focusing on communicative teaching, students' oral communication significantly Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn skills would improve C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Due to the notoriously confusing nature between English pronunciation and Vietnamese pronunciation, especially in consonants, it is particularly pivotal to learn to think about one The complete differences between Vietnamese consonants and English consonants and the frequency of English consonants errors which are made by most Vietnamese speakers have caught noticeable attention to this area of the topic As a result, consonants are essential in the pronunciation learning process It is proved that since it is one of the most important components in determining a syllable's tone, Vietnamese learners must know the consonant class to pronounce what they have read correctly The fact of English pronunciation mistakes, especially consonant sound mistakes made by Vietnamese students in general and students of college education in particular, have caused a lot of difficulties for the teaching and learning of this foreign language Although students have access to English quite early (eight years old or even earlier if in big cities), when entering university, most students still have difficulties in pronunciation, especially the consonants in English This makes students self-deprecating when communicating in English, especially communicating with native speakers, which greatly affects their learning process and job opportunities later Learning and teaching English for language major students at Lac Hong University is now more focused The problem of pronunciation and communication is always the main concern of the school The first-year language major students have been taught basic pronunciation subjects, and Lac Hong University also promotes a lot of practice in the classroom as well as organizing English clubs and competitions to give students more time to practice English pronunciation a lot However, the problem of pronunciation, especially about English consonants, has always been a big obstacle for first-year students at Lac Hong University The reality is that most students not have access to phonics systematically and thoroughly in the curriculum in high schools In addition, many students come from rural areas where there are not many conditions for them to access the means of practicing pronunciation and communication in English Therefore, the pronunciation ability and the results of the pronunciation test as well as the speaking test of the first-year language major students often fail to achieve high results Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 10 The research conducted in the pronunciation area to date often focuses on consonant pronunciation and seeks to identify problems of first-year English major students to enhance their accuracy of English consonant pronunciation 1.2 Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the difficulties experienced by firstyear students of the Faculty of English Language (FEL) at Lac Hong University when pronouncing English consonants The results will provide insights and assist teachers of English as a Second Language as they strive to reduce or eliminate future problems regarding consonant pronunciation In a more general point of view, it targets to enable potential elimination of the negative effects caused in the learning process that students of the courses often have 1.3 Objectives of the study It is the aim of this article to provide an overview of the most common consonant pronunciation errors performed by FEL students and their difficulties in this area, with a focus on methodological issues, theoretical assumptions, and findings Also, this research paper will provide basic information that is helpful for those who practice taking in the significance of pronouncing consonants accurately 1.4 Significance of the study The significance of the present study lies in the fact that it investigates FEL first-year students’ difficulties with English consonant pronunciation Without this research paper, students will aware of the cause of errors in consonant pronunciation These errors repeated and persisted for a long time can become the FEL students’ characteristic and the overall pronunciation performance of students cannot enhance Furthermore, the results of this research may provide insights for FEL teachers with respect to the development and choice of instructional techniques that may improve the teaching of pronunciation of English consonant sounds to students Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 46 sounds of a big number of words when they spoke English during the observation of their performance at classes This is partly due to the influence of Vietnamese, when speaking, Vietnamese people not pronounce the final consonants Concerning final sound issues, FEL teachers stated that they frequently had to remind students of final sounds or make comments on them during speaking practice; teachers constantly did those jobs in almost every student's speaking performance “When students pronounced each word or say a complete sentence, they often chose to skip final sounds to help their pronunciation easier and faster”, a teacher pointed out the problem of first-year students when pronouncing final consonant sounds in an interview “I cannot still manage to pronounce exactly and clearly final consonant sounds despite my practice, so I choose to skip them and not care much about them” Extract from student interviews In terms of final sound pronunciation, one noticeable error made by FEL first-year students was the absence of /s/, /z/, / ɪz / in plural nouns, possessives, contractions and third-person-singular present tense verbs According to interviewed students, the omission of pronouncing the ending sounds into /s/ was really convenient for English speaking If we had to pay attention to the final sounds /s/, /z/ or / ɪz /, it would make us speak much slower and their conversation or speaking could become boring, a first-year student stated that For instance, “What’s the prize?” which /What’s/ was pronounced as /wʌt/ instead of /wʌts/, or “This parcel contains seven apples just picked from a tree.” which /contains/ was pronounced as /kənˈteɪn/ instead of /kənˈteɪnz/ and /apples/ was pronounced as /ˈæpl/ instead of /ˈæplz/ Besides, the /ɪz / ending was also usually omitted, e.g matches pronounced as /mætʃ/ instead of /mætʃɪz/, or chances pronounced as /tʃæns/ instead of /tʃænsɪz/ Another common error made by many students, including seniors, was the lack of the -ed ending sound According to the interviews and observation, except students who pronounced /ɪd/ with the -ed ending for almost verbs in past tenses, the rest tended to ignore the –ed ending sounds which are /t/, /d/ and /ɪd/ “It’s really hard to memorize the Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 47 rules of pronouncing –ed sounds, so I often ignore them”, a student said in an interview It can be more easily seen from student’s speaking at class, for examples, /called/ pronounced as/kɔːl/ instead of /kɔːld/, /walked/ pronounced as /wɔːk/ instead of /wɔːkt/, or /invited/ pronounced as /ɪnˈvaɪt/ instead of /ɪnˈvaɪt ɪd/ One more final sounds confusing students a lot following to the observation and interviews was /dʒ/ sound The fact was that nearly all students participating in the interview tended to omit this sound when it stayed at the final position The sound /ʤ/ is a voiced sound and is a combination of sounds /d/ and /ʒ/, which is a difficult sound to pronounce for Vietnamese people as well as FEL first-year majors Except some students chose to pronounce as familiar sounds in Vietnamese such as /ch/, /tr/ or /gi/, others chose to skip this sound at the final position, e.g /change/ pronounced as /tʃeɪn/ instead of /tʃeɪndʒ/, /large/ pronounced as /lɑːr/ instead of /lɑːrdʒ/, or /arrange/ pronounced as /əˈreɪn/ instead of /əˈreɪndʒ/ Consonant clusters That FEL students failed to enhance their pronunciation phrases – initial consonant clusters, middle consonant clusters, and final consonant clusters – was one of biggest difficulties in their process of improving consonant pronunciation Clusters not exist in Vietnamese consonant system, so pronouncing many consonants at the same time causes many difficulties for FEL first-year majors, even for seniors The results from interviews with FEL teachers showed that skipping one or two consonants in a cluster is the first thing a lot of students tended to when they were confused about how to pronounce clusters precisely There are some common examples of consonant-cluster-associated errors given by FEL teachers during the interviews, e.g /ft/ as in /gift/ pronounced as /f/ or /t/, /st/ as in /cost/ pronounced as /s/ or /t/, /fr/ as in /fruit/ pronounced as /f/ or /r/ ; or /pt/ as in /attempt/ pronounced as /p/, /t/ or skip both /p/ and /t/ Particularly, this error happened most often in triple clusters, for instance, /kst/ as in /context/ pronounce as /st/, /t/ or /s/, /spr/ as in /sprout/ pronounced as /pr/, /sr/ or /r/ ; or /rst/ as in /thirsty/ pronounced as /st/ or /rt/ Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 48 Another typical issue with consonant clusters was that students added the sound /ə/ between two consonants, rendering a syllable redundant The two most common clusters underlying this type of problem were /s-/, /p-/ and /b/ Clusters /k-/, /f-/ are less common, but they are also typical clusters added /ə/ into the Despite the fact that this issue was not caused by a large number of students, it did arise among those with strong local accents The examples below are taken from observation and students’ interviews Consonant How FEL students actually cluster sounds pronounced əˈ /bl/ The wind blows (/bəˈləʊ/) away the Target pronunciation (/bləʊ/) clothes in the yard She just bought a black (/bəˈlæk/) and /blæk/ white Chanel dress /pl/ This plant (/pəˈlænt/) was just formed /plænt/ last month /fr/ There are some fried (/fəˈraɪd/) /fəˈraɪd/ chickens and fresh (/fəˈreʃ/) juice for /fəˈreʃ/ dinner /skr/ The script (/skəˈrɪpt/) of this movie is (/skəˈrɪpt/) written by a well-known author Table 4.9: Some errors of consonant/syllable redundancy The next issue about clusters was consonant cluster mispronunciation found in student artifacts A few of these errors occurred in individual words, but more occurred when students spoke long sentences or in a conversation Some examples below are taken from students’ interview records “Today is a nice day The sky (pronounced as /səˈkaɪ/) is blue (pronounced as /bəˈluː/) and the sun shines warmly We go to a restaurant (pronounced as /ˈresrɑːnt/ or /ˈretrɑːnt/) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 49 and eat with herbs (pronounced as /hɜːrb/) and bean sprouts (pronounced as /səˈpraʊts/ or /spəˈraʊts/).” The main reason for these problems of clusters could be the lack of students’ pronunciation knowledge and practice They submitted that they themselves were aware of these mistakes but they were still stuck at pronouncing the consonant clusters “How to pronounce clusters exactly is always the first dilemma that first-year majors have to face, and it also takes a lot of time to improve their cluster pronunciation.” Extract from teacher interviews “The correct pronunciation of these clusters is quite new to me Except for a few students who have good pronunciation skills, most of the others in my class will pronounce clusters too fast or too slowly.” Extract from student interviews 4.2.2 Consonant variables Because of spelling, FEL students made mistakes with some English consonant sounds When analyzing their recordings in the interviews, they frequently applied the pronunciation of a consonant spelling in a specific word to that in other items of vocabulary The latter situation could go wrong because the spelling is supposed to be pronounced differently within those other words The fact that a consonant spelling can have many different pronunciations in different words is common in English consonant pronunciation; however, this does not exist in the Vietnamese pronunciation system It is true that students often only remembered one pronunciation of a consonant spelling in a particular word and applied that consonant spelling to other words The table below indicates a few common consonant spelling mistakes made by FEL students following the observation and student interviews Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 50 Consonant spelling Actual pronunciation of FEL Correct in words students pronunciation -th /th/ in Vietnamese or /d/ in English month /mʌnth/ or /mʌnd/ /mʌnθ/ breath /breth/ or /bred/ /breθ/ breathe /briːd/ /briːð/ another /əˈnʌdər/ /əˈnʌðər/ -ch /ch/ in Vietnamese machine /məˈchiːn/ /məˈʃiːn/ Michael /ˈmaɪchl/ /ˈmaɪkl/ chef /chef/ /ʃef/ chair /cher/ /tʃer/ chemistry /ˈchemɪstri/ /ˈkemɪstri/ watch /wɑːch/ /wɑːtʃ/ -gi / -ge /g/ or /gi/ in Vietnamese General /ˈgienrəl/ or /ˈgenrəl/ /ˈdʒenrəl/ Giant /ˈgiaɪənt/ /ˈdʒaɪənt/ Agenda /əˈgiendə/ or /əˈgendə/ /əˈdʒendə/ Massage /məˈsɑːg/ /məˈsɑːʒ/ Gimmick /ˈɡiɪmɪk/ /ˈɡɪmɪk/ -s /s/ in English casual /ˈkæʒuəl/ /ˈkæʒuəl/ television /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/ /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/ save /seɪv/ /seɪv/ sometimes /ˈsʌmtaɪmz/ /ˈsʌmtaɪmz/ is /ɪz/ /ɪz/ exact /ɪɡˈzækt/ /ɪɡˈzækt/ tables /ˈteɪblz/ /ˈteɪblz/ Table 4.10: Some common consonant spelling mistakes Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 51 It can be seen from table eight above that –s, –th, –ch, –gi and –ge are five consonant spelling students were confused a lot Most students repeated this error over and over again because of their laziness or carelessness in checking the pronunciation of words and consonants in the dictionary Many FEL teachers interviewed also agreed that when students encountered a consonant spelling in a new word, just a few of them checked the correct pronunciation in the dictionary A teacher indicated in the interview that: “They will immediately pronounce a familiar consonant spelling in a new word based on this consonant spelling’s pronunciation of previously learned words and will not care whether consonant spelling in this word is correct or not.” “My friends and I just think that the consonant spelling appearing in different words are mostly pronounced similarly.”, a first-year majors spoke in an interview 4.3 Inappropriate tongue position and lips shape Correct tongue position and lips shape are two basic things that can help students pronounce consonants precisely The results obtained from the questionnaire and interviews showed that a large number of students said that they did not know how to place vocal parts such as teeth, tongue, etc to match each sound correctly Besides being familiar with tongue position and lips shape from the mother tongue, first-year students were not taught how to position their tongues and shape their lips correctly from the very first time they learned how to pronounce English consonants at primary or secondary schools Over the years of learning, wrong tongue position and lips shape became a habit of many students As a result, this habit caused lots of difficulties for university teachers to help their students correct and improve pronunciation, especially consonant sounds Teaching students again about how to place their tongues and shape their lips for correct pronunciation, particularly consonant pronunciation, took a lot of time and effort due to students’ bad habits from secondary or high school, a FEL teacher said that Factually, there are quite much of students who thought that English consonants not existing in Vietnamese consonant sounds could be pronounced quite similarly to Vietnamese consonants, leading to the state that students found ways to place their Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 52 tongues and shape their lips based on their mother tongue without ever checking for pronunciation accuracy “I don't understand much about tongue position and lips shape, so when I encounter strange consonants, I just pronounce like Vietnamese consonants I think my friends also that.”, a statement taken from interviews of first-year students The wrong position of tongue and lips shape when pronouncing English consonants made by students mainly occurred in unfamiliar consonants that not appear in Vietnamese consonant system Following are some examples taken from interviews with students and teachers and the observation Consonant sounds /θ/ /ʒ/ Correct tongue position Actual tongue position and lips shape and lips shape of students Put the tip of the tongue Put the tip of the tongue between the after the front teeth front teeth Put the tip of the tongue up Put the tip of the tongue and back a down Push lips into an oval little Push lips forward a and not put lips forward little into a circle /ʤ/ Move the tongue back and Did not move the tongue away from the roof of back and away from the mouth with using voice roof of mouth Table 4.11: Common errors from wrong lip shapes and tongue positions To be able to put the tongue in the right position and have the right lips shape requires a lot of practice from first-year students In reality, the matter of tongue position and lips shape is being paid more attention by students so that they can enhance their consonant pronunciation better Some teachers also claimed that students are becoming more conscious of correcting the tongue position and lips shape in English consonant pronunciation Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 53 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 54 5.1 Conclusion Consonant is one of the important aspects of phonetics that English majors need to focus and practice on a regular basic Nonetheless, due to the educational features of Viet Nam, high school English teachers are unable to devote much attention to teaching pronunciation and phonetics, especially consonants They are frequently required to concentrate primarily on grammar points and vocabulary, which students must practice in order to deal with assessments and examinations The majority of secondary and high school students cannot have proper English pronunciation As a result, when entering universities and colleges, they feel awkward and unconfident when communicating with foreigners This is even a big challenge for students majoring in English In any case, elements from the mother tongue are the root piece for the acquisition of a new language; however, this is also a big barrier for learners of English as a Foreign Language, especially in Vietnam and Lac Hong University especially There are many difficulties for Vietnamese learners of English as a Foreign Language, particularly in Faculty of English at Lac Hong University One of the major barriers is pronouncing English consonants This research study mainly focused on FEL first-year majors, which are appropriate for a quantitative approach The results based on a survey of students and teachers show that FEL first-year students made a variety of errors in pronouncing English mono consonants and clusters at initial, medial and final positions due to influences of students’ mother tongue, English consonant variables and incorrect tongue position and lips shape Although the number of students participating the survey is limited, the results and the data are carefully examined with high reliability Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 55 5.2 Recommendations 5.2.1 To FEL students It is highly recommended that FEL first-year students more seriously take English pronunciation into account by achieving more attention and carefulness One of the ways to take command of fluent consonant pronunciation is to study the theories well and practice more Students should also develop an ability to think carefully about the correct sounds and the ways to pronounce English consonants as native speakers during communication by frequently practicing speaking English inside and outside the classroom By that way, students can reduce their errors of pronunciation as well as and boost their confidence when communicating in English 5.2.2 To FEL teachers Even though many students regard accuracy as less important than fluency, FEL teachers should place a greater emphasis on how to pronounce English consonants correctly In particular, teachers should reduce errors from habits when pronouncing Vietnamese consonants and mother tongue influences Furthermore, more details of feedbacks to accuracy and error correction should be given to students Besides, pronunciation exercises should be made more communicative so that students have a better understanding of how to apply English consonant sounds in real-life communication 5.2.3 To further research It is essential to conduct a deeper analysis of difficulties when pronouncing English of FEL students in terms of both English vowels and consonants based on general theories Additionally, because the research object of this study is first-year majors which is just about 100 students, it is necessary to expand the research object and number of participants As a result, more reliable contributing data can be analyzed and collected, and more realistic recommendations can be made to establish a more comprehensive approach for English Language faculty teachers and students Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 56 REFERENCES Avery, P., & Ehrlich, S (1992) Teaching American English Pronunciation Oxford University Press Al Harun, M O F., Amirul Islam, K M., & Rahman, M A (2016) Challenges in oral presentation in English for the freshers at tertiary level Green University Review of Social Sciences, 3(1), 137-57 Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K (2002) Research methods in education Routledge Dahlberg, L., & McCaig, C (Eds.) (2010) Practical research and evaluation: a start-tofinish guide for practitioners Sage David Silverman (2000) Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook Nguyen Thi Kha Vi & Hoang Vinh Loc, M.A Faculty of Lac Hong University (2021) New pronunciation 2_Course book Flick, Uwe (2014) An introduction to qualitative research (5th ed) London: SAGE Publications Griffee, D T (2012) An introduction to second language research methods New York: TESL-EJ Publications Houston, A I., & McNamara, J M (1999) Models of adaptive behaviour: an approach based on state Cambridge University Press Klassen, A C., Creswell, J., Plano Clark, V L., Smith, K C., & Meissner, H I (2012) Best practices in mixed methods for quality of life research Quality of life Research, 21(3), 377-380 Merriam, S B (2002) Introduction to qualitative research Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis, 1(1), 1-17 O’Leary, Z (2014) The essential guide to doing your research project (2nd ed.) London: SAGE Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 57 Rea, L M., & Parker, R A (1992) Designing and conducting research: Acomprehensive guide Roach, P (1983) English Phonetics and Phonology A practical course (Fourth edition) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.49 - 58 Roach, Peter (2001) Phonetics Oxford University Press (Oxford Introductions to Language Studies series) Thiem, L., Q (2004) Nghiên Cứu Đối Chiếu Các Ngôn Ngữ Hanoi National University Publishing House Thuat, D., T (1980) Ngữ âm tiếng Việt Nhà xuất Đại học Trung học chuyên nghiệp Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 58 APPENDICES APPENDIX – Student interview questions Do you find pronouncing English consonants difficult? If so, what consonants you think are most problematic to you? Do you think Vietnamese and English are different, and it's a reason why you inappropriately pronounce some difficult consonants? Can you make clear some typical differences between Vietnamese àn English consonant rules? Does the variety of English sounds and spelling make it hard to pronounce all the English consonants properly? When learning English consonants, have you instructed in lips shape and tongue position? Do you think lips shape and tongue position are causes for problems? Do you think of any other reasons why English consonants are difficult to pronounce? APPENDIX - Teacher interview questions What is your overall comment on your students' pronunciation skill? What are the most common errors your students make with English consonants? (Initial, medial and final positions; mono consonants, consonant clusters) What you think about mother tongue influences on your students pronunciation, especially that of consonants? How you think varieties in sounds and spelling causing your students' problems? Regarding the technique of pronunciation, you think your students perform well their lip shapes and tongue positions when pronouncing consonants? Do you have any further opinions on your students' performance? Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 59 APPENDIX – Scripts of samples of students’ artefacts Sample I never thought about how to position my tongue and shape my lips properly when pronouncing words I just thought that whatever I heard, I imitated it Actually, many sounds I thought I read correctly until I learned pronunciation Sample English consonants are really difficult I almost mispronounced most of the compound consonants as well as the consonants at the end of words This correct reading of English consonants was never taught in middle and high school It took me a long time at first to be able to correct the pronunciation of each consonant Sample Actually, I don't care too much about the exact reading of the consonants in the middle or the end I think that in communication, these consonants can be pronounced but the listener can still understand Every things changed when I had many misunderstanding problems with my classmates during speaking and pronunciation class Since then, I have really understood the importance of pronouncing each English consonant correctly Sample I went to high school in the countryside and never corrected my pronunciation, especially in English consonants I also had a lot of problems with pronunciation when my teacher commented that my dialect greatly affects my ability to pronounce correctly Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn