Population status of northern whitecheeked gibbon (nomascus leucogenys) in pu hoat nature reserve and pu hoat protection forest, nghe an province

MINSTRY OF EDUCATIONAND MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY BUI THANH TUNG POPULATION STATUS OF NORTHERN WHITECHEEKED GIBBON (NOMASCUS LEUCOGENYS) IN PU HOAT NATURE RESERVE AND PU HOAT PROTECTION FOREST, NGHE AN PROVINCE MAJOR: FOREST SCIENCE CODE: 8620201 MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE ACADEMIC ADVISOR: ASSOC PROF DR VU TIEN THINH Hanoi, 2022 i ABSTRACT The Northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is listed as Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List and in Appendix I of CITES This species is distributed in Northern Laos, the North-West and the Northcentral regions of Vietnam and Southern China Pu Hoat Nature Reserve and Pu Hoat Protection Forest (Pu Hoatforest) were established in 2013 with an area of 85,500 Pu Hoat forest was known as the key areas for the critically endangered gibbon However, there is a shortage of research and conservation efforts this area Therefore, this study was conducted to (1) objective 1; and (2) objective Outcomes from study showed that there were 32 groups of Northern white-cheeked gibbons in total Pu Hoat forest is the most important distribution area of the white cheeked gibbon in Vietnam In Pu Hoat, there are 14,521 out of the total 85,500 of the nature reserve and protection forest (accounting for 16.98%) The area of suitable habitat is low at 8,268 ha; the average suitable area is 3,372 ha; the highly suitable area is 1,482 ha, and the very high area is 1,399 The high suitable habitat areas are smaller than the low suitable habitat areas The highly suitable habitat areas are mainly protection forest adjacent to Xuan Lien NR ii CONTENTS ABSTRACT i CONTENTS ii ABBREVIATIONS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi INTRODUCTION Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Gibbon in Vietnam 1.2 Northern white-cheeked gibbon 1.3 Species distribution modeling and Maxent model Chapter METHOD 11 2.1 Study sites 11 2.2 Data collection 13 2.2.1 Interview 13 2.2.2 Field surveys 14 2.2.3 Statistical analyses 15 2.2.4 Determine the suitable area of gibbons in the study area 16 Chapter RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 20 3.1 Status of the Northern white-cheeked gibbon in Pu Hoat forest 20 3.1.1 Numbers of gibbon groups recorded in Pu Hoat forest 20 3.1.2 Distribution area of the Northern white-cheeked gibbon in Pu Hoat forest 23 3.2 Determining the suitable distribution area of the Northern whitecheeked gibbon in Pu Hoat forest 25 3.2.1 Model accuracy 25 3.2.2 Habitat suitability for Northern white-cheeked gibbon in Pu Hoat forest 25 3.3 Threats to the habitat of the Northern white-cheeked gibbon in Pu Hoat forest 29 iii 3.3.1 International and national border roads 29 3.3.2 Illegal logging 30 3.3.3 Non- Timber Forest product collection 32 3.3.4 Hunting and trapping 32 3.3.5 Shifting cultivation 35 3.4 Proposing solutions for conservation of Northern white-cheeked gibbon 36 CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS 38 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 40 REFERENCES 41 APPENDIX iv ABBREVIATIONS IUCN ArcGIS CITES International Union for Conservation of Nature Geographic Information System Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Carapace length ENMs Ecological Niche Modellings SDM Species distribution modelling NR NTFPs NP Nature Reserve Nontimber forest products National Park v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: List of gibbons in Vietnam Table 2.1: Gibbon survey data sheet singing information (at listening posts) 15 Table 2.2: Environmental variables were used in the model 17 Table 3.1: The gibbon groups detected during a survey in Pu Hoat forest 20 Table 3.2: Information of recorded gibbon groups 22 Table 3.3: Population size of Northern white-cheeked gibbon in protected areas of Vietnam 24 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Distribution of the six gibbon species in Vietnam Figure 1.2: Northern white-cheeked gibbon (Male) Figure 2.1: Map of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve and Pu Hoat Protection Forest 11 Figure 2.2: Natural Forest in Pu Hoat Forest 13 Figure 2.3: The locations of the listening posts in a survey for the gibbon in Pu Hoat 15 Figure 3.1: Northern white-cheeked gibbon in forest compartment No of Pu Hoat 22 Figure 3.2: Distribution map of Northern white-cheeked gibbon 23 Figure 3.3: Habitat suitability for Northern white-cheeked gibbon modelling in Pu Hoat forest 26 Figure 3.4: The forest with high tree canopy in Pu Hoat forest 28 Figure 3.5: A border patrol road in the forest compartment No 59 in Pu Hoat 30 Figure 3.6: Illegal logging in forest compartment No 59 31 Figure 3.7: Illegal logging in forest compartment No 31 Figure 3.8: Bamboo for sale 32 Figure 3.9: An illegally shot Viverridae 33 Figure 3.10: A hunters' camp in Pu Hoat 34 Figure 3.11: Steel wire traps used for trapping wild animals 34 Figure 3.12: An individual northern white-cheeked gibbon that was illegally captured 34 Figure 3.13: An individual monkey illegally that was illegally captured 34 Figure 3.14: Cutting forest for cultivation 35 INTRODUCTION The Northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is listed as Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List and in Appendix I of CITES (Rawson et al., 2020) This species is distributed in Northern Laos, the Northwest and North-central regions of Vietnam and Southern China (Geissmann and Flora International, 2000) Furthermore, the Northern white-cheeked gibbon has been declared extinct or ecologically extinct in China (Fan et al., 2014) Additionally, the population in Laos remains unknown (Rawson et al., 2011) In Vietnam, the Northern white-cheeked gibbon is presents in a few fragmented areas such as Muong Nhe Nature Reserve (NR) of Dien Bien Province, Xuan Lien NR of Thanh Hoa Province, Pu Hoat, Pu Huong NR and Pu Mat National Park (NP) of Nghe An Province, Vu Quang NP of Ha Tinh Province (Ha, 2005, Rawson et al., 2011) The largest known population of this species containing 41 groups was recorded in Xuan Lien NR (Thanh Hoa Province) which is adjacent to Pu Hoat Nature Reserve in Nghe An Province (Ha et al., 2013) Pu Hoat Nature Reserve and Pu Hoat Protection Forest (Pu Hoat Forest) were established in 2013 with an area of 85,500 (Nature Reserve: 35,000 and Protection Forest: 50,500 ha) Pu Hoat Forest is also one of the largest protected areas in Vietnam Pu Hoat Forest is a contiguous forest with Xuan Lien Nature Reserve (NR) in Thanh Hoa Province, the combination between two reserves became the largest conservation area in Northern Vietnam, which covers more than 95,000 of natural forest The forest is known as the key areas for the critically endangered gibbon However, Pu Hoat Forest has received very little research and conservation attention Gibbons can be detected by their loud and long songs (Geissmann and Dang, 2000) Therefore, the auditory point count method will be the most relevant and recommended method for assessing gibbon population size and density (Brockelman, 1987) This method has been used for studying other gibbon species in Vietnam (Dat et al., 2009, Bach and Rawson, 2011, Tallents et al., Duy et al., 2020, Tran and Vu, 2020) Species distribution data is extremely important in wildlife management and conservation, particularly for rare species Lacking species distributional data has caused many difficulties in management and conservation of wildlife (Nazeri et al., 2012), especially for rare species Understanding the most basic requirements of living habitats and distribution of each species is a top priority for conservation programs and action plans Species distribution modelling (SDM) using an ecological niche model is an instrument that can be used to help us understand more about the distribution of species (Phillips et al., 2006, Nazeri et al., 2012) The MaxEnt model is one of the widely used and popular models to evaluate the potential distribution area of the species The study used the listening post survey method and MaxEnt model (Phillips et al., 2006), to determine the current status and distribution of the Northern white-cheeked gibbon in Pu Hoat Forest The results of the study will contribute to updating the status of gibbons in Pu Hoat Forest In detail, this thesis aim to provide information on the status and distribution of Northern white-cheeked gibbon population in Pu Hoat Forest for gibbon’s management and conservation To achieve the goal there are several objectives that the study needs to meet: (1) To determine population density, size, and distribution of Northern white-cheeked gibbon in Pu Hoat Forest; (2) To assess the current threats to the population of Northern white-cheeked gibbon in Pu Hoat Forest; (3) To propose feasible solutions for management and conservation of Northern white-cheeked gibbon in Pu Hoat Forest Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Gibbon in Vietnam All gibbons in Vietnam belong to the genus Nomascus, known as the crested gibbons Current taxonomic understanding identifies seven species of Nomascus, all of them are distributed in the East of Mekong River in Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and China; six among these species are found locating from the North to the South of Vietnam (Figure 1.1) Figure 1.1: Distribution of the six gibbon species in Vietnam Source: (Rawson et al., 2011) The status of gibbons in Vietnam can be an indicator of the general status of the country’s biodiversity and natural environment The first assessment report on the status of gibbon conservation in Vietnam was introduced by Geissmann et al in 2000 Afterward, Rawson and colleagues in 2011 conducted a survey which collated records of gibbons from all reliable sites known to have gibbons in Vietnam Combining the meticulous works of 41 REFERENCES BACH, L T & QUYET, L K 2009 Results of wildlife survey in Hang Kia-Pa Co Nature Reserve, Mai Chau District, Hoa Binh Province Center for People and Nature Reconciliation, Hanoi, Vietnam BACH, L T & RAWSON, B 2009 An assessment of northern whitecheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) population status in Pu Huong Nature 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2019 Maxent modeling for predicting the spatial distribution of three raptors in the Sanjiangyuan National Park, China Ecology and evolution, 9, 6643-6654 45 ZIHLMAN, A L., MOOTNICK, A R & UNDERWOOD, C E 2011 Anatomical contributions to hylobatid taxonomy and adaptation International journal of primatology, 32, 865-877 APPENDIX Appendix Interview local people in Que Phong Distrist Appendix Survey team Appendix Nature Forest in Pu Hoat Forest Appendix Effect of distance to residential area on potential distribution area of gibbon in Pu Hoat Forest Appendix Effects of forest cover on gibbon potential distribution area in Pu Hoat Forest Appendix Effect of forest canopy height on the suitable distribution area of gibbon in Pu Hoat Forest Appendix Suitable elevation above sea level of Northern white-cheeked gibbon in Pu Hoat Appendix Mẫu phiếu ĐÁNH GIÁ NHẬN THỨC CỦA CỘNG ĐỒNG ĐỊA PHƯƠNG TRONG BẢO TỒN LOÀI VƯỢN MÁ TRẮNG BẮC TẠI KHU BẢO TỒN THIÊN NHIÊN PÙ HOẠT, TỈNH NGHỆ AN I Hiện trạng loài Vượn má trắng bắc KBTTN Pù Hoạt Ông/bà cho biết có lồi khỉ/vượn sống khu bảo tồn? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Ông/bà có biết lồi ảnh lồi nào? (in ảnh màu, bật tiếng kêu) ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Các tên thường gọi lồi này? ………………………………………………………………………………… Ơng/bà gặp lồi rừng chưa? A Thường xuyên B Thỉnh thoảng C Trước thường xuyên gặp, E Chỉ nghe từ người khác F Không G Chỉ nghe thấy tiếng kêu chưa gặp Lần gặp gần vào khoảng thời gian nào? ……………………………………………………………………………… Ở khu vực cịn khoảng đàn? ……………………………………………………………………………… Mỗi đàn ơng/bà nhìn thấy con? A 0-5 B 6-15 C.16-30 D >30 Khu vực thường xuyên gặp chúng đâu? ………………………………………………………………………………… Cách rừng? ………………………………………………………………………………… Kiểu rừng loài Vượn thường xuyên sinh sống ………………………………………………………………………………… Ông/bà thường gặp/ nghe thấy chúng vào thời gian ngày? B.Buổi trưa A Buổi sáng C.Buổi chiều Thời gian năm thường hay gặp lồi Vượn? ………………………………………………………………………………… Ơng/bà thường thấy chúng ăn loại thức ăn gì? A Lá cây, B Thịt (các lồi khác) C Cơn trùng D Loại thức ăn khác:……… Lồi thức ăn có phổ biến khu vực hay khơng? Phổ biến :………… Ít phổ biến ……… … Rất ………… 10 Theo ông bà, số lượng đàn vượn khu vực tăng hay giảm? A Ổn định (không tăng/không giảm) C Tăng mạnh B Tăng nhẹ D Giảm mạnh E Giảm nhẹ F Không rõ II Các mối đe dọa đến loài Vượn khu vực 11 Theo Ông/bà, đâu mối đe dọa đến lồi Vượn khu vực? Mối đe dọa Săn bắn Khai thác gỗ Phá rừng làm nương rẫy Xây dựng cơng trình KBT Thời tiết khắc nghiệt (Bão, nắng nóng, rét….) Mức độ tác động Trung Khơng Nhiều Ít bình rõ 12 Họ săn bắt hình thức ? (1) Đánh bẫy (2) Dùng súng (3) Săn đuổi (4) Hình thức khác:……………… 13 Mục đích việc săn bắt Vượn gì? A Lấy thực phẩm C Để làm thuốc B Bán D Nuôi thú cưng E Mục đích khác …………………………………………………… 14 Theo ơng bà, săn bắn vượn có bị xử phạt khơng? Có Khơng Hình thức xử phạt:………………………………………………………… Có trường hợp bị xử phạt hay không? 15 Các hoạt động phá rừng làm rẫy, khai thác gỗ có bị xử phạt hay khơng? Có Khơng Hình thức xử phạt:…………………………………… III Các hoạt động bảo tồn 16 Ơng bà lấy thơng tin bảo vệ loài Vượn chủ yếu từ đâu: A.Từ kiểm lâm, quyền địa phương B Từ tivi, loa, đài, poster C Từ internet D Từ phương tiện khác:……… 17 Ơng bà có biết rõ ranh giới KBT hay khơng? Có Khơng Khơng rõ 18 Ơng bà Kiểm lâm KBT có thường xuyên tuần tra rừng hay không? 19 Hiện có hoạt động tuyên truyền bảo tồn loài vượn loài động vật hoang dã khác khu vực chưa? Có Khơng Nếu có: Tên hoạt động Thời gian Cơ quan tổ chức Hoạt động IV.Thơng tin người vấn 20 Trình độ học vấn:………………………………………………………… 21 Gia đình ơng/bà có nhân khẩu? lao động? 22 Nguồn thu nhập ơng/bà từ? A Chăn nuôi B Trồng trọt C Săn bắt E Đi rừng F Thu nhập khác 23 Diện tích nương rẫy nhà ông/bà bao nhiêu? 24 Đất nương rẫy ơng/bà có nguồn gốc từ đâu? A Tự khai hoang đất rừng B Ông bà để lại C Tự mua D Nhà nước cấp 25 Thu nhập trung bình hàng tháng gia đình? ☐ triệu ☐Khơng trả lời Tên (nếu có thể)………………………Dân tộc:…………Tuổi……Giới tính:… Địa chỉ: thơn……………xã…….………huyện……………tỉnh………………… Nghề nghiệp chính:…………………………… Ngày vấn:………………………Nơi vấn:………….……………… Người vấn:…………………………………………………………………… Nếu cần người dẫn rừng để xem liên hệ với ai? ………………………… Thông tin liên lạc?