Critical discourse analysis of gender inequality in sport related articles in the newyork times online newspaper

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY ====== M.A THESIS CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN SPORT-RELATED ARTICLES IN THE NEW YORK TIMES ONLINE NEWSPAPER (PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN PHÊ PHÁN VỀ NGÔN NGỮ CÓ SỰ BẤT BÌNH ĐẲNG GIỚI TRONG CÁC BÀI BÁO VỀ THỂ THAO TRÊN TỜ BÁO MẠNG THE NEW YORK TIMES ) NGUYEN QUYNH ANH Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Dr Le Thi Minh Thao Hanoi, 2022 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN SPORTRELATED ARTICLES IN THE NEW YORK TIMES ONLINE NEWSPAPER submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2022 Nguyen Quynh Anh Approved by SUPERVISOR Lê Thị Minh Thảo Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to convey my sincere appreciation to the people who wholeheartedly helped me to accomplish this thesis Without their guidance and advice, this paper might not have been completed Firstly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Le Thi Minh Thao, who has supported, generously given me insightful guidance and valuable feedback during the process of carrying out the thesis, without which this thesis would be far from complete Secondly, I would also like to express my special thanks to all the lecturers at the English Faculty of Hanoi Open University for their scholarly knowledge, precious lectures and instructions, which helped me complete the final task Thirdly, I am indebted to the teachers at the Library Department who facilitated me in browsing and borrowing documents to complete this thesis Last but not least, I must thank my family, my seniors and lecturers in the faculty for their immeasurable support and continual encouragement they provided me during this period ii ABSTRACT This study examines the language used by The New York Times online newspaper in the representation of athletes in the coverage of the Olympics 2022 The purpose of this study is to investigate linguistic factors indicating gender inequality in sport-related articles, which can contribute in studying and elucidating the role of language in gender equality, and based on the results, provide some suggestions to minimize and eliminate the existence of gender biased in their language To achieve this purpose, a Critical Discourse Analysis approach is carried out on 116 articles published in The New York Times online newspaper in the coverage of the Olympics 2022 Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework is used to analyze the data The findings show that all the linguistic items analyzed act as cues to reveal that female athletes are portrayed in a way that promotes gender discrimination, whereby many negative aspects such as limited physical capability, sexualization of female athletes and also underestimating their achievements occur immensely in the newspaper reports analyzed Female athletes are constructed as inferior on almost all occasions It is disheartening to know that despite efforts taken by government and non-government organizations to address discrimination and inequalities in sports, gender discrimination still exists More strategies must be taken to address the biased portrayal of women athletes in the media, especially online newspaper So, the press must be more transparent in the reporting of news and stop the stereotypical representation of women in sports Attention should be paid not only to reducing the sexualized representation, marketing and promotion of women’s sport, but also to changing the dominant stereotypical gender images to reflect the progress towards gender equality in sports Keywords: Gender inequality, Olympic Games 2022, The New York Times, online newspaper, critical discourse analysis, sport-related articles iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CDA Critical Discourse Analysis EFL English as a Foreign Language ELT English Language Teaching ESL English as a Second Language LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Interpretation stage (Fairclough, 2001) Figure 2: Explanation stage (Fairclough, 2001) LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix I: The articles’ news iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1.Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of previous studies 5 2.1.1 Studies of sexism in the world 2.1.2 Studies of sexism in Vietnam 11 2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 14 2.3 Language and gender 23 2.4 Sexism 29 2.5 Linguistics markers of gender bias 32 2.6 Summary CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN SPORT- 36 37 RELATED ARTICLES IN THE NEW YORK TIMES ONLINE NEWSPAPER 3.1 Lexical items 37 3.2 Gender inequality in language describing athletes 43 3.3 Some suggestions to minimize gender-biased language in 46 sport-related articles 3.4 Summary CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 48 49 4.1 Recapitulation 49 4.2 Concluding remarks 50 4.3 Limitation of the study 54 4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research 54 REFERENCES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale It is noticeably noted that CDA seeks to describe language and offers critical resources to those wishing to resist various forms of power With its success in discerning the relationship between language and power in a wide range of contexts, CDA is attracting the growing interest of numerous worldwide language researchers Language is one of the greatest inventions that humans have ever made It has long been considered a communication tool that people use to express their wills, feelings and attitudes towards the world By this way, language is a social phenomenon “From CDA’s perspective, language is said to be a part of society, social practice and a sociallyconditioned process” (Fairclough, 2001) Moreover, language has a powerful influence on societal attitudes, thoughts, and perceptions, including gender consciousness and awareness since it is one of the most powerful means through which gender discrimination is perpetrated and reproduced Gender equality is an important goal not only for Vietnam but also for other nations around the world, also being one of the criteria for assessing the development of a society According to the United Nations, gender equality means that women and men enjoy the same conditions to fully realize human rights, and have the opportunity to enjoy and contribute to the achievements of developing countries in terms of politics, economy, society and culture However, in reality, gender inequality still takes place in a number of different forms, such as gender-biased language in online newspapers That is the reason why this study attempts to explore how gender inequality is represented in sport-related articles in The New York Times online newspaper in the coverage of the Olympic Games 2022 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study This study expected to investigate linguistic factors indicating gender inequality in sport-related articles in The New York Times online newspaper, which can contribute in studying and elucidating the role of language in gender equality, and based on the results, provide some suggestions to minimize and eliminate the existence of gender bias in language The paper is aimed at achieving the following objectives: • To find out how genders are linguistically represented by the media • To investigate whether these representations construct gender inequality 1.3 Research questions In order to address two objectives, the study is intended to answer two related research questions as follows: How are athletes presented in terms of lexical items in The New York Times online newspaper (nytimes.com) in the coverage of the Olympic Games 2022? To what extent these gender representations construct gender inequality in sports? 1.4 Methods of the study When it comes to the research methods, the study applies a qualitative method to the analysis of the data collected Data collected are analyzed using the framework of CDA CDA will be applied to discover the language expressing gender inequality This study aims to find out how athletes were presented in terms of lexical items in The New York Times (nytimes.com) in the coverage of the Olympic Games 2022 and whether these gender representations construct gender inequality in sports Therefore, the study was conducted using qualitative, descriptive methods and analysis The qualitative approach is collecting and analysing examples to reveal the hidden meaning under those written words and understand the discourse’s implications With the purpose of answering questions, the qualitative approach serves as the most relevant research method to this paper Descriptive methodologies are used to accurately and systematically describe a situation or phenomenon to answer these research questions 1.5 Scope of the study Since this thesis aims to identify how athletes were presented in terms of lexical items in sport-related articles in The New York Times (nytimes.com) and whether these gender representations construct gender inequality in sports Therefore, this study is based on the The New York Time online newspaper data in the coverage of the Olympics 2022 All the data in the study are collected in 2022 1.6 Significance of the study This study is expected to investigate lexical items indicating gender inequality in sport-relating articles, which can contribute in studying and elucidating the role of language in gender equality, and based on the results, the writer may provide some suggestions to minimize and eliminate the existence of gender biased in their language In addition, the framework adapted by the researcher in this study also seems an effective tool for analysing online newspaper reports The researcher hopes to provide a replicable methodology to be employed by future researchers who are interested in the field of Critical Discourse Analysis 1.7 Structure of the study The study is designed with five chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter gives the rationale, the aims and objectives, research questions, the scope, significance, the method and the design of the study Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter presents an overview of CDA, some main directions in CDA, language and gender, sexism, linguistics markers of gender bias and some related studies Chapter 3: Analysis of gender-inequality in sport-related articles in The New York Times online newspaper This chapter focuses on presenting the research findings generated from the process of analyzing texts in The New York Times online newspaper in terms of lexical items as their conduct The usage of non-gender marked terms like sportsperson have been used but not on a large scale while there is no case using sportspersonship When it comes to the use of personal titles in the media present cases of genderneutrality and gender-bias In the case of gender-bias, woman prove to be victims in instances when their marital status is exposed as in the title Mrs In other examples, they are dependent on the male in the way of adopting the name of their spouses Next, in the news reports, the representation of athletes varied based on gender Female athletes are often portrayed as weak and terms that connote weakness, femininity and physical helplessness are used to refer to them such as: fear, slog, fusty, folly, unsure, distraught, give up, miserable These words show that women's emotional capability is inferior to men's in sports, affecting their physical competence In many contexts, women are expected to be ladylike and reserved, and these stereotypical traits exclude women from participating in sport Even if women and girls engage in sport, they can be labelled with negative traits, such as being “manly” or “unfeminine” Another negative depiction of woman athletes is achieved by labelling them as failures using terms that connote nervousness, lack of confidence, lack of “being comfortable,” lack of aggression and also lack of stamina Much of the news reports focus on reporting their errors and slip-ups rather than highlighting their achievements, such as: failed, letting slip the chance, tumble, an anxiety attack, a heavy price, her folly, dashed, and her lack of international support Apart from that, the portrayal of female athletes is also highly sexualized The value of the female athlete is often determined in terms of her body, attractiveness and sex appeal, rather than in terms of the qualities that define her as an athlete like such as V-shaped torsos, thunder thighs, pony-tailed brunette and also skirts and shirts with curves When it comes to the bodies of athletes, the male sporting body was often presented as one body: an instrument or a tool—an acting body But the female sporting body was presented in a dual manner: on the one hand, an acting body and on the other an appearing body The adolescent girl's body hardly ever seemed to match the demands for continuous improvement of physical ability in track & field discourse Muscularity is from the point of view of the acting body in sport necessary for both men and women 51 to develop From the point of view of the “appearing body” however, muscles are inextricably linked to heterosexuality and the male body Additionally, the portrayal of female athletes shows that they not belong to the world of sports; in fact they fail terribly in it They are portrayed as ultimately unable to perform well in sports even if they were given a chance It can be concluded that women athletes are portrayed in a biased and prejudiced way The news reports have also downplayed the athleticism and skills of the female athletes It is apparent in the news reports that it is difficult for female athletes to excel in sports compared to male athletes, who are perceived to be physically superior in a masculine hegemonic society The use of direct quotes for example, has highlighted women athletes’ poor athletic skills The writer systematically selected direct quotes by the athletes themselves regarding their frustration and disappointment to further advance the notion of women’s limited physical ability Therefore, it can be summarized that the gender discrimination has been uncovered through the analysis of linguistic features used in the news reports Many examples in the analysis part have shown that women athletes have become victims of dominance by other parties such as sportswriters, other male athletes or other sports personnel This supports the claim by many scholars that mass media help sport to serve as a masculine hegemonic order in society, whereby the position of power is occupied by men and masculinity takes precedence over femininity Moreover, the sport-related articles in the New York Times online newspaper highlight that, in comparison with men, women are disproportionately referred to regarding their appearance, clothes and personal lives and that women’s aesthetics are largely emphasised over their athletic performance The most common words associated or combined for women in sport (but not men) are ‘aged’, ‘older’, ‘pregnant’ and ‘married’ or ‘unmarried’ Conversely, the words most chosen to describe men in sport are ‘fastest’, ‘strong’, ‘big’, ‘real’ and ‘great’ The choice of verbs also differs for sportswomen and sportsmen Whereas the words ‘woman’ or ‘women’ are usually associated with verbs as ‘compete’, ‘participate’ and strive’, the words ‘man’ or ‘men’ are commonly combined with ‘beat’, ‘win’, ‘dominate’ and ‘battle’ More strategies 52 must be taken to address the media's inadequate and often negative portrayal of women athletes, especially online newspapers Attention should be paid not only to reducing the sexualised representation, marketing and promotion of women’s sport, but also to changing the dominant stereotypical gender images to reflect the progress toward gender equality in sports So, the press must be more transparent in the reporting of news and must stop the stereotypical representation of women athletes, which reinforce traditional images of women Therefore, it can be said that all the lexical items used in the sports reports have constructed women as weak, frail, and incapable of playing and participating in sport Through the analysis of lexical items, it has been shown that dominance of one gender over another exists in the world of sports Also, it appears that women have not developed adequate understanding of the intrinsic value of sport and the physical strength needed to play sports efficiently They failed to shine because they are women Thus, the writer would give some suggestions to try to minimize gender biased language in sport-related articles First, it is conveying a non-stereotyped image, role and invisibility of women and men in sport and of women’s sport, by not reproducing sexist portrayals and eliminating sexist content and language which could lead to gender-based incitement to hatred, violence and discrimination, by reflecting the progress of gender equality in sport Second, they should ensure a balanced participation of women and men in the through the employment of female sport journalists and through support for their careers among editorial personnel Then, aising the awareness and strengthening the capacities of sport media professionals and students by offering regular education and vocational training programmes geared to the acquisition of in-depth knowledge of gender equality and its crucial role in a democratic society Last but not least, it is using gender-neutral language since it is a generic term covering the use of non-sexist language, inclusive language or gender-fair language words that are not gender-specific and refer to people in general, with no reference to women or men The purpose of gender-neutral language is to avoid word choices which may be interpreted as biased, discriminatory or 53 demeaning by implying that one sex or social gender is the norm Using gender-fair and inclusive language also helps reduce gender stereotyping, promotes social change and contributes to achieving gender equality 4.3 Limitation of the study This study still has its limitations First, the study results are specific to coverage of the Olympics 2022 from sport-related articles in The New York Times online newspaper, so it may not be applicable to coverage of other fields or printed newspapers A second limitation is that the gender of the sportswriters is not considered in this study This is due to the lack of information on this particular aspect whereby the identity of the sportswriter is not mentioned Though significant efforts have been made in this thesis to work out the best results, mistakes and limitations are unavoidable Therefore, any 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https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/02/20/sports/photos-winter-olympics https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/04/sports/olympics/mark-spitz-olympicsmunich-tragedy.html https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/17/sports/olympics/fame-kamila-valievafigure-skating.html https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/08/sports/olympics/viktor-petrenko-ukraineskater.html https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/sports/olympics/michael-johnson-worldrecord-tobi-amusan.html https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/18/sports/olympics/university-of-oregonworld-championships.html 10 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/20/sports/olympics/yuzuru-hanyuretirement.html 11 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/18/sports/hobie-billingsley-dead.html 12 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/15/sports/olympics/jim-thorpe-olympicsmedal-restored.html 13 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/14/sports/olympics/mo-farah-ukimmigration.html 14 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/12/world/europe/mo-farah-documentary-ukimmigration.html 15 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/sports/olympics/winter-sports-2026ioc.html 16 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/17/sports/olympics/ariarne-titmus-katieledecky-swimming-worlds.html 17 https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/olympic-games 18 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/sports/indigenous-athletes-lacrosse.html 19 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/21/sports/noah-lyles-track.html 20 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/18/sports/karsten-warholm-raibenjamin.html 21 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/23/sports/olympics/track-sprinter-knightonbolt.html 22 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/sports/olympics/nordic-combined-skiioc.html 23 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/30/sports/boxing-cuba.html 24 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/07/sports/olympics/figure-skating-age-limitvalieva.html 25 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/25/sports/hockey/sarah-nurse-worldchampionship.html 26 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/28/sports/track-and-field-style-money.html 27 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/06/sports/soul-cap-swimming-fina.html 28 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/09/sports/olympics/usa-soviet-unionolympics-basketball.html 29 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/02/sports/kayla-harrison-pfl-mmafighter.html 30 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/11/sports/olympics/mo-farah-illegaltrafficking-uk.html 31 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/11/sports/olympics/mo-farah-illegaltrafficking-uk.html 32 https:// www.nytimes.com/en/news/gymnastics-max-whitlock-mental-healthresetting-paris-2024 33 https:// www.nytimes.com//en/news/2022-nba-games-japan-warriors-wizardsgame-1 34 https:// www.nytimes.com//en/news/u-s-men-gymnastics-world-championshiptrials-schedule-how-to-watch 35 https:// www.nytimes.com//en/news/gymnastics-max-whitlock-mental-healthresetting-paris-2024 36 https:// www.nytimes.com//en/news/united-states-addison-fatta-katelyn-jongclaim-artistic-gymnastics-titles 37 https:// www.nytimes.com//en/featured-news/shawn-johnson-gymnasticsinterview-exclusive-podcast 38 https:// www.nytimes.com//en/featured-news/ana-ivanovic-tennis-exclusiveinterview-schweinsteiger 39 https:// www.nytimes.com//en/featured-news/kidambi-srikanth-indiabadminton-player-2022-interview 40 https:// www.nytimes.com/.com/en/news/asuncion-2022-south-american-gamesmedal-table 41 https:// www.nytimes.com//en/news/mariana-pajon-season-ending-win-2022uci-bmx-racing 42 https:// www.nytimes.com//en/news/united-states-addison-fatta-katelyn-jongclaim-artistic-gymnastics-titles 43 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/bobsled-weight.html 44 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/sports/olympics/eileen-gu-halfpipeskiing-gold.html 45 https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/02/17/sports/olympics/eileen-guhalfpipe-ski.html 46 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/world/asia/olympics-curling-japanbeijing.html 47 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/sports/olympics/watch-freestyle-skiingpairs-figure-skating.html 48 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/sports/olympics/ioc-thomas-bachchinese-official.html 49 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/sports/olympics/finland-russia-hockeygold-medal-game.html 50 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/norway-medals-winterolympics.html 51 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/sports/olympics/russian-skating-coachesvalieva-ioc.html 52 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/two-womanbobsled.html 53 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/pairs-figure-skatingshort-program.html 54 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/tamara-moskvina-coachpairs-figure-skating.html 55 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/elana-meyers-taylorclosing-ceremony.html 56 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/olympics-skatingvalieva-age.html 57 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/business/economy/china-us-olympicssponsorships.html 58 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/speedskating-mass-startjoey-mantia.html 59 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/sports/olympics/watch-figure-skatingfreestyle-alpine-skiing.html 60 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/mikaela-shiffrin-alpineskiing-mixed-team.html 61 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/sports/olympics/jamaica-bobsled.html 62 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/david-wise-alex-ferreiraskiing-halfpipe.html 63 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/bobsled-weight.html 64 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/alexandra-burghardtwas-a-favorite-in-a-winter-sport-she-had-never-tried.html 65 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/sports/olympics/skimo-skimountaineering.html 66 https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/02/19/sports/olympics/winterolympics-photos-pictures.html 67 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olympics-medal-restored.html 110 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/20/sports/olympics/yuzuru-hanyu- retirement.html 111 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/sports/olympics/michael-johnson- world-record-tobi-amusan.html 112 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/26/sports/olympics/track-world- records.html 113 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/17/sports/olympics/fame-kamila- valieva-figure-skating.html 114 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/04/sports/olympics/mark-spitz- olympics-munich-tragedy.html 115 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/09/sports/olympics/usa-soviet-union- olympics-basketball.html 116 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/06/movies/the-redeem-team- review.html Approved by SUPERVISOR Dr Le Thi Minh Thao Date:…………………