Career paths science tb

I329ni3ƒ3 Book Ee zs Elizabeth Norton | ze e Express Publishing r r Po Book Answer Key Unit 10 A A 2C 2A 93B C 4F B B improved research 56 GE evaluated progress Suggested Answer Successful experiments are often the result of plenty of research and time spent in the lab £ 6? 3 They're improving progress is slow to be expected T plenty of research I'm eager useful worldwide Suggested Answer The Stellar Monthly A Journal of Science and Technology Scientists at Fillmore labs are working experiment Its purpose is to improve on a new current fuel efficiency technology According to the lead scientist, Dr Jennifer Tyler, their progress is slow as they continue to evaluate different possibilities Dr Tyler expects the experiment to be a success because the team is very dedicated and willing to put in long hours of research and lab work Read more at stellarmonthly.org Answer Key D 2B D 2B C0 E A Transferring Substances: funnel, pipette Measuring Substances: graduated cylinder, buret Cleaning Equipment: wash bottle Suggested Answer A funnel is typically used with containers that have very narrow necks These are often difficult to pour substances into without spilling v dropper graduated cylinder in the rack w you're thinking of those confused Bring a funnel Suggested Answer : | need some equipment from the storeroom : What you need? | need to calibrate some volumes and temperatures precisely : You probably want a volumetric flask for that Right Then, I’m just storing a few samples Some test tubes will work Those are the long, narrow ones in the rack, right? No, you’re thinking of the burets | need the shorter ones with the rounded base | always get those confused on Po > DBD PDP Suggested Answer : Did you hear about the experiment at DRNS Labs? They're improving weather analysis software, right? Yes, They discovered some really interesting patterns already Those scientists really questioned the accepted notions about weather prediction Right And as it turns out, their evaluations were correct : I’m eager to hear about their progress So am | Their findings will be useful worldwide 1A — D Suggested Answers Beakers and test tubes are general, versatile containers Containers like graduated cylinders and burets are used to measure precise amounts Erlenmeyer flasks and volumetric flasks have narrow necks and wide bases to allow for better control of a container’s contents Glassware is easy to break, so it must be handled with care Some containers are designed to be heid or supported by other lab equipment These, including test tubes and burets, must be stored properly, or else they will spill, break, or roll away on 1 FUP Suggested Answers There are many, varied branches of science However, some features are the same, no matter what the subject is The purpose of science is always to study or evaluate something Whether the scientist simply wants to explore or has a clear goal for improving something, the aim is to get more information Scientists must be very focused and dedicated, but they also need qualities that set them apart from many other industries Scientists must have a drive to learn new things A good scientist constantly questions ideas and seeks to discover new, improved approaches to existing processes FD PD Unit Suggested Answer Hi Ken, Please remember to use the lab equipment correctly The droppers are for transferring substances only It is important to use them correctly because they are not designed to hold substances for long periods, and may become worn or damaged When working with test tubes, remember to keep them in the rack This is important because they cannot —Swes stand on their own, and will tip over or roll away Was equipment damaged? Y / N Please explain: The test tube did not break when it fell from the clamp Unit How can accidents like this be prevented? These Suggested Answers Lab workers must be careful to avoid touching hot substances in the lab Many processes involve heating materials over a burner or hot plate When workers handle the heated materials, they must use gloves or tongs to avoid skin burns accidents can be prevented if employees remember to ‘secure their clamps properly Unit Sees and manipulate hazardous substances, in order to accidental movement of substances 24F 2T mortar this purpose, scientists use pH meters Scientists can mix or separate some materials manually, but others require the help of special devices An orbital shaker is a useful device that is used to combine liquids To separate materials, scientists use centrifuges 3F tongs hotplate ees Various measuring equipment are used to take different measurements in a lab An analytical balance is used to determine very precise measurements of mass Measuring acidity or alkalinity is also an important function in a lab For Lab workers use different implements to store, transfer keep themselves safe in the lab Forceps ensure precise manipulation of small materials Tubing is used to transfer materials between containers A clamp is used to hold containers in place and prevent pestle A stirring rod B burner 21T aT 3 A forceps B tubing 81D 2⁄4, 6H A clamp B spatula Suggested Answer Aclamp holds something securely in place, so itis less 28 burned his hand fell through onthe clamp can guess worry me A: | heard there was a problem happened? in the lab What B: Greg broke some glassware It's not too serious, ‘though balances, 618 one you have Employee: Sam Kinnison Was the employee injured? Y / N much more accurate analytical balances brightness levels spectrophotometer I'm about to place an order for lab supplies Do you need anything? Yes, actually | could sure use a new incubation oven What's wrong with the one you have? Its thermometer only displays Fahrenheit | always have to convert to Celsius or Kelvin OF I'll get one, then What else you need? | need to measure acidity levels for my experiment > Green Hills Labs Accident Report yields Suggested Answer z A: | can guess what happened He didn’t use tongs, did he? B: Exactly He grabbed it with his bare hands It was Suggested Answer BE 2D placean order new balance too hot, so he dropped it and it broke and measurements of mass B: He forgot how hot the flask would be when it came off the burner SC Suggested Answer An analytical balance is more precise than other types OSD ‘A: Even so, these situations worry me How did he it? 4£ Changing substances: orbital shaker, incubation oven Measuring substances: pH meter, analytical balance of hotplate Suggested Answer F Viewing substances: microscope likely to tip over by accident and spill or break 61 Be= Please explain: The employee burned his hand when Lois ney he tried to grab a hot test tube over the hot plate Thanks, mows: next And we don't have a functional pH meter, we? I'll order one Answer key Ð Suggested Answer YRX Labs Equipment Requests New equipment requested: Analytical balance This is a (circle one): New Item Replacement Reason for request: The current balance is not very precise New equipment requested: Spectrophotometer This is a (circle one): New Item Replacement Reason for request: A new experiment will require light measurements, and the lab does not currently have a spectrophotometer Suggested Answers A microscope has many standard parts that work together The light source at the base illuminates a subject, which is typically mounted on a slide and placed on the stage The objective lens is the lens just above the subject It transmits the image up through the head to the ocular lens, which is where the viewer places his or her eyes Coarse focus and fine focus are both useful when using a microscope The viewer typically starts with the coarse focus, in order to adjust the objective lens at the right distance from the specimen Once focus is in roughly the right range, the viewer uses fine focus to make adjustments in smaller increments Suggested Answers Coveralls are a full-body suit that typically cover everything except the head and hands Man workers also wear gloves to protect their hands T shield the eyes, workers must wear goggles workers are exposed to substances that ar harmful to inhale, a respirator must be used Fume hoods ensure that toxic gases are proper! dissipated A safety can keeps hazardous materia! at a safe temperature to ensure they don’t produc a dangerous reaction In case of accidental exposun labs typically have showers and eye wash stations Wi IỆ nm Unit Unit Suggested Answer Equipment Maintenance Week of: July 10 Equipment: Pierce LM-600 Microscope What was the problem with the equipment? The microscope was not producing a clear image, ani adjusting the focus did not help How did you resolve the problem? | determined that the objective lens was lowered too fé and touched the slide The lens was dirty, so | cleaned i — C 1© 2A 8B D slide E 4B ocular lens A Fine focus A A T MSDS glove Tt B B safety can respirator Protective clothing: goggles, coveralls Lab features: eye wash station, fume hood Dangerous qualities: flammable, toxic, hazardous Suggested Answer If the objective lens is lowered too far, it might touch the slide, damaging the slide and possibly the lens Suggested Answer Employees are required to wear gloves at all time because they work around toxic substances Even they are not planning to handle something hazardou they may unexpectedly come into contact with it 1, 1A G2 h3) —+ magnification † 2T give me a hand clear image coarse focus 3: head F |turned it | think | know touched the slide on >Øœ>0> Suggested Answer : Would you give me a hand with this microscope? : Is there a problem? | can’t see anything through the ocular lens And you already have the slide on the stage? Yes | tried adjusting the magnification and focus, but it’s just completely dark | think | Know what happened The base is damaged Something's blocking the light source Answer Key 2A anything toxic wear gloves be exposed to MSDS pretty careful another reason Suggested Answer A: Where are your goggles? B: | figured | didn’t need them I’m not working wi any toxic gases A: It doesn’t matter According to company policy, y< have to wear goggles with hazardous liquids ar solids, too B: That seems silly I'll be careful A: You never know when there might be an accider Book Answer Key Be Sy ae: Weight (metric) Suggested Answers The imperial and metric systems measure the same units, but with different methods The metric system uses measurements in the power of ten The imperial system however, is inconsistent Where meters and kilometers are uniformed (1,000 meters makes one kilometer); there are twelve inches in a foot, but three feet in a yard In my country, the imperial system is the most common system of measurement This means that we use inches, feet, and yards to measure length and distance For measurements of weight, we use Weight (imperial 1A e T 2A B A Metric units: meter, kilogram Imperial units: pound, foot, ounce Types of quantities: weight, length 5 1.5 kilograms 1.5x2.2= (imperial) 3.3 pounds 10 pounds 10+2.2= (metric) ; 4.54 kilograms Suggested Answers Different countries and industries use different scales of temperature, so it is important to be able to convert between them Conversions between Celsius and kelvins are fairly straightforward To find kelvins, 273.15 is added to the Celsius measurement To find degrees Fahrenheit, the Celsius measurement is multiplied by 9/5 and then added to 32 Metric measurements of volume are similar to other metric measurements—they are related by powers of ten A liter is a standard unit of volume One thousand milliliters make up one liter A cube that milliliter As a result, milliliters are sometimes expressed as cubic centimeters v How much average weight metric or imperial 16.4 feet is one centimeter on each side is equal to one Suggested Answer Someone can convert pounds into kilograms by dividing the number of pounds by 2.2 The result will be the approximate number of kilograms (imperial Unit pound F meters Let me know if you need anything else Sebastian pounds and ounces There are sixteen ounces in a Suggested Answer Hi Rachel, Here are the measurement conversions you asked for: (metric) Unit Suggested Answer A: | need some details from our experiment How tall were the plant stalks? : The average length was one point five That’s pretty low Wait, is that metric or imperial? : It’s in meters That's metric, right? Right But | need that in feet Check the conversion chart So it’s one point five meters times three point twenty eight That equals four point ninety two feet That makes more sense 0>0>0 Suggested Answer CWC Laboratories Report of Policy Violation Employee: Tanya Fielder Violation: The employee was not wearing gloves in the lab All employees are required to wear gloves at all times How did this violation affect employee safety? While the employee was not directly handling toxic substances, she still might have come into contact with something hazardous by accident What disciplinary action will be taken? The employee was given a warning for now She will be terminated if this violation occurs again > B: | see what you're saying But there’s an eye wash station right over there A: Of course But there’s another reason to wear your goggles If you don't, you might lose your job! in pounds in kilograms divided by 24.84 31C D D 2A 8B Fahrenheit volume Celsius milliliter D 5 E temperature Suggested Answer lf someone uses the wrong temperature scale, calculations are likely to be severely inaccurate The boiling point of water, for example, varies by more than one hundred degrees from one scale to another Answer Key Book Answer Key S1 £ 2: F 3T bacteria die at the problem temperature whatscale This client uses degrees Fahrenheit FUP DFO Suggested Answer Northern Labs Client: Yarma Manufacturing Test results: We found that the bacteria die at a temperature of 121°C Measurement conversions: (121 x 95) + 32 = 250°F (degrees Fahrenheit) 121 + 273.15 = 394.15 K (kelvins) 1Ì “ t+© 27 newtons SI 2A Pressure derived units S&B | just discovered an error on my lab report The incorrect calculation is: J = 40kg x 5m = 200 1s? The corrected calculation is: J = 40kq x 5m? = 1000 1s? The problem was: | used the formula for newtons instead of joules To apply the correct energy formula, | needed to square the meters Sorry about the confusion! Tim Unit 10 SE units, but they measure different factors A pascal is the pressure exerted by one newton over a meter, and a joule the amount of energy it expends answer Key 1F 2T 3F 10 2E 3D A A A over Add times B B B 4B 5A plus Subtract less Suggested Answer Multiplication is a form of repeated addition If a | multiplied by b, then a is added again and again, number of times Newtons, pascals, and joules all use the same base 2D Suggested Answers Adding and subtracting are opposite or inverted operations Quantities a, b, and c can all be related using both addition and subtraction The relationship between multiplication and division is similar to that of addition and subtraction If one quantity (a) is multiplied by another quantity (b), the result (c) can be related back using division joule Suggested Answer 618B what happened for force calculated newtons Hi Nell, 3T 5355 Suggested Answer Unit Suggested Answers Base and derived units are both part of the SI, but they measure different properties Base units measure just one factor of something, such as length, weight, or time Derived units are determined by the relationships between base units Some derived units are Calculated using a formula with only one base unit Kilograms, meters, and seconds are all base units, and they can be used to calculate multiple derived units One derived unit is the newton, which measures force A pascal is the pressure of one newton per square meter A joule is the energy or work performed by one newton over the distance of a one meter hardly performing energy joules Suggested Answer A: Something's not right in our experiment B: What you mean? The machine isn't functioning? A: It looks fine But it’s hardly producing any force According to my calculations, it’s only at two hundred newtons B: Let me take a look Hang on, | see what happened You divided by the meters This is the formula for pressure, not force A: | calculated pascals! With meters multiplied, | get eight hundred newtons B: That makes more sense Suggested Answer : I'm confused about these formula instructions Just add the indicated amount of water to the solution | tried But | think this lab equipment uses the wrong scale Are you sure? Wait, what units does it list? : It lists milliliters But we want cubic centimeters, right? : Actually, you’re right But milliliters and cubic centimeters are the same | see So | don’t actually have to convert anything 1 ý v / Book Answer Key ae grew an average divided by per week estimate times That plus Suggested Answer If a quantity is rounded to too few significant digits, resulting calculations may contain rounding errors Suggested Answer 1F really sorry significant figures two decimal places Suggested Answer Did you get my report corrections? : Yes You identified some major errors I'm really sorry about those Were the corrections accurate, at least? Mostly But let’s go over scientific notation : Sure I'm supposed to multiply an integer by ten to the nth power, right? : Actually, it’s not necessarily an integer You always want one whole digit before the decimal So twenty-nine times ten to the sixth power isn’t right? No It should be two point nine times ten to the seventh power > U Suggested Answer Hi Darryl, Thank you for your report corrections However, a few things are stil not quite right i Suggested Answers 2 Ễ Scientific notation is a valuable system for expressing particular quantities In regular decimal form, very large or very small quantities are often lengthy and difficult to read They contain many places, and there is a high risk for error Significant figures are important because they determine a quantity’s degree of accuracy While perfect accuracy is desirable, it is not always practical or possible Therefore, mathematicians and scientists must determine how many significant figures they need for an effective calculation The wrong exponent was applied to a calculation The result could cause a serious rounding error The results are not as clear as they could be trailing zero integers significant figures to the fifth power squared leading zero cubed rounding error scientific notation exponent requires accuracy trailing zero you might cause DBD Unit 11 o> plants 3F PD Suggested Answer Lab Test Data The purpose of this test was to measure the growth of The total average growth over four weeks was twenty eight centimeters That means each plant grew an average of seven centimeters per week (28 cm + weeks = cm/ week) It also indicates that they will grow another eighty-four centimeters over the next twelve weeks (7 cm x 12 weeks = 84 cm) The total will be one hundred twelve centimeters (28 cm + 84 cm = 112 cm) 2T PUY BDF BDED>Y : Are you ready to go over the fuel consumption data? : Yes What were the final numbers? The engine used twenty gallons of fuel And that lasted twelve hundred miles Twelve hundred divided by twenty gallons equals sixty miles So one gallon lasts for sixty miles : And it’s a thirty-gallon tank We need to estimate how much farther the engine will go Thirty gallons minus the twenty used equals ten gallons That times sixty is six hundred more miles ie Error Fears Saas CS VU CC CC ini ee Correction eee The wrong7 exponent The meters should was used in an energy | be squared, not calculation cubed You didn’t include Add three places trailing zeros after the decimal The scientific notation | Raise quantities to was missing an exponent _~ | the appropriate power Be careful about these in the future Angela Unit 12 Suggested Answers Decimal numbers and percentages are both expressed using the same digits However, they are formatted a little differently, and are sometimes used in different ways A decimal number expresses a quantity less than one, or a larger quantity that contains a part less than one Like decimal numbers, fractions represent partial quantities A fraction like 28 is less than one If both parts of a fraction are divisible by the same quantity, the fraction can be reduced For example, 68 can be reduced to 3/4 Answer Key 2A on w an œ> ke A omimn = >> Book Answer Key ¬" age number B improper fraction B percent Suggested Answer Ten percent can also be expressed as the decimal number 0.1, or it can be expressed as the fraction 1/10 10D 28 medical analysis as we expected ten percent Suggested Answer A: Do you have the environmental study results? B: Yes They're not at all as we expected A: So the lakes are more polluted than we thought? B: On the contrary The water was only about zero point zero zero one parts water A: Really? That's only zero point one percent | expected at least one or two percent! B: Yes, it's pretty good In fact, one fifth of the water samples contained no pollutants at all Suggested Answer Captos Labs Summary of Results Project: Test of new drug Absoloft Se en Rn a ONT Re OTROS i Ài TRE Vdu dài 10% effective Two thirds of patients actually reported negative effects Conclusion: We need to rework the formula until we can get closer to 100% success Unit 13 Suggested Answers Agraph is an excellent way to display data Graphs clearly show the relationship between two different factors Tables are another way to organize data They can be very simple or more complex A pie chart is a good way to show the distribution of something À standard graph is made up of two axes, which are usually perpendicular to each other One factor is measured along the x-axis and another is measured along the y-axis 10 2a So" WA 8B 31D 3C Answer Key B E F B pie chart A scatter plot A x-axis B column Suggested Answer Line graphs and scatter plots both display points of data However, scatter plots show only the points, while line graphs show a series of connected points 61T 7? one hundred percent out of almost two thirds 2F 3T thex-axis same graph scatter plot every test result line graph much easier Suggested Answer A: | could use some help with my presentation materials B: Sure Is this for the machine component comparison? A: Yes I'm creating rows and columns to compare costs B: So you want to show both components on the same table? A: Right | tried separating different types of costs, but the table gets too big B: | see | don't think the table needs to be that complex Supplement it with pie charts, if needed A: That sounds easier I'll try it Suggested Answer Sharpe Data Analysts Client: Actola Manufacturing Report on: Machine component comparisons Display 1: Line Graph Features shown: Testing rounds are along the x-axis and performance is long the y-axis Conclusions: Part A performed better than Part B Display 2: Table Features shown: Rows are for each part and columns show cost breakdowns Conclusions: Part A is initially more expensive, but Part B will cost more overall because of frequent replacements Unit 14 Suggested Answers There are many words to describe i becoming larger or smaller “Increase” and “decrease” are f common terms that can refer to size, amount, or abstract changes Some words incorporate the speed of the change To climb is to increase very quickly, while to plummet is too decrease very quickly Scientific experiments are all about assessing Changes In order to be precise, scientific conclusions must contain very accurate descriptions of changes become 6ic increased by stabilized had todo released soon decline in profits its popularity Suggested Answer Did you see the latest report on the new drug? No What does it say? These results aren't very encouraging Its effectiveness still fluctuates dramatically That’s about what | figured The formula didn’t >> 2D > a > change enough since the last round of tests That’s true Unless the active ingredient increases, the drug's not going to much Right Does this mean that the company has to spend more money on tests? Yes | hope it doesn’t cause too much of a decline in profits We're all relying on the success of this drug Suggested Answer Perkins Pharmaceuticals, Inc Corporate Memo To: All Staff From: Lloyd Bertram, CEO Hello Everyone, As you know, our company experienced a number of changes in recent years These changes included a rapid decline in sales, followed by the much-needed stabilization of sales However, we expect new results in the next few years because the popularity of our new drug Axidul is expanding We expect sales to increase, and possibly even climb rapidly Thanks to everyone for your loyalty and support Lloyd Unit 15 Suggested Answers In my country, scientists in any branch need some level of formal education Students who wish to most Scientific studies involve many concepts that are built on top of each other That is why prerequisites are so 1F 1D SE 8T 30G E PhD Undergraduate 4B 5F 6A program bachelor's degree Suggested Answer To enrol must in the master’s take specialized undergraduate education + & postgraduate plans 2 degree program, prerequisites students during their ¢ want to pursue master’s degree program need to take major courses all the prerequisites Suggested Answer : Let's talk about your plans after you graduate | think | made a decision | want to pursue a PhD Dr ay Suggested Answer The company is expected to have a rise in profits if its new drug is successful in their fields, or she will not understand the content or the context POP experts important in science education If a student attempts to take a course without the proper foundations, he Becoming larger: increase, expand Becoming smaller: plummet, decrease Staying the same: stabilize W recognized scientists need to have a doctoral education So you're interested in the doctoral program here? Yes Do you think I'll qualify? You'll need to submit a master's thesis So my internship isn’t enough? No A thesis project is prerequisite for the doctoral program | see I'll start researching topics Suggested Answer Lower Lake University—Department of Sciences Academic Progress Report Student: Sharon Pinto Type (circle one): Undergraduate Postgraduate Student’s academic goals: The student wants to pursue a master’s degree in biochemical engineering when she completes her undergraduate studies Requirements fulfilled: The student already completed most of the courses necessary to begin a postgraduate biochemistry program Requirements not fulfilled: A few prerequisites are not included in the student's current major program She will need to take these classes before she graduates become higher-level scientists will most likely need further education, such as a master’s degree To answer Key 11 Audioscripts Unit Scientist (M): Hey, Kim Did you hear about the experiment at Finmoore Labs? Scientist (F): Yes, it sounds really interesting They're improving fuel efficiency in cars, right? Scientist 1: Well, they're trying So far, progress is slow Scientist 2: | suppose that’s to be expected Scientist 1: Of course Successful experiments require plenty of research And lots of time in the lab Scientist 2: Exactly In any case, I’m eager to hear what they discover Scientist 1: Yeah, so am | Their findings will be useful worldwide Scientist (M): Hey, Elise | need some equipment from the storeroom Assistant (F): Sure, Dr Hammil What you need? Scientist: l'm transferring some substances onto a microscope slide Assistant: You probably want a dropper for that Scientist: Right Then, I'm measuring some volumes A twenty-five-milliliter graduated cylinder will work Assistant: That's the little one in the rack, right? Scientist: No, you're thinking of a test tube | need the one with a flat base Assistant: Oh, right | always get those confused Scientist: Bring a funnel, too The graduated cylinder has a narrow neck Unit Manager (F): Ron, | heard there was a problem in the lab What happened? Technician (M): Sam burned his hand It’s not too serious, though Manager: Even so, these situations worry me How did he it? Technician: He didn’t secure his test tube properly on the clamp Manager: So the tube fell through the clamp? Technician: Right And it was over the hot plate at the time Manager: | can guess what happened next He grabbed it with his bare hands, didn’t he? Technician: Exactly The material spilled all over his hand That’s how he got burned Unit Manager (M): Dr Henderson? |'m about to place an order for lab supplies Do you need anything? Scientist (F): Yes, actually | could sure use a new balance 12 Answer Key Manager: What's wrong with the one you have? Scientist: It's pretty old The newer analytical balances are more precise Manager: Okay I'll get one, then What else you need? Scientist: Hmm Oh, | need to measure brightness levels for my next experiment Manager: And we don't have a spectrophotometer, we? I'll order one Scientist: Great! | think that’s about all | need Thanks Technician (F): Hey, Tim? Would you give me a hand with this microscope? Technician (M): Sure, Holly Is there a problem? Technician 1: | just can’t get a clear image Technician 2: And you adjusted the coarse focus? Technician 1: Yeah | turned it all the way up and then all the way down Technician 2: You did? Let me see Oh, | think | know what happened Technician 1: Really? What? Technician 2: You turned the knob too far The objective lens touched the slide and got dirty Technician 1: Let me clean it Oh, that’s much better Thanks! Unit Technician (M): Where are your gloves, Tanya? Technician (F): Oh, | figured | didn’t need them I'm not working with anything toxic Technician 1: It doesn’t matter According to company policy, you always have to wear gloves Technician 2: That seems silly | won't be exposed to anything hazardous Technician 1: There are a lot of hazardous substances near your workstation Just check the MSDS Technician 2: | see what you're saying But | plan to be pretty careful Technician 1: Of course But there’s another reason to wear your gloves Technician 2: What's that? Technician 1: If you don’t, you might lose your job! Unit Scientist (M): Donna, | need some details from our gardening experiment Do you have the measurements report? Assistant (F): Yes, it’s right here What you need to know? Scientist: How much did the melons weigh? Assistant: Hang on The average weight was three point five _ Audioscripts Scientist 1: Really? My calculations with the raw data seemed pretty consistent | got nineteen as both the mean and the mode Scientist 2: Wait, that’s different from my results My median was the same as yours But | got eighteen as the mode Scientist 1: Hmm We'd better check that again Let’s both recalculate our numbers Scientist 2: Sounds good I'll check with you later this afternoon Student: That deals with properties of the Earth’s surface, right? Advisor: Exactly After that, you'll be ready for some advanced topology courses Student: Oh, I'm really looking forward to that! I’m interested in molding and manipulating different shapes Advisor: Then you're on the right track Let's put together an academic plan for you Student: Sounds good Thanks! Unit 12 Unit 10 Student (M): I'm a little mixed up about systems Can you help me? Student (F): I'll my best What's confusing you? Student 1: It’s mostly the types of quantities | don’t really get the difference between them Student 2: Well, extensive quantities are the ones you can count Student 1: That's what my notes say But | don’t get it Can't you count all quantities? Student 2: Actually, no Some quantities can be measured, but not physically counted Student 1: | just can’t picture it Do you have an example? Student 2: | know temperature is one You can measure it, but there are no natural units of temperature Student 1: What about degrees? Student 2: Degrees were invented to help us talk about temperature They're not physical quantities Student 1: Oh, | think | get it now! A degree doesn’t contain any substance It’s just a reference point along a scale Student 2: Exactly And you can add mass to an open system without changing the temperature Student 1: Interesting Thanks so much for your help! Unit 11 Student (M): Thanks for meeting with me I’m confused about what courses to take next semester Advisor (F): Well, let’s figure it out Now, you decided to major in engineering, right? Student: Yes I'd like to pursue some sort of industrial engineering Advisor: Okay Well, you'll need some math classes I'd recommend a geometry class Student: But | took geometry last semester Advisor: That was basic Euclidean geometry It’s important, but you'll need to study non-Euclidean geometry, too Student: | guess | didn’t realize there was a difference What will | learn in that class? Advisor: It covers geometric principles in curved spaces You'll need it when you study geodesy 26 Answer Key Supervisor (M): How’s the progress on the new product? Project Manager (F): We'll be able to construct the model tomorrow Supervisor: That soon? So the design process was efficient Project Manager: It was | already reviewed two versions of the detailed design They both look great Supervisor: Were the preliminary designs very thorough, too? Project Manager: Yes The designers actually submitted really solid sketches It was hard to choose only one Supervisor: When you think the marketing team can perform another feasibility study? Project Manager: The model should be finished by the end of this week So, marketing can get it by the beginning of next week Supervisor: Great Make sure to log the cost of your materials It'll make the estimate much more realistic Project Manager: Okay I'll remember to that Supervisor: Call me when the model is completed I'd like to see it before it leaves the department Project Manager: No problem I'll be in touch in a few days Unit 13 Student (F): Professor Brody? | need some help differentiating between logic types Can you help me? Professor (M): Sure, Cassandra Which terms are you having difficulty with? Student: For starters, deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning are confusing Professor: Don’t worry, a lot of students feel that way First, they are opposite processes Student: What you mean by that? Professor: Deductive reasoning is based on what is definitely true Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, is based on observations of a small sample Student: | think | get it So where does abductive reasoning come into it? Professor: Abductive reasoning is similar to inductive reasoning But it identifies the most likely conclusion out of other possible conclusions Audioscripts Student: That's what we use to form a hypothesis, right? Professor: Yes, exactly And then we use deductive reasoning to prove the hypothesis Student: So, only deductive reasoning reaches a definite conclusion Professor: Correct The other conclusions are highly likely, but not certain Unit 14 tH Hf ‘ — a vo j _ ụ H « Applicant: Not exactly But | was uncomfortable with the company's priorities Interviewer: Did they put commercial interest ahead of patient welfare? Applicant: Yes, they did | just felt like the patients deserved better Interviewer: Of course Well, you're just the sort of candidate we're looking for Advisor (M): Have a seat, Leslie What can | for you? Student (F): I'm really enjoying my science courses But | don’t know what career to pursue Advisor: That can be a tough decision There are a lot of options for scientists Student: That's what makes it so difficult It’s hard to choose just one path Advisor: Sure Well, what you like most about your science courses? Student: Hmm | guess | enjoy working in the lab | like performing actual experiments, rather than research Advisor: That's a good start So you probably don’t want to be a researcher or administrator Student: | guess that’s true So what you suggest? Advisor: You might consider being an engineer There’s an increasing demand for technological development these days Student: That's a good idea But it still leaves a lot of options Advisor: It might help you to get some real-world experience Student: Yeah, that would be great But who would hire an inexperienced student like me? Advisor: Plenty of companies hire students There are some great internships right here in town Student: Really? I'd love to learn more about that Unit 15 Interviewer (M): Thank you for coming in, Ms Cole Applicant (F): Thank you for considering me Interviewer: Now, tell me a bit about your background in medical analysis Applicant: | have many years of experience as a lab analyst | oversaw more than a dozen trials at my last job Interviewer: That should be valuable What are your views on ethics regulations? Applicant: They’re extremely important | think companies have a responsibility to their patients Interviewer: I’m glad to hear it QuesterLabs actually has better standards than the government requires They’re about as high as they can be Applicant: Yes, | heard that It’s one of the reasons | applied Interviewer: Then you'll probably fine here Did you encounter ethical violations at your old job? Answer Key 27 gee Book Answer Key Unit+ 1_ 8uggested Answers Electromagnetism is a branch of physics concerned with the interaction between electrical currents and fields Physics is one of the natural sciences, that involves ‘number of concepts related to matter and motion Italso includes discussions of energy and the uses of force 210 2A 818 2D 3A 3E 4F 5A 6C constant gravity — § consevatlon equillbrium moton magnetism Suggested Answer ‘The conservation of energy is important because it helps explain motion 81T 2F SF What's going on briefly discuss their laws: new tome you'll be fine or something specific sound so bad Suggested Answer ‘A: You look a bit worried What's going on? B: I'm having a hard time in class ‘A: Why's that? B: | don't really understand the professor's lectures A: |Is it physics in general or something specific? B: I don't understand whether momentum is a constant or avariable ‘A: That's a tricky one sometimes But, in our class, momentum will always be a constant, B: What about when we study motion? A: If you understand different applications of energy and force, you'll be fine, B: I can handle that | studied those concepts before Suggested Answer Dear Jane, | need some advice before we start studying for exams |pay close attention during the lectures and |understand most concepts |did really well on the thermodynamics ‘and magnetism labs However, I'm concemed about the ‘momentum sections {felt a itle uncertain during those lectures | can see the practical applications, but the theories are dficut to understand Wil there be a review session before the exam? Wil you be avaiable during the ‘week for extra help? Please contact me when you can Thanks, Mike Walsh 28 Answer Koy Suggested Answers Natural selection is a theory which describes adaptation and survival over time Living things must adapt to new or particular environmentsin ‘order to survive If an organism in a population does not adapt, it will not survive, Mitosis and meiosis are diferent types of cell division, Meiosis isa type of cell division in sexually reproducing ‘organisms that results into four celis containing half the number of chromosomes Mitosis is a type of cell Bo 30 Suggested Answers The human body is made up of various structures The skeleton is the collection of hard structures that shape and support the body Adjacent bones meet at a joint which enables rotation and movement A typical joint consists of the two bones, surrounding tissue, and muscle There are two vital types of tissue: tendons and ligaments They connect muscle to bone and bone to bone respectively Muscles contract and expand to permit movement An organ system is a biological system or body system The muscular system enables movement and posture The nervous system transports messages between the brain and the body The respiratory system allows the exchange of gases with the environment Lastly, the cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels 218 2A D 1© ` - A Types of tissue: muscle, tendon, ligament, nerve, bone Suggested Answer Tendons and ligaments are tough tissues in the human body They connect muscle to bone and bone to bone, respectively Without them, joints and muscles not function properly B D Types of structures: muscular system, nervous system, respiratory system Answer Key T There’s severe damage That’s too bad is in bad shape If you look Can anything be done It depends Suggested Answer A: | just looked at the X-rays of the knee joint B: What's your diagnosis? A: Fortunately, it’s not as bad as | originally thought There’s some damage, but it’s not severe B: That's good to hear Which parts are damaged? A: The muscle is damaged, but the tendons and ligaments are okay B: How are the bones? A: The bones are fine too B: So what's the next step? A: We just need to set up a treatment plan Surgery isn't necessary B: I'll contact the patient to set up an appointment Suggested Answer Dear Ms Wayne, The doctor reviewed your X-rays and diagnosed your knee injury The joint has experienced some damage from repeated action Fortunately, the damage is not severe Your tendons and ligaments are in good shape However, there is some muscle strain Surgery is not necessary, but you'll need physical therapy and rest We will need to set up a treatment plan for you A weekly appointment with our physical therapist is ideal I've attached the therapist's to this email Include your preferred appointment schedule times in your reply Thank you Penny Michaels, RN South End Clinic Suggested Answers Plants are autotrophs, so they absorb compounds in their environment to gather nutrients Their roots soak up water from below the ground and absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere In addition to water, plants need sunlight to live and grow The plant converts the light and water into useful chemicals for plant growth Plants reproduce by releasing structures such as spores or seeds Some plants release large quantities of spores from their surfaces Gymnosperms grow their seeds directly from their stems or leaves A pine cone is one example Angiosperms grow seeds within an enclosure, such as a fruit or a flower Unit “Tư Book Answer Key cae leaf botany 3T 3 autotrophs stem Types of plants: bryophyte, gymnosperm, angiosperm Reproductive parts: spore, seed Gathering nutrients: chiorophyll, root Suggested Answer plants A bryophyte reproduces by releasing large numbers of delicate spores into the surrounding environment A gymnosperm, on the other hand, reproduces using a few hearty seeds 1D oop on — 2B bryophytes release spores other types of plants gymnosperms and angiosperms what's the difference an apple tree include everything except Suggested Answer WO > > 0>œ>0> A: | was really confused during our Botany lecture : You mean the one on how plants feed themselves? Yes The process wasn't very clear | feel pretty comfortable with the topic Great! So, | get that the roots absorb water : That’s correct Then the water travels up the stem to the rest of the plant And then it also absorbs sunlight through its leaves See, that’s just what I’m confused about How can plants eat sunlight? B: Plants are autotrophs, so they don’t eat, exactly They take in compounds from the environment and convert them into nutrients So how does that work? : The chlorophyll in plants is what absorbs light Then the process of photosynthesis converts that light, the water and the carbon dioxide into usable energy for the plant A: | think | get it now contained in enclosures such as flowers and fruits Effective reproduction is important because it is what determines the continuation of the plant species Suggested Answer Botany 110 — Midterm Exam Explain an important process in botany Reproduction is a very important process in botany Different plants reproduce in different ways Bryophytes release large numbers of spores into their environment The spores are delicate, but the large numbers ensure that some survive and grow new plants Other types of plants release seeds, which are heartier than spores Gymnosperms grow seeds directly from their leaves Angiosperms also grow seeds, but their seeds are Unit Suggested Answers Zoology is the study of animals and their behavior It’s a large branch of science that includes various subfields Each subfield is a study of a specific animal or animal group Zoologists often focus their attention on animal behavior in specific settings They observe animals in either natural environments or laboratory settings Both sets of conditions offer different versions of animal behavior 1D 8B 1D F E 6B migration habitat A C A ve ethology zoology ichthyology Suggested Answer Ethology is the study of animals in natural environments It is important because it focuses on animals and real conditions Observing animals outside of nature, in a lab, doesn’t provide the same information t= 3 Please, tell me That's exactly what to study bird T you have experience What you think | worked part-time Suggested Answer : Please, tell me a bit about yourself | have a degree in zoology, with a specialty in ornithology That's interesting Are birds your main interest? Actually, | have experience in observing fish as well | see What you think you can bring to this position? Years of experience and knowledge What kind of experience? | worked at a wildlife preserve with ichthyologists and herpetologists OP = 3E 0>œ>0> 11T Suggested Answer Applicant Notes The wildlife preserve is in need of a new researcher for the water habitat Today, | met with a great applicant for the position She has a degree in zoology with a specialty in ornithology While her educational background is in Answer Key 31 ae E Book Answer Key birds, she is interested in water animals She previously observed fish in a similar environment After college, she actually worked at another wildlife preserve There, she helped ichthyologists and herpetologists with their research | would highly recommend her for employment | believe she would be a valuable addition to our team A: Yes Actually, you have a lot of options with Politics You can take Economics and Geography courses to round out your program B: It seems like Politics is the right choice for me Suggested Answer Ms Washington, | appreciated our discussion yesterday You gave me a lot to consider | looked at the course catalogue and decided to study social science | enjoyed political science and international relations a lot | think I'd be successful continuing in that field However, | would like to take courses in other departments | noticed that economics and psychology fit into that field as well Is that accurate? If not, maybe you can tell me more about them Also, | would like to discuss my future What career options are available with this degree program? Now that | have a better idea of what | want, | need advice Max Bryant Unit Suggested Answers Human behavior is studied in various ways through the social sciences The interactions of different governments are covered in political science or international relations The economies, languages, and locations of people are discussed in various branches of social science Social science focuses on human behavior within society This not only includes people today, but ancient populations as well General studies of economics and linguistics often include brief discussions of the past Each field provides a detailed look at the history of humanity = D 2B B D F A AÁ society A _ psychology A criminology A C E Unit Suggested Answers B B B social science economics archaeology Behavioral science consists of many different disciplines, each involving a method of studying human relationships and activities Data collection and analysis are covered in informational science Meanwhile, social interactions and relationships are dealt with in relational science The brain and behavioral science are closely related Cognitive science is a behavioral science that focuses on the processes of the mind Behavior and social interaction are studied in more detail through social cognition and psychobiology Suggested Answer Politics and society are both related to the ways in which governments relate to people Also, politics refers to how societies interact with each other tT 2T 3F Then, there's the Thefirsttwosound |like that 65 You already took Actually, you have the perfect choice U >> œ Suggested Answer A: There are many courses of study available in the social science department What are your particular interests? : So far, | enjoy political science and international relations the most ; Those courses are combined in the Politics major : That sounds good What you think? | think that’s a good direction for you You've taken a few of the required courses anyway : What about courses in other departments? Can | take those too? 32 answer Key 1D 2C A C E D H G A consumerbehavior social network microsimulation F 8B psychobiology informational science Suggested Answer Microsimulation differs from other behavioral science methods in that it is computer-generated Microsimulation focuses on constructed events, so it can be used to make predictions and analyze possibilities F st We specialize in depends on your would be best 3F Can you explain that the other option aren't occurring yet Book Answer Key Bia) Suggested Answer A: We specialize in operations research for private FP a companies What services you provide? There are two types: consumer behavior or media psychology : Can you explain media psychology? : Sure It deals with how people process all the media they experience My company wants to market ourselves more effectively Which option would be best? In that case, |I’d recommend consumer behavior : And how does that differ from media psychology? atmosphere water cycle pollution communities weather Suggested Answer Modern society depends on oil for fuel Some people support the oil drilling project because oil is a valuable F take a look F T zœW> “SI W tt natural resource — wn Pollution; overall ecosystem damage Water doesn’t return to the water cycle Ecosystems are destroyed E F D 4G B C A H Suggested Answer : | have the reports back from the water diversion case They’re going to stop the project : That’s great! | hope the ecosystem will start to recover Me too But the water cycle was seriously disrupted : Yes, but at least now the community can start to grow again : | wish | could say the same for the Blackport region Is that where we’re going next week? Yes It seems like the local weather is really unusual : That sounds like it could be related to pollution | guess we'll find out WD >> Suggested Answer Environmental Impact of Drilling in Marion-Greenville My investigation team and | were called in to investigate the Marion-Greenville drilling project The project was allegedly causing air and water pollution and destroying wildlife habitats We measured the levels of dangerous substances in the atmosphere and in the local water supply We also analyzed the drilling project’s use of Unit 10 Suggested Answers Environmental science is the study of the environment from the perspective of both biological and physical sciences Ecology, biology, chemistry, and geology are all relevant to environmental science Environmental scientists study the ecosystem and often seek to understand and solve environmental issues such as climate change and habitat destruction Pollution is any harmful or damaging substance present in an environment Air pollution has a negative impact on the health of people and animals Water pollution can seriously harm aquatic plants and animals, causing induced mutations and death That’s great pollution ecosystem U> Suggested Answer Company Name: Consulting Products Service Request: Individual / Combined - Consumer Behavior and Media Psychology Comments: Today | spoke with someone about providing operations research for my company Consulting Products delivers goods and services to small businesses We're new to the industry and wish to expand through better marketing | was told about your service options | believe we’d benefit from a combined rather than individual service I’m interested in consumer behavior and media psychology research Using both methods will provide a greater understanding of our consumers, and the current market We’re looking forward to working with your company > W purchase goods : | see If possible, |’d be interested in both services Let’s work out an arrangement œ Consumer behavior deals with how and why people stop driling populations water and other natural resources Our findings indicate that oil drilling in Marion-Greenville is emitting high levels of air and water pollution The drilling project is also removing water from the local water cycle Overall, the project is causing serious harm to the ecosystem We conclude that the Marion-Greenville drilling is a danger to both humans and animal populations We recommend discontinuing it immediately Unit 11 Suggested Answers Igneous rock is formed when magma rises out of the hot inner layers of the Earth to the cool surface Sedimentary rock is formed from dust, sand, and sediment over time Metamorphic rock is rock that was subjected to intense heat and pressure, changing its physical and chemical characteristics Answer Key 33 eee Book Answer Key Relative dating and absolute dating are both methods for determining the age of a geological sample Relative dating is the process of placing geological events in chronological order Absolute Unit 12 Suggested Answers Geology has a significant impact on oceanography The study of geology includes plate tectonics, which dating is the process of computing an approximate addresses the movement of the Earth's surface That, of course, includes the surface that exists at the bottom of the ocean numerical age for a sample by performing scientific tests to analyze its properties SE 4D 1A A A 3B 5G 6A Relative dating B erosion Continental drift water, such as tides and currents, are a major object of study for physical oceanographers They analyze how temperatures and salt content affect the water, and what drives currents around the globe Absolute dating B Pressure B rock cycle Suggested Answer Sometimes rocks are found very far away from their original sources Continental drift can move samples a long way over time TE 2.7 245 27 891D 2E F geology rock cycle magma sedimentary rock metamorphic rock Erosion SF sedimentary, and 5Ä 4B 66 GF ocean thermohaline circulation Marine geology chemical oceanography marine biology divergent boundary Suggested Answer Dr Brock worked to protect threatened marine life She 618 2A future oceanographers defend our oceans wildlife preservation we'd probably have to sound of that marine geology Suggested Answer A: Did you hear about circulation? the shifting thermohaline B: Yes, | did It’s interesting how global weather patterns types metamorphic of rock: Igneous igneous, rock is formed when magma cools Sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock are both formed from existing solid rock Erosion breaks down solid rock into small particles The particles slowly come together to create can change the ocean's currents A: It makes me think about our physical oceanography program We should incorporate more elements ot chemical oceanography Maybe we could start a new course That's a good idea But we'd probably have to cu >0 sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock is created when another course to make room | don't like the sound of that What would we cut? My course on marine biology isn’t very populai What about that one? I'm not so sure about that Don’t biology major > existing solid rock is subjected to intense heat and pressure simultaneously Geologists use knowledge of the rock cycle for relative dating If sedimentary rock is found on top of metamorphic rock, it means the metamorphic rock is older than the sedimentary rock 34 answer Key 38T started the Oceans Are For Life (OAFL) foundation De 02m» Suggested Answer Do you want to go over the notes for geology? | need to review the rock cycle Same here Igneous rock is volcanic rock, right? Volcanic rock is a type of igneous rock But not all igneous rock is volcanic, | need to write that down | keep thinking they're the same thing And sedimentary rock is the type of rock that comes from existing rocks Don't forget about metamorphic rock That's formed from existing rocks too That's right Thanks Suggested Answer There are three primary Physical oceanography studies observable changes in the ocean environment The movements of the TF + Gà nà ¬ GƠ 1C OnRon— FD 1D Yes, but they can take Professor Smith's class insteac need that course, too? Book Answer Key ` A: Absolutely The Sun is simply a massive star and Suggested Answer the Earth orbits it B: | assumed the Sun orbited the Earth Hi Dr, Kenderman, Illegal fishing is becoming a bigger problem off our A: That's a common misconception Just remember coast The fishers are threatening marine life, and some species could become permanently lost | think we should address these problems in our department Our students are the future oceanographers of this region, and it's important for them to understand this issue | that planets orbit stars B: Thanks for the information preservation If we need to make room, | suggest cutting my marine geology course The concepts are covered in other courses from the geology department, Topics Covered: Astronomy 101 surveys space and its components Of particular interest in this course are the objects the make up space We'll discuss the formations ‘so our students could take classes over there, Let me know what you think of stars, planets, and moons Additionally, we'll study their functions and relationships to each other Topics Not Covered: Since this is an introductory Greta Lyons course, we won't examine more advanced subjects This includes the existence of black holes and the radiation bursts from supernovas Unit 13 Suggested Answer ASTRONOMY 101 COURSE DESCRIPTION think we should add a marine biology course on wildlife Suggested Answers Although space is visible from any location, not all Potential Course Activities: Depending on weather, objects are From the Earth, the human eye can easily the class will travel to the observation deck We have see stars, the sun, and the moon However, there are permission to use the high-powered telescopes to identify star groups The universe is the collection of all things in the world and nature Space, the area outside of a planet's atmosphere, is one component of that It consists of different objects and regions Stars, planets, and moons are the most commonly known Unit 14 components of the universe 1F L 8F 31D 2F 3B 4c 5H 6A Suggested Answers Gene expression is a biological process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of 76 8E Types of stars: nova, supernova Fields of study: cosmology, astronomy ‘Systems in space: galaxy, black hole, nebula 2-1 ‘escape from it, not even light 861A 2c completely dark howdothey relate ablack hole Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecular fragments This includes DNA, RNA, and proteins The technique divides the different fragments by length, size, or electrical charge F 8T 3F 38B 5A 4G Suggested Answer A black hole is a region in space with a strong gravitational pull The gravity is so strong nothing can functional gene products, such as proteins 6E * BD Genetic Information: RNA, DNA Genetic Processes: translation, transcription Used for cloning: vector, plasmid Suggested Answer actually a former star gravitational pull no longer produces Suggested Answer A: First, a star is an object in space made of burning gas Itresembles a light A planet is a large circular object B: How they relate to each other? A: Planets orbit stars Stars provide energy for planets B: Does that include the Earth and the Sun? A vector is important in cloning because it is used to transfer genetic information from one cell to another 61C 28 starting to understand What's the first step to isolate the DNA isavehicle | remember that Then, it replicates Answer key 3S Gee Book Answer Key Suggested Answer A: Genetics is much clearer to me now I'm able to understand the different processes we observe system yamming language A: Yes Transcription transfers genetic information from DNA to RNA Translation converts that information in RNA into amino acids Exactly Are you ready to study DNA fragments before the processes begin? Lam, What's the first step? We'll use gel electrophoresis to isolate the DNA ‘Then, analyze the fragments Suggested Answer Dr Maxwell, |just finished analyzing the DNA fragments The gel electrophoresis isolated them from RNA They are separated by length and size Transcription already ‘occurred Translation should occur today Now that | understand the different processes, this project is going ‘smoothly Observation was difficult when | couldn't differentiate DNA from RNA But I'm able to that ‘now, without trouble However, | am curious when we'll use vectors, if at all | remember that they transport genetic material to cells Will that happen in this project? If not, | can manage the rest of the research by myself fit does happen, I'l need some help Sarah Jane B: ‘A: B: Suggested Answers Computers have their own languages, which programmers must be familiar with At the most basic level, computers respond to binary ‘commands However, programmers usually work in more complex programming languages, which the ‘computer translates into binary code Data can be transferred between different types of ‘memory, depending on how quickly it needs to be accessed or moved within the device Chips help move information where it needs to be used ‘Sometimes, data needs to be moved to another device altogether, how control systems govern computer behavior Software how data is shared via buses and networks 318 3A 56G 7D F 4H 8E ec 36 Answerkey Suggested Answer Computers read their instructions in binary code, However, programmers work more easily and efficiently in higher-level programming languages Therefore, computers must translate those languages into a readable binary format 61D 28 leama few basics anon two major processes? A: I think so There's transcription and translation B: Correct And each has a particular purpose, right? _ i B: I've noticed you're managing better Can you name unit on control systems computer hardware having some trouble programming languages behind binary code Suggested Answer ‘A: What can | for you? B: I'm struggling with my computer science courses A: I'm sorry to hear that Sometimes it helps to learn a few basics on your own, What are you particularly having trouble with? B: We're doing a unit on memory | don't understand how data gets manipulated and moved ‘A: You can borrow my book on memory functions It's a useful introduction to how data is preserved through buses and networks B: That sounds helpful, thanks But I'm also having ‘some trouble with general hardware A: Let me check something Here we go, There'sa ‘workshop this weekend on building chips and other computer components I'll give you the details B: That would be great! I need all the support Ican get Suggested Answer Hi Ms, Linkly, Thank you so much for your recommendations on ‘computer science resources | was really having a tough time with hardware components, especially in control systems That introductory DVD you gave me really helped It was a great introduction to how the different parts of a computer work together | also found the workshop on programming languages really useful It clearly explained the need for both high-level languages and binary code, and gave a good overview of how one is translated into the other Overall, I'm feeling much more comfortable with these concepts ‘Thanks again! Winston Audioscripts Unit TA (F): You look a bit worried What’s going on? Student (M): I'm concerned that I’m unprepared for this course TA: Why is that? Student: The concepts the professor discussed today were completely new to me TA: | see Is it physics in general or something specific? Student: Thermodynamics and_ electromagnetism, specifically | think | might be in the wrong class TA: Don’t worry You’re not expected to be familiar with those concepts initially Also, we'll only briefly discuss their laws in this class Student: How will | get through those sections, though? TA: If you can understand equilibrium and motion, you'll be fine Student: That doesn’t sound so bad | studied those in high school TA: Then you should be fine And we'll discuss momentum and the conservation of energy in a couple weeks That section will help with the other two as well Student: Will there be any labs related to those subjects? TA: Yes, but much later in the semester You’ll be more comfortable by then Student: | hope so Are you available for review sessions? TA: Of course Just email me in advance Remember, this was only the first lecture You have plenty of time to get adjusted Student: Thanks I'll review my notes and check in with you next week Unit Professor (M): Jamie, what you think about the pace of the class so far? Student (F): | think we’re moving along really well | feel pretty comfortable with all the concepts Professor: Good | wanted to make sure before | made next week’s schedule Student: What's coming up next week? Professor: We're doing a lab on Friday You'll need to identify cells in stages of division and specific organelles Student: That sounds difficult Do you think we’re ready for that? Professor: | My lectures next week will focus on cell division and mitosis Student: That should help Will it be a practical or written lab? Professor: Both Each student will take turns on the microscopes Then, you'll short write-ups of your observations Student: Will it be timed? Professor: No There'll be a lot of tissue samples so you can take as long as you need Student: This sounds like an important lab ee Professor: It is | plan to include portions of it on the final exam Student: Reaily? Will you provide a review sheet? Professor: Absolutely Although, | think this class is more than ready for the challenge Student: It sounds interesting Unit Student (M): Hey, Maggie Should we start studying for the exam? Student (F): Isn't it a little early for that? Student 1: Not really We have a lot to cover Student 2: | thought we just needed to label some reactions and bonds Student 1: We have to name, define, and compare opposite chemical bonds and reactions Student 2: Wow, that’s more than | thought Where we start? Student 1: Can you differentiate between two important chemical bonds? Student 2: | think so One atom loses an electron in an ionic bond And two atoms share electrons in a covalent bond Student 1: That's right | don’t think we can classify them as opposites though What you think? Student 2: I’m not sure either They describe different types of polarities more than opposite processes Student 1: That’s a good way to look at it It’s not as clear as the altered heat capacity in a reaction Student 2: What you mean by that? Student 1: In exothermic reactions, heat is released Endothermic reactions experience absorptions of heat Student 2: Ah! | see Those are clearly opposite processes Student 1: Exactly If we describe them in those terms, we should be fine Student 2: | agree Now, what’s next? Unit Journalist (F): Thanks for meeting with me, Dr Hammond As | mentioned before, I’m writing an article on biochemistry Biochemist (M): That’s great Most people don’t know anything about it Journalist: | hope we can change that First, is there anything in particular you'd like to discuss? Biochemist: Probably biocompounds Your readers would be most familiar with them Journalist: Okay Let’s start with the basics What are biocompounds? Biochemist: They are compounds with molecules that contain carbon Journalist: |’m afraid that doesn’t help me much You mentioned the readers would be familiar with them What did you mean by that? Biochemist: Of the four categories of biocompounds, three are well-known Answer Key 37 mẽ Audioscripts Journalist: Oh, really? Please explain Biochemist: Well, there are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins Journalist: Oh, | see! | didn’t know those were biocompounds But you're right I'm already aware of them in foods Biochemist: Exactly They use energy pathways to convert food into heat and fuel Journalist: They sound essential to the human body Biochemist: They definitely are See, it's not so difficult to understand Journalist: No, not at all This is all very informative Nurse (M): Doctor, here are the patient’s scans Doctor (F): Thanks, Eric Give me a minute to look these over Nurse: What's your diagnosis? Doctor: I’m afraid we'll have to deliver bad news There’s severe damage to his knee joint Nurse: That's too bad How's the rest of his leg? Doctor: The bones are fine But the surrounding connective tissue is in bad shape Nurse: Which parts exactly? Doctor: If you look at the scans, you'll see the tendons and ligaments are damaged They shouldn't be that far gone Nurse: You're right That doesn't look normal Can anything be done? Doctor: It depends What you know about the patient? Nurse: This isn’t his first injury, he’s a professional athlete He's also complaining of muscle pain Doctor: That's what | was afraid of Nurse: Why is that? Doctor: He might need surgery That'll require a lot of rest and physical therapy Nurse: So he won't be able to play sports for a while Doctor: Exactly But it's the only option Let's go discuss the plan with him Student (M): | was really confused during our Botany lecture this week Student (F): You mean the one on the types of plants? Student 1: Yeah The differences between them weren't very clear Student 2: | feel pretty comfortable with the topic Do you want to go over it? Student 1: That would be great So, | get that bryophytes release spores Student 2: That's correct That's how they reproduce Student 1: Right And other types of plants make seeds instead Student 2: Exactly Those are the gymnosperms and angiosperms 38 Answer Key Student 1: See, that’s just what I'm confused about If they both produce seeds, then what's the difference between them? Student 2: Angiosperms grow seeds inside fruits or flowers So an apple tree is an example of an angiosperm Or a rose Student 1: Okay But doesn’t that category include everything except bryophytes? Student 2: Not at all Some plants grow strong seeds right from their stems or leaves Student 1: Like what? Student 2: Like a pine tree, or a juniper tree Student 1: Oh, and those are the gymnosperms Student 2: Exactly You've got it, now Unit Interviewer (M): Thank you for coming in today Applicant (F): | appreciate the opportunity | always wanted to work at a wildlife preserve Interviewer: Glad to hear it Please, tell me a bit about yourself Applicant: | have a degree in zoology from Eastern State University | specialized in ethology and behavioral ecology Interviewer: That's exactly what we're looking for What you like the most? Applicant: It's all so fascinating | guess | particularly enjoy traveling to study bird migration patterns Interviewer: Really? So you have experience in ornithology Applicant: Onlya little Actually, | have much more experience observing primates But | still enjoy following the birds Interviewer: | see What you think you can bring to this position? Applicant: Hmm A passion for the field, | suppose Interviewer: Do you have any experience in this type of environment? Applicant: Not exactly But when | was in college, | worked part-time as a zookeeper Interviewer: So you'd be comfortable around the animals or performing research Applicant: Absolutely | studied animals under natural conditions and in laboratory settings Interviewer: Alll right, | think we're done here We'll be in touch Applicant: Thank you | look forward to hearing from you Advisor (F): Have a seat, Max Did you decide on a major yet? Student (M): | think so But I'm not positive Advisor: Well, let’s discuss that today What are you unsure about? Student: | know | want to stay in the Social Science department | enjoy those classes the most But I'm not clear about the different majors Advisor: Well, “Anthropology and Archaeology” is a joint major Politics includes political science and international relations Then, there's the more general degree in Sociology Student: Hmm The first two sound too specific to me What's included in Sociology? Advisor: It covers different societies, institutions, and relationships Student: | like that What you think? Advisor: I'd recommend Sociology as well You already took a few of the required courses anyway Student: Can| still take courses in other departments? Advisor: Of course Actually, you have a lot of options with Sociology There are Economics and Linguistics courses that fulfill the requirements, too Student: Those sound really interesting It seems like Sociology is the perfect choice Advisor: | agree But, you should review the course catalogue just in case Student: I'll look over all my options tonight and make a plan Employee (M): help you? Client (F): I'm behavior Is Employee: Yes Thank you for calling GRSG How may | interested in research into consumer that what you do? I'd be happy to explain a little about our Process and methods Client: Yes, that would be great Employee: We specialize in behavioral science studies for corporations Client: Good And how exactly you provide that service? Employee: There are two options: observation of consumers or microsimulations specific needs Our service depends on your Client: My company is looking to expand Which option would be best? Employee: Usually microsimulation, in that case Client: Can you explain that? Employee: We use the agent-based company's impact on society model to study a Client: And how does that differ from the other option? Employee: Observation relies on what is happening at a particular moment Microsimulation allows analysis of events that aren’t occurring yet 2lient: Oh, so you can make predictions, or try different possibilities imployee: Exactly And that’s a valuable marketing tool tlient: Ah, | see Well, it sounds like my company would benefit from this Init 10 cientist (M): | have the reports back from MarionGreenville Would you like to take a look? Scientist (F): That'd be great When did they stop drilling? Scientist 1: Almost a year ago It looks like wildlife populations are on the rise Scientist 2: That's great! I'm glad they discontinued the project Scientist 1: | am, too There's still a lot of pollution in the environment, though It'll take a lot more cleanup to fix it Scientist 2: Of course But at least the ecosystem is starting to recover Scientist 1: Yes, there'sa big effort to restore animal habitats Scientist 2: | just wish | could say the same for the area around Blackport Scientist 1: Is that where we're going next week? Scientist 2: That's right It seems like their problems might be related to climate change Scientist 1: Are they having unusual weather patterns? Scientist 2: Yes, they're having a lot of wind storms And the climate is warmer and dryer overall Scientist 1: Wow That must be affecting the crops in the area Scientist 2: Yes, it is There's less rain now, which changes the water cycle Scientist 1: | hope there's a solution Blackport grows food for several other regions Unit 11 Student1 (F): Do you want to go over the notes for geology? Student (M): Yeah, that’s a good idea I'd like to review the rock cycle | know it'll be on the test Student 1: Definitely The rock cycle is pretty much the basis of geology Student 2: That's true So, igneous rock is formed when magma cools, right? Student 1: Yeah, | think so And sedimentary rock is formed out of compressed particles Student 2: Right Erosion breaks rocks down into sand and sediment Then the sand and sediment solidify Student 1: | need to write that down | keep forgetting about the role of erosion into the rock cycle Student 2: Really? What confuses me is the formation of metamorphic rock Student 1: What are you confused about? Student 2: How other rock types become metamorphic rock? Isit just exposure to heat? Student 1: Don't forget about pressure It's the combination of pressure and heat that causes the change Student 2: Okay, | get it That makes a lot of sense Student 1: Yeah, heat alone just makes rock melt Student 2: Right, and it would just turn back into magma Unit 12 Professor (M): Hey, Greta Did you hear about the illegal fishing off the coast? Professor (F): Yes, | did It's terrible! Those fishers are threatening an important species of fish Answer Key 39 lộ _Ì Audioscripts i Professor 1: It makes me think about our marine biology program We should put more emphasis on protecting marine life Professor 2: That's a good point After all, we are training our community’s future oceanographers Professor 1: Exactly They must be ready to defend our oceans against these threats Professor 2: Maybe we could start a course about wildlife preservation Professor 1: That's a good idea But we'd probably have to cut another course to make room Professor 2: Hmm | don't like the sound of that What would we cut? Professor 1: My course on marine geology isn’t very popular What about that one? Professor 2: |'m not so sure Don’t geology majors need that course, too? Professor 1: Not really, The concepts are covered in other geology courses Professor 2: So oceanography students could just take a course or two in the geology department? Professor 1: Sure Then we could focus more on marine biology here Professor 2: That might work Let’s talk to the department head Unit 14 Intern (F): I'm finally starting to understand the different processes we use Geneticist (M): You're coming along well Are you ready to study DNA fragments? Intern: | am What's the first step? Geneticist: We'll use gel electrophoresis to isolate the DNA and analyze it Then, we'll put that fragment into a vector Intern: What does the vector do? Geneticist: Remember, a vector is a vehicle used tc transport genetic material to another cell Intern: Oh, right | remember that And there are four types of vectors Geneticist: Correct Each has a particular purpose Intern: Since we're cloning cells, we'll use a plasmid, right’ Geneticist: Exactly The plasmid vector transfers the genetic material to a host cell Then, it replicates Intern: When we use other vectors? Geneticist: Another commonly used vector is a vira vector It's used to introduce viruses into cells Intern: It's amazing how much we can manipulate genes Geneticist: That's how we learn more about living organisms And | think it's time for us to get back to work Intern: Okay I'll set up the gel process now Geneticist: Good Try to find the DNA fragment we'r interested in Unit 13 Professor (M): Let's talk about the particular galaxies in Unit 15 Student (F): Excuse me, Professor Miller Before we move ‘on, can | ask you a question? Professor: Yes, Wendy What is it? Advisor (F): Come in, Winston What can | for you? Student (M): Thanks for meeting with me I'm strugglin, the solar system Student: You mentioned that supernovas and black holes have an interesting relationship But I'm not clear what that is Professor: Sure, I'll go over that A supernova is an exploding star that becomes extremely bright And a black hole is completely dark ‘Student: | know that much But how they relate to each other? Professor: material Once can a supernova actually become explodes, a black its leftover hole, if its remaining mass is great enough Student: Wait, so a black hole is actually a former star? Professor: That's right But at that point, the gravitational pull is extremely great Not even light can escape it Student: Wow So after exploding, a supernova no longer produces light Professor: Right But before that, they can provide more energy than the sun They can brighten entire galaxies Student: | see Well, thanks for answering my questions Sorry for interrupting the lecture 40 Answer Key with my computer science courses Advisor: I'm sorry to hear that It's more challenging tha’ you expected? Student: Yes | knew it would be tough But | don understand electronics at all Advisor: Sometimes it helps to learn a few basics on you own What are you particularly having trouble with? Student: Well, we're doing a unit on control systems don’t get how the different parts work together Advisor: You can borrow my DVD on computer hardware It's a useful introduction to physical computer function: Student: That sounds helpful, thanks But I’m also havin some trouble with software programming Advisor: Those programming languages are complicate: aren't they? Student: They sure are | understand the basic idea behin binary code But I don’t get how computers translat it from higher-level languages Advisor: Hmm, let me check something Ah, here we gt There’s a programming workshop this weekend | give you the details Student: That would be great! | need all the support | can ge