7 Gear, Gadgets and Gismos Date: 20 July 1984 Place: Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Sportpark, East Berlin Event: Javelin A tall muscular figure wearing striped tracksuit bottoms and a matching singlet over a white T-shirt gathers speed down the approach About four strides from the line he draws back his arm, leans back and, with a strangled cry of determination, launches the javelin into the air From a technical point of view, the throw is just about perfect The athlete, East Germany’s Uwe Hohn, stops before the line and lifts his head to watch A second or two later, his face breaks into a grin and he raises his arms in delighted triumph This is incredible! The javelin is soaring across the stadium on an ideal trajectory It’s a world record, certainly But just how far will it go? Officials and spectators 193 c07.indd 193 6/3/2008 12:23:45 PM 194 gear, gadgets and gismos hold their breath and watch in a nerve-tingling mix of amazement and disbelief as the deadly missile finally hits the grass just a few feet from the edge of the running track It was a truly extraordinary performance and Hohn’s throw of 104.80 m, beating the previous world record by an astounding m, has never been bettered It is most unlikely to be, too Shortly afterwards, the IAAF changed the javelin regulations to remove the possibility of a competitor hurling the instrument right out off the field and piercing an unfortunate official or fellow competitor Few other events or athletic activities display more clearly the complex relationship between sport and technology in modern sport After scientific training and javelin design had made Hohn’s throw possible, science was called on again to ensure that it could not be repeated It was almost as if the officials were saying to the scientists, ‘You got us into this mess: now get us out of it!’ By 1984 (ominous date), the link between sport and applied science – and by definition technology – had become unbreakable Hohn’s throw can be seen on: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v = QGuVV7UYe7g From There Spin and Stall We saw at the beginning of this section how apparatus technology, in the form of swinging weights for the standing long jump, was used to enhance sporting per- c07.indd 194 6/3/2008 12:23:45 PM 195 gear, gadgets and gismos formance in the original Olympics The long jump was not an exception, either Early javelin throwers used a leather thong wound round the implement’s centre of gravity to spin it as it was released This helped nullify the vibrations and waving that might otherwise have arisen because of minor imperfections in the javelin’s construction Another early innovation was a crude form of starting stall, now employed just for horse racing but apparently once also used for human sprints Early javelin throwers used a leather thong wound round the implement’s centre of gravity to spin it as it was released In contrast, other than being standardised, the apparatus used in a number of field events – particularly the shot (or ‘weight’), the discus and the hammer – has changed hardly at all ‘Technology’ glamorises a fairly basic development in hammer throwing: the original implement, some form of weight on the end of a wooden shaft, was superseded by the modern ball and chain design towards the end of the 19th century In 1895, the solid wooden obstacles that had hitherto been used in hurdle races were replaced by lighter ones that fell over when hit At least, that was the theory In practice they remained heavy enough to cause heavy bruising if struck The modern L-shaped hurdles made their debut in 1935 Spears and Poles Throwing a metal-tipped spear or javelin was revived in the 1896 Olympics, although without the leather throwing thong By this time, the original olive wood of the shaft had been replaced by hickory or Scandinavian birch, the weight was fixed at 800 g and the length 2.6 m c07.indd 195 6/3/2008 12:23:45 PM 196 gear, gadgets and gismos The year 1950 saw the start of a javelin revolution when the American Richard Held introduced the hollow javelin of steel and aluminium Its tube composition enabled Held to increase the surface area by 27%, while maintaining the same weight This allowed his javelin to ‘fly’ and the world record was soon shooting up towards Uwe Hohn’s life-threatening launch The response was interesting: instead of increasing the instrument’s weight, as non-scientists proposed, IAAF officials moved the centre of gravity forward cm Women’s javelins underwent a similar change 15 years later Bringing forward the javelin’s centre of gravity had a double effect: (1) it flew shorter distances and (2) it fell nose first, making distances easier to mark The impact of technology on the pole vault was even more dramatic than that in javelin throwing In a sort of early bullfight, the Greeks and Cretans vaulted over bulls; further north, the Celts levered themselves forward to see how far they could go; finally, it was left to the Germans to instigate the modern era with vertical vaulting in the late 18th century Until the turn of the next century, poles were of a strong, solid wood such as ash These were replaced by bendy bamboo, then aluminium (1957), by when planting the pole in a box at the foot of the jump had come into general use The next few years saw the key developments that are with us today: the highly flexible fibreglass pole, which inspired a revolution in vaulting technique, and deep foam cushioning for the landing The Dutch claim that pole-vaulting grew out of an ancient tradition of using long sticks to lever themselves over water-filled dykes c07.indd 196 6/3/2008 12:23:45 PM 197 ‘Tennis is a spontaneous sport that depends upon the keenness of the player Real training will tennis far more harm than good.’ – Helen Wills, 20th century tennis champion (in Tennis, 1929) gear, gadgets and gismos Pumping Iron From time immemorial, athletes have been preparing themselves for upcoming challenges Systematic training was a regular and widespread feature of the lead up to the original Greek Olympic Games and included care over diet, as well as work to improve skill levels and increase physical prowess Competitors were known to improve their strength with what we now call ‘progress resistance training’, using early forms of weights – and anything else that came to hand The wrestler Milo apparently lugged a newborn calf about on his shoulders, a form of training echoed in the 20th century by the All Black legend Colin ‘Pinetree’ Meads, who was said to train by running up hill and down dale on his New Zealand farm with a ram tucked under each arm Athletes planning to compete in the ancient Olympics trained intensively for 10 months, often employing professional coaches who might refer to manuals, such as Philostratus’ Handbook for a Sports Coach c07.indd 197 6/3/2008 12:23:46 PM 198 gear, gadgets and gismos The eye is a muscle which needs to be exercised like any other By the 19th century, ‘bodybuilding’ with weights was a regular practice, and the hollow dumb-bell filled with some sort of heavy material was gradually replaced by the barbell – an early technological innovation that is still with us Partly thanks to the widely advertised work of Charles Atlas, the archetypal mid-century ‘heman’, strength training and isometric exercise – muscle contraction without joint movement – expanded considerably between the world wars Then, starting slowly in the 1960s, sport was swept along in the gym avalanche, each training centre filled with an expanding and bewilderingly sophisticated array of exercise machines Meanwhile, growing out of an initiative from the University of Leeds in the 1950s, most serious athletes incorporated an element of circuit training into their routines At the same time, sports analysts were beginning to break down sporting activities into separate qualities and skills, each of which could be worked on individually This replaced the practice of preparation by playing the sport itself or running through certain elements of it One of the clearest examples of this was the development of sports vision training to increase ball-game players’ spatial awareness, vision reaction time and the like Many traditionalists poohpoohed Clive Woodward when he introduced such coaching to the English rugby team and explained, ‘The eye is a muscle which needs to be exercised like any other.’ His detractors were obliged to partake of humble pie after his team’s victory in the 2003 World Cup c07.indd 198 6/3/2008 12:23:46 PM 199 Out of the 1928 St Moritz Olympics emerged the First International Congress of Sports Medicine, the organisation that actually coined the phrase ‘sports medicine’ Sports psychology dates from a book published by a German psychologist the previous year, although it was not for close on four decades before the International Society of Sport Psychology emerged For some time thereafter the principle focus of sports psychologists was in motivation, helping sportsmen and women build self-confidence and an aggressive ‘will to win’ If they’d told me about bananas still be playing gear, gadgets and gismos Head and Heart I might Our obsession with sporting diet – hyped by manufacturers cashing in on the fad for ‘sport’ drinks and so forth – is a more recent development Herb Elliot, the great Australian middle-distance runner and a supposed pioneer of modern-style diet – admits that apart from a bit of muesli he ate nothing special British professional footballers were regularly tucking into red meat, sugary drinks, chips and dairy fats well into the 1990s On a lighter note, BBC Rugby Correspondent Ian Robertson recalls how ‘60s and ‘70s rugby legend Willie John McBride, on learning that modern players were told eating bananas would lengthen their playing careers, observed ruefully, ‘Bananas? If they’d told me about bananas I might still be playing.’1 c07.indd 199 Ian Robertson in conversation with the author, 15 January 2008 6/3/2008 12:23:46 PM 200 gear, gadgets and gismos To Where We Are Now Sport as a Science On a typical sports blog, US baseball ‘Coach Bob’ wrote recently, ‘Over the years, incremental advances in technology have accumulated to proportions which clearly affect the games today.’ Clearly unsettled at what was happening, he urged: ‘It is time for those who not only watch our favourite sport, but LOVE it, to decide how we want to handle these problems – most of which relate to technology development.’2 Bob is clearly not alone in feeling that sport is losing something as it becomes more and more scientific-technological So just what is he so worried about? It is time for those who not only watch our favourite sport, but LOVE it, to decide how we want to handle these problems – most of which relate to technology development As at Loughborough and Exeter Universities, most of Britain’s earliest university departments of sports science grew out of the PE side of teacher training During the 1970s, as the profile of sport grew nationally and internationally and it created more and more specialist jobs for administrators and trainers as well as athletes, From http://www.infosports.com/baseball/arch/1031.htm, 22 November 2007 – just one of many discussions on the topic c07.indd 200 6/3/2008 12:23:46 PM 201 This expansion has been so dramatic and the consequential research output so far-reaching that the last 20 or so years have witnessed little less than a technological revolution in the way athletes in virtually every sport prepare, perform and recover Sadly, though, as with so many of the other aspects of sport we have examined thus far, this process of ‘technologisation’ has meant that the wealthy, or those with access to wealth, now have an almost unassailable advantage over the poor and amateur gear, gadgets and gismos sport became a subject in its own right Today there is hardly a self-respecting university anywhere in the world without its own school or department of sport, with courses increasingly linked to ‘exercise’ in general Of course, every now and again the media feature uplifting stories of the boy or girl from nowhere who has burst upon the international sports scene The Cameroon footballer Roger Milla is a good example But he did not become an inter- ©LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY SPORTS TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE The Ryder way: the Sports Technology Institute at Loughborough University used this motion analysis system to fine-tune the swings of the victorious 2006 European Ryder Cup team c07.indd 201 6/3/2008 12:23:46 PM 202 gear, gadgets and gismos national figure, helping his country reach the quarter-finals of the 1990 World Cup, until he moved to Europe and began playing for French clubs ‘If I can join hands with FIFA to promote football globally, then I can more than that to raise African football to new heights.’ – Roger Milla Traditionally, sports science, defined as the employment of scientific principles to improve sporting performance, divides into three principal areas – biomechanics, physiology and psychology – with other supporting disciplines such as statistics and sociology Like all academic subjects, biomechanics, physiology and psychology are essentially umbrella terms covering a host of subdivisions that range from diet to performance analysis For the purposes of this brief survey, we will view ©LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY SPORTS TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE All is revealed: high-speed imaging developed by Loughborough University allows batters and other sportspeople to analyse their technique in great detail c07.indd 202 6/3/2008 12:23:47 PM C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 350 is technology improving sport? competitive sport on all those found to have contravened doping and genetic tampering regulations If these conditions are agreed and adhered to, the future of sport as we know it is assured If they are not, the outlook is at best uncertain Top-level competition may well continue its sad transformation into just another branch of Hollywood, with all its dubious values and tawdry practices What price then the nightmare scenario of our Megalympics, where manufactured humanoids compete like Meccano monsters, devoid of conscience, heart and soul? ‘O brave new world that has such people in it!’ – William Shakespeare, The Tempest c10.indd 350 6/3/2008 12:38:13 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index acclimatisation, 216 active transponders, 79, 80 Adams, Chris, 91 aerodynamic clothing, 68–69 aeronautics, 149 Africa, chances of winning the World Cup, 69–70 Aintree Grand National 1993, 210 air sports, 133, 149 hang-gliders, 134, 149, 150 hang-gliding, 139, 154–155 parachute jumpers, 139 paragliding, 139, 149, 154–155 Akhtar, Shoaib, 334 Aldred, Dave, 221–222 Alonso, Fernando, 262 altitude training, 217 amateur boxing, 53–55, 95–96, 98 American football, 10, 52, 326 decisions of officials, 88 helmets, 38, 50, 52 protective clothing, 38, 52 video technology, 82 America’s Cup, 135, 145, 146, 147, 148 amphetamine tablets, 241 amputee runners, 229–230 anabolic steroids, 241, 254–255 ancient Olympics nude athletes, 35–36 training, 197 Andretti, Mario, 109 Anfield Stadium, 169 anthropometry, 205 anti-doping levy, 266 anxiety control, 222 apparatus, 208–210 appeals, 333 archers, visually impaired, 228–229 Armstrong, Lance, 118, 349 artificial athletes, 175–176 artificial lighting, 165 artificial surfaces, 163, 166, 171, 175–176 astroturf, 163 athletes in 2080 Olympics, 295 all-in-one body suits, 47 ancient Olympics, 35–36 IAAF shoe regulations, 60 351 bindex.indd 351 6/3/2008 12:28:06 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 352 index in Megalympics, 296–297, 298 regulations, 344 training, 197, 217 athletics tracks, surfaces, 163–164, 175–176 Atlas, Charles, 198 attitude, 221, 336 Austin, Tracy, 203 back operations, 225–226 back-up staff, 223 balls, 8–11 American football, 10 analysis at Loughborough University, 207 baseball, 9, 25 basketball, 24 cricket, 9, 18–19, 25 golf, 8–9, 19–20 injuries from heading, 10–11 lawn bowls, 24 Overall Distance Standard (ODS), 19 regulations, 23–25 soccer, 10 spin, 17–18 table tennis, 24 tennis, 9, 22–23 Bannister, Roger, 324 Barbarians V All Blacks 1973, 339 Barry, Dave, 112 baseballs, 9, 25 basketball, 24, 84 see also NBL (National Basketball League) bat and ball games, 3–31 cricket, 3–4, 16–17 field hockey, 16–17, 24, 171 future impact of technology on, 26 golf, 11–14, 28–29, 201, 222, 309–312 history of, 4–5 rackets, 5–6, 15–16, 301 tennis, 9, 15–16, 22–23, 92, 93–94, 197, 300–302 bats, cricket, 3–4, 7–8, 16–17, 317, 318 Beckham, David, 218, 262 Beijing National Stadium, 177 Benjamin, Tim, 223 Berlin Artificial Athlete, 175, 176 Berlusconi, Silvio, 190 Bernoulli’s Principle, 18, 147 beta-2 agonists, 255 bicycles, 106 impact of technology on, 115–117, 126–127 pedal clips, 118–119 regulations, 116–117, 118 superbikes, 115–116 Bilic, Slaven, 170 biomechanics, 202, 205, 207 Bird, Dickie, 85 Bjorkman, Jonas, 174 blind cricket, 229 blind football, 229 blood doping, 255–256 Boardman, Chris, 115, 116, 129 boats, development of, 136 bobsleighs, 104, 112, 113 bodybuilding, with weights, 198 bodysuits, 47 bowling machines, 208–209 boxing, 53–55, 95–96, 98, 332 2080 Olympics, 308 boxing gloves, 53 breathing fabric, 40 bindex.indd 352 6/3/2008 12:28:06 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 353 cage fighting, 281–283 Cameron, David, 44 canoes, 138, 154 carbohydrates, 219 catamaran rowing boats, 152 Cech, Petr, 71, 72 characteristic time (CT), of golf clubs, 13 Cheruiyot, Robert, 80 chest protectors, 53 Christie, Linford, 246 circuit training, 198 Circus Maximus, 160 clay tennis courts, 163, 173 cloning, 235 clothing, 37 aerodynamic clothing, 68–69 future development of fabrics for athletic, 62–63 protective, 55–56 spray-on, 67–69 cocaine, 239 coefficient of restitution, of golf clubs, 13 communications technology, 341, 342 computer programs, for refereeing professional sport, 286 contact lenses, 64 Conte, Victor, 247 bindex.indd 353 Continual Electronic Monitoring (CEM), 289, 304 Cranfield University Centre for Sports Surfaces, 172–173 creatine, 251 cricket, 25, 73, 74, 220, 344 in 2080, 316–319 Australia and England Ashes Series 1979–1980, 3–4 protective wear, 38 referral system, 90–91 and technology, 87 umpires, 86, 88–92, 316–317 for visually impaired people, 229 cricket balls, 9, 25 spin, 18–19 cricket bats, 3–4, 7–8, 16–17 in 2080, 317, 318 cricket bowling machine, 208–209, 232 cricket pitches, 161–168 grass, 168, 172 synthetic, 189 croquet mallets, Cueto, Mark, 82, 184 Cummings, Stuart, 81 cushioning shoes, 60, 61 cycle helmets, 51 cycling, 106 in 2080 Olympics, 302–303 cycling shorts, 45 Cyclops system, 93 index British Bobsleigh Association, motto, 112 Bucknor, Steve, 92 Budd, Zola, 33, 34–35 Burgashell, 142 Bushnell, E.W., 103 Butterworth, Brad, 145 d3o (material), 55–56 ‘Dark Art’ technology, 314–315 Dassler, Adi, 37 Decker, Mary, 33, 34 6/3/2008 12:28:06 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 354 index diet, sporting, 199, 218–220 digital replay, 81–84, 333 digital tracking system, 226–227 digital umpires, 88–94 Diouf, El Hadji, 332 disability sport, 120–121 disabled swimmers, 229 dissociation, 222 diuretics, 253–254 doping blood, 255–256 eliminating, 265–268 legalising, 268–273 drag, 137 drainage, 167 Dream Mile, 339–340 drinks, sport, 199, 220 drivers, motorsports, 107 drug abuse, 344–345 drug tests, 247, 260–263, 267, 334, 344 2007 Rugby World Cup, 248 compulsory, 242 drugs, 238–239, 333–334, 347 eliminating, 265–268 future in sport, 263–264 legalising, 268–273 drugs scandals, 243–246 Dunlop, John, 106 East Germany, use of anabolic steroids, 241 Edwards, Jonathan, 205 Edwards, Shaun, 83 elastane, 43 electronic chips, 286 electronic monitoring, 232 electronic programmes, 185 electronic refereeing system, 291–292, 314 electronic timing, 77–78 élite sport, in 2080, 279–282 Elliott, Herb, 199 Emirates Stadium, London, 182 England, and Euro 2008 qualifier against Russia, 157–158 England V Pakistan, 1974 Lord’s test match, 161 entertainment, sport and, 283–285 ephedrine, 245 erythropoietin (EPO), 216–217, 257, 272 ether, 239 Euro 2008 finals, England V Russia qualifier, 157–158 European Electric Grand Prix (EEGP), 319 Ewald, Manfred, 241 exercise, aerobic and anaerobic, 212 Exeter University, St Luke’s Campus, 322 Exploding Heart Syndrome (EHS), 299, 303 eyes, vision training, 198 FA Cup Final in 2007, 71–72 in 2080, 287–292 Fastskin fabric, 46, 47 Federer, Roger, 94 fencing, 98 field hockey, 24 artificial surfaces, 171 FieldTurf, 170 FIFA, 20 figure skate blades, 114 First International Congress of Sports Medicine, 199 Fisher, Gavin, 122 bindex.indd 354 6/3/2008 12:28:06 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 355 Gatlin, Justin, 164 gene doping, 259–260, 264–265 genetic medicine, 289 Gifford, Frank, 52 Giggs, Ryan, 71, 72 gloves, 52–55 glycogen, 219 Goldspink Geoffrey, 260 golf, 11–14, 28–29, 222 in 2080, 310–313 motion analysis system, 201 golf balls, 8–9, 19–20 golf clubs, 11–14 bindex.indd 355 clubhead, 11, 12–13 driver, 12–13 history of, 6–7 shafts, 11–12 golf courses in 2080, 310 surfaces, 163, 187–190 technology and, 20 Grand Prix, 130, 319 graphite, 12, 15–16 grass, 160, 162 impact of technology on, 167 reinforcement with artificial fibres, 169, 170 grass pitches, maintaining, 168 grass tennis courts, 174–175 Green Bay Packers V Dallas Cowboys 1967, 162 Griffiths-Joyner, Florence, 47, 245–246 Guttman, Ludwig, 106, 107 gymnastics, 176 index fitness, aerobic, 212 fives, 160 Flexskin, 46 floodlights, 165 fluids, 220 football, 10–11 209th FA Cup Final, 288–293 digital replay, 83 heading, 10–11 insufficient goals in, 28 standardising, 20–21 Football Association (FA), 10 football boots, 61 footwear, 33–35, 37, 56–62, 290–291 Ford, Henry, 109 Ford, TJ, 84 Fordham, Alan, 91 Formula One (F1), 107–109, 122, 129–131, 281 Fourcross Downhill Mountain Biking, 121 Freeman, Cathy, 47 Hadlee, Sir Richard, 220 hammer throwing, 195 hang-gliders, 134, 149, 150 hang-gliding, 139, 154–155 hard tennis courts, 163, 173–174 Harrison, Audley, 55 Hawkeye, 88, 89, 90, 93, 98, 333 headgear, 50–52, 281 Held, Richard, 196 helmets, 50–52 Henin-Hardenne, Justine, 174 Henman, Tim, 174 herbal products, 251 Hewson, Simon, 328 6/3/2008 12:28:06 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 356 index Hi-Motion, 89 Hicks, Tom, 237–238 Hill, Graham, 101 hockey, 24, 171, 186–187, 287 2080 Olympics, 308–309 artificial surfaces, 163 hockey sticks, 16, 17 Hoeppner, Manfred, 241 Hohn, Uwe, 193–194, 196 Holding, Michael, 332 hormone antagonists and modulators, 258 hormones, 256–258 horse racing tracks starting stalls, 210 surfaces, 163 Hot Spot, 88 Houston (Texas) Astrodome, 181 Hughes, Mark, 73 human growth hormone (HGH), 257–258 hurdles, 195 hypoxic tents, 217–218, 232 IAAF, 60, 240 ICC (International Cricket Council), 91 ice baths, 224 ‘Ice Bowl’, 162 ice hockey blades, 114 ice rinks, 104, 126, 178 indoor athletics tracks, 177–178 indoor competitions, 165 injuries, 59, 225–226 to Megalympics athletes, 299 from playing football, 10–11 from playing on artificial surfaces, 171 treating, 225 instant replay, 76, 81 integrated training, 212 International Amateur Athletics Association, 240 International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), 60, 240 IRB, 313 Irmes organisation, 293 iron, 220 javelin throwers, 58, 193–194, 195 javelins, 204 centre of gravity, 196 impact of technology on, 195–196 jet skis, 134 Johnson, Ben, 244, 268 Johnson, Michael, 164 Jones, Bobby, 222 Jones Jr, Roy, 95 Jones, Marion, 246 kangaroo skin, 57 kayaks, 138, 154 Kennedy, John F., 118 kinanthropometry, 205 Kipketer, Wilson, 332 knee injuries, 59 Knight, Roger, 87 Kubica, Robert, 123 lactic threshold, 214 Lasers, 144–145 lawn bowls, 24 lawn tennis, leg before wicket (LBW), 73, 74 Lenglen, Suzanne, 42, 43 bindex.indd 356 6/3/2008 12:28:06 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 357 Madywabe, Lungile, 70 Magnus Effect, 18 Maradona, 245 marathons 1904 St Louis Olympics, 237–238 timing and positioning of competitors, 79 Marion Jones, Life in the Fast Lane (Jones), 246 masking agents, 259 match day, 223–224 Mayer, Teddy, 107 McBride, Willie John, 199 McEnroe, John, 94 McGuigan, Barry, 95, 218 Mechano Growth Factor (MGF), 260 media-oriented sports, 280–281 Megalympics, 267, 293, 295–300 athletes, 295, 300 boxing, 308 cycling, 302–303 future of athletes, 299 bindex.indd 357 hockey, 307 host nations, 296 javelin throwing, 298 rowing competitions, 307 swimming, 304–306 track surface, 294 training camps, 297 metal rackets, 15 Milla, Roger, 201–202 Mitchell, George, 262 Mondo track, 164 Morgan, David, 91 motion analysis, 203–204 motivation, 222 motorsports, 107–109, 122–123 in 2080, 319 future impact of technology on, 129–131 impact of computerisation, 123 safety, 123 mountain bikes, 119 mouthguards, 281 Muschaweck, Ulrike, 225 muscle fibres, fast and slow twitch, 214 MVT (Moisture Vapour Transfer), 40 Mylar, 149 index Leonardo Da Vinci, 143 ‘Light of Life’ (Vitae Lampada), 337, 338 lighting, 164–165, 183 Lillee, Dennis, 38 Linton, Arthur, 240 Liverpool FC’s Anfield Stadium, 169 long jump, swinging weights, 194–195 Loroupe, Tegla, 33 Lorz, Fred, 237, 238 Loughborough University, 206 ball analysis, 207 luge sledding, 104 Luzhniki Stadium, 157–158, 170 Lycra, 43 Nadal, Rafael, 94, 174 nandrolone, 246, 251 narcotic analgesics, 253 National Basketball Association (NBA), 84 National Football League (NFL), 83, 284 National Stadium, Beijing, 177 NBL (National Basketball League), 31 Newbolt, Henry, 337, 338 NFL (National Football League), 83, 284 Nike, 33 6/3/2008 12:28:06 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 358 index Nile, River, 135 Nobles, Dennis, 205 oars, 140 officials, undermining of, 332–333 Ohuruogu, Christine, 247 Olympia, stadion, 159 Olympics 1904 St Louis, 237 2004, medal winners, 331 2080, 293–309 Operation Raw Deal, 248 Original Olympics boxing, 308 hockey, 307–308 rowing competitions, 307 swimming, 304 tennis, 300–302 track surface, 294 O’Rourke, PJ, 110 Overall Distance Standard (ODS), 19 Owen, David, 268 Owen, Michael, 59, 62, 225 oxygen tents, 217–218, 232 paddle boats, 138 pads, 52–55, 343 pain-killing drugs, 239 parachute jumpers, 139 paragliding, 139, 149, 154–155 Paralympics, 106, 234 in 2080, 309 Park, Si-Hun, 95 passive transponders, 79–80 Paterson, Robert, Pelé, 69–70, 345 performance, 220–224 performance analysis, 226–228 performance enhancing substances, 240–243, 247, 250–260, 333–334, 344 anabolic steroids, 254–255 ban on, 240 blood doping, 255–256 diuretics, 253–254 eliminating, 265–268 legalising, 268–273 narcotic analgesics, 253 stimulants, 253 supplements, 250–252 phase change materials (PCM), 41 photo finishes, 75, 77 physical recovery, 224–226 physically disabled people, benefits of technology to, 228–230 physiology, 202 piezoelectric crystals, 16, 111 Pistorius, Oscar, 229–230, 234, 235 pitches cricket, 161–168 dry water-based, 308 improved drainage, 162 plastic, 163 undersoil heating, 162 Plank, Kevin, 41 Plaskett, Allan, 89 Plimsoll, Samuel, 38 plimsolls, 38 plyometrics, 215 pole vaulting, 204, 205 pole vaults, 196 polyester, 39, 40 polyethylene glycol, 43, 44 bindex.indd 358 6/3/2008 12:28:06 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 359 QPR (Queens Park Rangers) football ground, 163 Queiroz, Carlos, 212 racing bicycles, 115–117, 126 racing yachts, 146–147 rackets, 5–6, 15–16 rain, effect on cricket, 161 Randall, Derek, 38 random tests, 267 Ratzenberger, Roland, 123 Real Olympics, 292, 293–294 swimming, 304 track surface, 294 record-breaking, 297, 325 recovery, 224–228 recumbent bicycles, 303 red blood cells, 216, 232 referees 2007 English FA Cup Final, 71–72 bindex.indd 359 in 2080, 291–292 computer programs, 286 of rugby games, 314 technology replacing, 98 reframing, 222 regattas, 135 regulations, 231, 343–346 Rekortan track, 164 replays, 76, 81–84, 87, 89, 92, 333, 343 Roberts, Dave, 168 Robertson, Ian, 167, 199 robots medical team, 292 umpires, 316–317 RoboUmp, 316–317 ROCAT, 152, 307 roofs, 181–184 Rooney, Wayne, 61, 71, 218, 234 rowing boats, 139–142 rowing races, 135, 136, 344 2080 Olympics, 307 future impact of technology on, 150–153 world records, 142 rowlocks, 141 rugby in 2080, 313–316 electronic refereeing system, 314 protective wear, 313 relay of TV pictures onto stadium screens, 184 rugby balls, 10, 25 rugby gloves, 53 rugby jerseys, 44 rugby league, video technology, 82 rugby players CEM monitoring, 313 index polyurethane, 43, 44 potatoes, 218, 219 power, 211 pregrammes, 185 professional sport, link with amateurs, 348 proprioception, 45 prosthetic-wearing athletes, 230 protective wear, 37–38, 49–56 clothing, 55–56 helmets and headgear, 50–52 pads and gloves, 52–55 ski suits, 55 protein, 220 psychology, 202 6/3/2008 12:28:06 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 360 index padding permitted beneath shirts, 313, 343 rugby stadiums, in 2080, 315 rugby union pitches, 167 Rugby Union Premiership, crowds, 342 rugby union, video technology, 82 Rugby World Cup 2007, drug tests, 248 runners, amputee, 229–230 running shoes, 33–35, 57 running styles, 57 running tracks, synthetic, 175 Rusedski, Greg, 246 Rusko, Heikki, 217 safety, 185, 281 safety helmets, of the future, 64 Saffin, Marat, on instant replay and player challenges, 92 sailboards, 154 sailing boats classes of, 138 development of, 137 impact of technology on, 143–148, 153–154 Lasers, 144–145 sailing races, 135 Sampras, Pete, 16, 27 Savulescu, Julian, 264 Schubert, Mark, 47 Schumacher, Michael, 48, 50 screens, 181–184 sculls, 140 self-cleaning cloth, 65 Senna, Ayrton, 123 shark skin, 46 shear-thickening fluids (STFs), 56 Shirley, Marlon, 230 Shivers, Joseph, 43 shoes, 33–35, 56–62 shot-putters, shoes for, 58 Sikorsky, Igor, 149 Simpson, Tom, 242, 243 skates, blades, 103–104, 114 skeleton sledding, 104 ski boot binding, 102 ski wear, 48–49, 55, 110 skiers, 102 skiing, 180 binding systems, 111 history of, 102–103 impact of technology on, 110–112, 124–125 skinboots, 313 Skyscope, 89 sledding, 104–105 sleds, 113 sliding riggers, 151–152 slow-motion replay systems, 89 SmartSkin, 55 Snickometer, 88, 89 snow, 125–126 snow-making machines (cannons), 180–181 snowboarding, 111–112 snowboards, 104 soccer, 10–11 socks, 42 Sotherton, Kelly, 266 sound systems, 183 spandex, 43, 45 speed, 101–103, 211 speed skates, 114 bindex.indd 360 6/3/2008 12:28:06 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 361 bindex.indd 361 sportswear, 35–36, 37, 69–70 fabrics used, 39 strength of, 44 temperature sustaining, 41–42 sportswizard, 228 spray-on clothing, 67–69 spring-like effect (SLE), 12–13 sprinters, 59, 78–79 squash, 160 squash courts, 178 Stacey, Alan, 109 stadion, Olympia, 159 stadiums, 159 for 2080 Olympics, 294 of the future, 190–192 standing long jump, swinging weights, 194–195 Stanozol, 244 starting stalls, horse racing tracks, 210 stem cell research, 234–235 stem cell therapy, 315 stem cells, 233 Stephenson, John, 25 steroids, 241, 244, 254–255 Stevens Machine, 22, 23 stimulants, 253 stopwatch, 75 strapping, 53 street hockey, 286, 287 strength, 211 strychnine, 237–238, 239 Stuttgart Artificial Athlete, 175, 176 sunglasses, 63–64 superbikes, 115–116, 126 supplements, 250–252 surfing, 138–139 index Speedo International, 46, 47 spin, of balls, 17–19 spinal operations, 225–226 sport adapting to suit paymasters, 280 budgets, 262 changes in, 321–323 conditions to assure future of, 348–350 cost of technology, 347 defining, 325–326 direct damage by technology, 330–334 and entertainment, 283–285 as fun for participants, 327 improved by technology, 324–327 indirect damage by technology, 328–330 as a major industry, 323 played by wheelchair users, 120 as a science, 200–203 standards of, 339–342 in the year 2080, 277–320 sport socks, 42 SportCorp, 296, 299, 302, 303 sporting footwear, 37, 56–62 sporting surface, grass, 160, 162 sports arenas, 160 sports drinks, 220 sports injuries, surgical treatment, 225–226 sports psychology, 199, 221 sports shoes, 56–62 cushioning, 60 of the future, 66–67 grip, 58–59, 66 support, 66 testing the bounce of, 58 sports training, 210–220 sports vision training, 198 6/3/2008 12:28:07 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 362 index sweeps, 140 ‘sweet spot’, 13 swim wear, 45–47 swimmers continual electronic monitoring, 304 disabled, 229 swimming 2080 Olympics, 304–306 electronic timing, 77 Original Olympics, 304 Real Olympic Games, 304 swimming pools, impact of technology on construction of, 178–179 swimsuits, 45–47 Sydney, Telstra Stadium, 278 syndactyly, 305–306 syndromes, 225 synthetic hormones, 241 synthetic running tracks, 175 synthetic surfaces, 166, 186–187 synthetic turf, 157–158 systematic training, 197 table tennis, 24 Taylor, Mark, 168 technique, improving, 203–207 technology damaging influence on sport, 328–334 effect of the market on, 26 and improvements in sport, 324–327 using to challenge decisions, 96–97 Telstra Stadium, Sydney, 278 tennis, 9, 197 Original Olympics, 300–302 technological changes, 22 umpires, 93–94 tennis balls, 9, 22–23 tennis courts, 173–175 all-weather, 163 clay, 163, 173 hard, 173–174 Original Olympics 2080, 301 tennis rackets, 5–6, 15–16, 301 tennis tournaments, in 2080, 302 test matches, 189–190, 317 testosterone, 239, 241, 249 Thompson, Daley, 218, 219 Thompson, Don, 216 tickets, 185 for Megalympics, 298 timepieces, 75–76 toe grips, on starting line, 159 Tour de France, 80, 117 Toussaint, Jean-Franỗois, 211 track and field, 2080 Olympics, 294–300 training, 197, 210–220 training camps, for Megalympics athletes, 297 training machines, 208–210 training programmes, 216 transponders, 79–80 transport technology, 342 travel, impact of technology on, 165 trimethyl, 240 Trinity, 92 TV money, 341 TV replay, 76, 87 TV studios, 183 TV turf, 187 2080 209th FA Cup Final, 287–292 broadcasting of sport, 279–282 bindex.indd 362 6/3/2008 12:28:07 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 363 Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), 281, 283 umpires cricket, 86, 88–92, 316–317 digital, 88–94 robots, 316–317 tennis, 93–94 Under Armour, 41 undersoil heating, 162, 167 urine samples, 2000 Sydney Olympics, 245 US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 248 UUPS (Unexplained Underperformance Syndrome), 225 Vaughan, Michael, 315 velodromes, 177–178 Vickery, Phil, 226 video playback, 227 Virtual Cup Final, 287–288 virtual games, 280 golf, 310–311 virtual stadiums, 190–192 vision training, 198 visualisation, 222 bindex.indd 363 visually impaired archers, 228–229 Vitae Lampada (‘Light of Life’), 337, 338 VO2, 212–213, 216 index cricket, 315–318 golf, 309–312 major sports, 277–320 Olympics, 292–308 Paralympics, 309 rugby, 312–315 sport and entertainment, 283–285 technology, 285–286 winter sports, 318–319 Twickenham, 167 WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency), 248 budget of, 262 drug test regulations, 261 Wang, Tamsin, 306 Ward, Tony, 181 water, 220 water sports, 133–155 rowing, 135, 136, 139–142, 150–153 sailing, 135, 137, 138, 143–148, 153–154 surfing, 138–139 web feet, 304, 305–306 Webster, Richard, 75 weights, 198 Wembley Stadium, 169–170, 181, 288 Wembley3, 288, 291 wetsuits, 55 wheelchair athletes, 106, 120 wheelchairs, future impact of technology on, 128–129 whistle, 99 wicking, 41 Wilkinson, Jonny, 25, 221 Williams, Richard, 284 Wills, Helen, 197 Wimbledon grass tennis courts, 174–175 Hawkeye at 2007 Championships, 90 wind, and sailing boats, 147–148 wind factor, 181 winning, 337–338 winter sports, 48–49 in 2080, 319 6/3/2008 12:28:07 PM Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.vT.Bg.Jy.Lj.Tai lieu Luan vT.Bg.Jy.Lj van Luan an.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd.vT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.LjvT.Bg.Jy.Lj.dtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn