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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: EVALUATION OF THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CUCUMBER VARIETIES Supervisor : Dr NGUYEN THI HOA Department : BOTANY Student : LY THI NHI Student code : 621698 Class : K62KHCTT Course : 2017-2022 HA NOI - 2022 ACKNOWLEDGE First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the Board of Directors of Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), the school’s leaders, and all the teachers of the Faculty of Agronomy who have helped and created the best conditions for me while studying at school In particular, I would like to express my gratitude and respect to Dr Nguyen Thi Hoa - Department of Botany - Faculty of Agronomy With the current complicated and powerful Covid-19 pandemic, Dr was not afraid of difficulties or hardships but directly helped, supported, and guided me to complete my graduation thesis Secondly, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my family and friends who have supported and encouraged me during the process of completing my graduation thesis in such difficult conditions as now With the research time affected by covid 19, my intellectual ability and skills are still limited, so my thesis inevitably has shortcomings I hope to receive suggestions from teachers and friends to complete my thesis and make it more practical And finally, I would like to thank all those who helped me with my project thesis: Evaluation of the growth and development of cucumber varieties Student Ly Thi Nhi i CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGE i CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF ABBREVIATION vi ABSTRACT vii PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1Problem 1.2 Objective and requirements 1.2.1 Objective 1.2.1 Requirements PART II LITERATURE REVIEWS 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Origin and history 2.1.1.2 Classification of cucumber 2.1.2 Botanical characteristics 2.2 Grown stages 2.3 Environmental factors 2.4 Fertilizer 11 2.5 Soil 11 2.6 Nutritional value of cucumber 12 2.6 The situation of cucumber production and research in the world and Vietnam 13 2.6.1 In the world 13 2.6.2 In Vietnam 16 PART III MATERIALS, AND METHODS 18 3.1 Materials 18 3.1.2 Location and time of the research project 18 3.1.4 Research topic content 18 ii 3.2 Methodology 18 3.2.1 Experimental design 18 3.2.2 Cultivation methods 18 3.3 Data collection 20 3.4 Cucumber disease 22 3.5 Data analysis 23 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24 4.1 Variation in climatic conditions during the experiment 24 4.2 Time of growth and development stages of cucumber varieties 26 4.3 Variation in plant height 29 4.4 Variation in leaf sizes 31 4.5 The change in internode length of types of cucumber 35 4.6 Variation in stem diameter of types of cucumber 36 4.7 The change in the number of the male flowers and female flowers of types of cucumber 37 4.8 Pollination process for types of cucumbers 41 4.9 The process of fruit formation of cucumber 43 4.10 Common diseases of cucumber plants 47 PART V Conclusion 50 REFERENCES 51 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 In one 142-g cup of unpared, raw, chopped cucumber contains the following nutrients: 12 Table 2.2 Area harvested and yield and production of world and regions in 2020 13 Table 2.3 Area harvested and yield and production of countries in the world in 2020 14 Table 3.1 Amount of fertilizer and method of application for 20 Table 3.2 Time of growth and development stages of types of cucumbers 21 Table 3.3 Sensory evaluation 22 Table 4.1 Temperature and lighting time affect the growth and development of cucumber varieties 25 Table 4.2 Growth and development period of types of cucumbers through each stage 26 Table 4.3 Growth in plant height of cucumber varieties 29 Table 4.4 Growth in leaf number of cucumber varieties 32 Table 4.5 Growth in leaf length of cucumber varieties 33 Table 4.6 Growth in leaf width of cucumber varieties 34 Table 4.7 Growth in internode length of cucumber varieties 35 Table 4.8 Growth in stem diameter of cucumber varieties 36 Table 4.9 Growth in the number of male flowers of cucumber varieties 37 Table 4.10 Growth in the number of female flowers of cucumber varieties 38 Table 11 Sensory evaluation 46 iv C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 Growth and development stages of cucumber 27 Figure 4.2 Growth and development period of types of cuc through stage 27 Fig 4.3 Growth in plant height of cucumber varieties 30 Figure 4.4 Female flower of Vinaseed and Nep 37 Figure types of female flowers of cucumber varieties 41 Fig 4.6 Pollinating cucumbers by hand and insects 43 Figure 4.7 Three types of standard fruit of different varieties 44 Fig 4.8 Cucumbers are abnormal 45 Fig 4.9 Powdery mildew disease in cucumber 48 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn v C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an LIST OF ABBREVIATION FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation USDA United States Department of Agriculture DAS Day After Sowing Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn vi C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ABSTRACT Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a member of the cucurbitaceous family and is one of the most popular cash crops Cucumber has tremendous economic and dietic importance The experiment was carried out at net house No of the Faculty of Agronomy, the Vietnam National University of Agriculture inumbduring the winter-spring crop from October 2021 to February 2022 Consists of varieties that are Vic 19, Vinaseed, and Nep Due to the epidemic situation and incidents in the early stages of the experiment, the research period lasted until the spring crop of 2022 Cucumbers were grown and cared for according to two processes of Vinaseed and Vietgap such as using organic fertilizers, and biological pesticides to control pests and diseases to ensure quality, effectiveness, and safety The growth and development process of cucumber varieties was monitored, including 10 plants for experimental plot, evaluating fruit quality based on the total number of fruits obtained from each variety The experiment was arranged in sequential blocks and repeated times under greenhouse conditions and the plants were grown in graded In general, the growth and development time of cucumbers ranges from 70 to 90 days Depending on the variety and environmental conditions, different cultivation and care methods will have different survival times There are two types of flowers on the tree, which are female flowers and male flowers In Vic 19, the percentage of female flowers is higher than that of male flowers, and the female flowers are consecutive, not separate As for Nep and Vinaseed, the percentage of female flowers is less than that of male flowers And the first female flowering time is about 35-45 days after sowing The first fruit collection time is at 70 days after sowing, then the fruits are consecutive Nep is the best growth of the varieties Since Nep was a purebred variety in Vietnam, it was reasonably grown in adverse conditions In the winter-spring season, the Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn vii C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an incidence of powdery mildew of cucumbers reaches 100% when the climate is cold and rainy for 2-3 weeks Finally, we should plant cucumbers in September, October at the latest That is the best time to plant cucumbers It helps cucumbers avoid bad climatic conditions Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn viii C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a member of the cucurbitaceous family and is one of the most popular cash crops It is the second most widely cultivated cucurbit after a watermelon Cucumber has tremendous economic and dietic importance It is a rich vitamin A and C source and contains carotenoids when consumed with the skin Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a popular vegetable originating in India and Southeast Asia but has grown throughout the world for centuries Cucumber types differ in fruit length, diameter, skin color, color uniformity, skin thickness, and skin surface texture based on their primary use Cucumber develops rapidly, with a shorter time from planting to harvest than for most crops However, the number of days to harvest changes with temperature, making it difficult to predict Most cucumber cultivars grown before 1980 were monoecious In monoecious cultivars, the staminate flowers are produced first, followed by an alternating staminate-pistillate stage, and finally, a continuous pistillate stage (Shifriss, 1961; Tasdighi and Baker, 1981) Now, most cultivars of pickling and slicing cucumber used in the United State are gynoecious hybrids Gynoecious plants usually have a ratio of pistillate to staminate flowers of 9:1 (McMurray and Miller, 1969) Gynoecious cultivars intended for field production are blended with a monoecious hybrid or inbred to provide the pollen necessary for the fruit set, with 10 to 15% monoecious plants being optimum Gynoecious hybrid cultivars and mechanical harvesting make harvest prediction for cucumber even more important for harvest scheduling and grower profitability Although cucumbers require a large growing area, vines can be trained vertically on a trellis to minimize space Alternatively, gardeners may choose to grow dwarf, determinate, or compact cucumber cultivars that have the shortest Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Leaf number Plant height (cm) Leaf length (cm) Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 57 C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan 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